What are the traditional folk customs in Zhangzhou?
The Spring Festival is commonly known as Xinzheng. On the first day of the first month, people get up at dawn, put on new clothes, offer sacrifices to their ancestors and open doors to set off firecrackers. This is the so-called "Ryan". At the end of 1994, it is vulgar to set off firecrackers in urban areas, but it is still in rural areas. After the housewife cooked the sweet noodle soup to sacrifice to God, everyone would eat it and pray for the happiness and longevity of the whole family. Then, use three bowls of rice with red paper flowers, commonly known as "spring branch rice", to sacrifice ancestors and pray that the family will have enough food to spare. Then pay a New Year call. Say "congratulations" to elders, relatives, friends and neighbors; The host uses bamboo boxes (commonly known as "recommendation boxes") to pack sweets, cakes and preserves, soak in sweet tea and warmly entertain guests. Close relatives and friends, the host treats them with food and wine, which is called "Spring Festival wine". When the guests leave, both sides give the children "red envelopes" (lucky money) and even numbers of oranges. Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty had a saying in Zhuzhici: "On the first spring of New Year's Day, everyone accompanied him with a gift. The child also said congratulations and earned red and orange sleeves. "
There are many taboos in grade one. Don't eat porridge for three meals and avoid going out in rainy days. Don't sweep the floor, don't take out the garbage outdoors, that is, money doesn't leak out; Do not beat and scold children; Don't say unlucky words; Avoid breaking plates and utensils; Can't go to the well to carry water; Don't touch needles, seams, knives, etc. Many young people are not taboo now, but some people still follow the rules.
On the second day of the first month, "please son-in-law". Husband and wife take their children and gifts to their parents' home to pay New Year greetings and to their parents-in-law. The bride's family prepared a banquet to invite her son-in-law, and the etiquette was very grand. Now people still follow this custom. On the fifth day of May, shops resumed business, small vendors peddled in the streets, and the family began to clean up, which became a daily life.
On the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, "three sacrifices", sweet cakes and fruits are used to pay homage to the gods.
On the eleventh night, eating tofu, leeks and lean meat is called "eating happiness".
Since the Qing Dynasty, Xiangcheng has a special custom during the Spring Festival, that is, "visiting Yegong Street" (now Nanchang Road, the street where Emperor Wu of Haicheng Palace lived in the Qing Dynasty), in which there are flavor food stalls, stalls, stages, puppet shows and other entertainment activities. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), this custom was changed to "entertainment spring field" (1965 abandoned), which was located in Zhongshan Park or Stadium, adding colorful entertainment and sports activities to the original entertainment. During the Spring Festival, we will organize activities such as supporting the army, supporting the government and loving the people, expressing condolences to teachers, worshipping collectively, and holding Spring Festival tea parties. Since 1990s, family karaoke has become popular, adding a peaceful and warm festive atmosphere to traditional festivals.
Second, Lantern Festival.
The fifteenth day of the first lunar month, commonly known as "Shangyuan Festival".
Tomorrow, use wood to make a lampstand or shed in a busy place, and try the lights for eleven nights. The lamp is made of yarn or paper, and five colors are mixed together. The figures are extremely delicate, and some people spend tens of dollars as soon as they board it. On 14 and 15, the street is connected with the city and brightly lit, like a fire city. Tourists come in an endless stream, or enjoy the exquisite music slowly, and the flute strings are faint. Children, known as "walking the streets and lanes", parade with boat lights and March in the market, beating drums, singing and making noise. Young people gathered in the Buddhist temple to compete for machine guns, fireworks and meteors scattered, and the audience flooded. 15. Izayoi is particularly prosperous. In the Qing Dynasty, children played with fairy lions, bamboo horses and dragon lanterns in addition to making lanterns, building Aoshan Mountain and shooting guns. "Zhuzhici" chants Yuanxiao: "The lights in the city are arranged skillfully, and the scenery of Aoshan is beautiful. Beiguan Nanqiang kept listening and drummed the front street several times. " The newly-married daughter-in-law stood under the lantern for everyone to see.
In addition to "colored lanterns", the Lantern Festival also has the old customs of "sending lanterns" and "wearing lamp feet". "Sending lanterns" means that the married woman's family sends lanterns to the man. In Minnan dialect, "Lian" and "Lian" are homophonic, and "Deng" and "Ding" (a child) are homophonic, as a prayer for "having children" or "getting married and starting a career at an early date". "Wearing lamp feet" is a married and childless woman. In the Yuan Dynasty, she went to the street under the Aoshan lamp shed, got into it, and "begged Ding" from the lamp god. This custom has been abolished.
Now, from the 13th night, the streets, alleyways, ancestral temples are decorated with colorful lights. Tourists flock to the streets to admire lanterns and solve riddles on them. In addition to eating "Shangyuanyuan" on Shangyuanyuan Festival, every household should eat "oyster pocket", which is noodles cooked with sea oysters mixed with sweet potato powder. As the saying goes, "oyster noodles are covered with thread, and good people come to meet." In the meantime, it is difficult for a clever woman to cook without rice, to cook the best dishes, and to go to the ancestral temple to worship her ancestors. This is the so-called "setting the dishes".
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Lantern Festival has continued to this day, led by government departments, and enterprises and institutions have held lantern exhibitions in Zhongshan Park or Stadium. In addition to the original palace lanterns, lanterns, lotus lanterns, hydrangea lanterns, carp lanterns and other varieties, new lanterns with sound and scenery have been designed. Organize folk parades such as dragon and lion dances. Activities such as Miqu singing, entertainment parties, sports competitions, solve riddles on the lanterns, dancing, etc. It is to add new content to the Lantern Festival without losing its strong local flavor.
Third, make a blessing.
On the fifteenth day of the second lunar month, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, villages raised funds to prepare for offering sacrifices to the land gods. After the sacrifice, the group drank in the temple and then went home. Known as "doing good news", there are few good news now. However, the second day of February is the birthday of the kitchen prince, and every family worships the kitchen prince with cakes and sweets, praying for the safety of the family and the prosperity of livestock (some families also provide land for the public). In the Qing Dynasty, Zhuzhici said: "It has nothing to do with praying for agriculture to repay the soil. Drums and flutes are also learned to play. Recently, there have been more folk movements, and the countryside has also sung classes outside the river. "
Fourth, it has been
March 3rd in spring is the best. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, herbs and rice noodles were used as exquisite cakes and given to each other after the sacrifice. Today, at home, "Runbing" is used to worship the emperor and ancestors of Tian Xuan. Some people eat noodles with noodles. A poem "Zhi Zhu Ci" said: "The weather is long on March 3, so it is called ancestral temple sacrifice. Bean sprouts, leeks and mushrooms have mushroomed, making the newly fried wheat cakes fragrant."
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Tomb-Sweeping Day
Tomb-Sweeping Day visited the grave to worship his ancestors. "Zhuzhici" intones: "It's clear under the rain, and willow trees are shaded in front of the door, which makes today's festival more important. On the edge of pear city, who will pay homage to Qingming. " There are two kinds of grave-sweeping customs in Xiangcheng: one is called "tomb-patrolling", which only uses cakes to offer sacrifices, adds soil to the grave, burns gold ingots and puts paper money in front of the grave. The other is called "Pei Tomb", which worships the earth first and then the tomb. Take wine and food as sacrifices, among which there must be sweet glutinous rice cakes. Folk beliefs lead a sweet life in order to pray for ancestors to protect their children and grandchildren. Then "press paper", that is, press paper money with stones. If the new grave is cleared for the first time, children and grandchildren must share the cooked duck eggs and put the eggshells in front of the grave. The new grave should be built for three years in a row, and the grave should be built every time the bride gets married or adds a grave. Don't touch the grave at ordinary times. Women can also attend grave-sweeping.
The first year of mourning, the grave must be swept before the festival, the second year is the same day, and the third year is after the festival. Tomb-Sweeping Day spent 10 days before and after the rest of the time, sweeping graves, repairing tombs, picking up bones and moving them for burial. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in Tomb-Sweeping Day, people went to the Martyrs' Cemetery to sweep graves and remember the martyrs.
Inadvertent Verb Bath Buddha Festival
The eighth day of the fourth lunar month is the birthday of Sakyamuni Buddha. In the old days, monks in various monasteries sang Sanskrit along the door, saying that they would chant Buddhist scriptures and wash Buddha statues and "wash Buddha money". There is a cloud in "Zhuzhi Ci": "Longhua bathed in Buddha for a long time, and monks paraded the streets asking for money. After all, the common root is still there and must be washed away. " It's out of date now. On this day, Nanshan Temple still held the Longhua Dharma Conference, with many female pilgrims. I am a complete idiot, but I am happy to be an idiot; Just like the guy who refused to admit who he was!
Seven, Dragon Boat Festival
The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the Dragon Boat Festival, commonly known as the "May Festival". On the Dragon Boat Festival, every household hangs mugwort, calamus, pine, willow branches and garlic on the lintel, which is called "Five Ends". Drink realgar wine or use it to write the word "Wang" on the child's forehead; Embroidered sachets contain traditional Chinese medicines such as Cornus officinalis and sandalwood, which are worn on the child's chest; Drink noon water and afternoon tea (draw water from the well to make tea at noon). This is the custom of exorcising evil spirits and removing poison. In addition, jiaozi will be served, noodles will be made, and dishes will be prepared to worship ancestors and gods. The varieties of zongzi are meat zongzi, alkali zongzi and bean zongzi. It is not allowed to steam zongzi during mourning. Zongzi is presented by relatives and friends. Dragon boat race is the most lively activity of the Dragon Boat Festival in the city. From the beginning of May to the end of May, it was held in different sections along the Jiulong River. In the past, bonuses were donated by wealthy local businessmen. Finally, they hung the prize on the bamboo pole and competed upstream. This is called "winning the bid". Water sports are very enthusiastic. There is a "Zhuzhici" praising: "Duanyang Festival is lovely, and the whole country is competing for ships. The golden drums shouted and cheered. Who will compete for the championship first? "
Eight, Tianmen open
The sixth day of the sixth lunar month is the "Tianmen Open". It is considered that this kind of clothes drying is not moth-eaten, and it is common for scholars to print books and family members to wash wells. There is a "Zhuzhici" cloud: "June worm, hanging clothes can be removed, the hot sun lamp is too weak. On this day,' Tianmen opens' a good grandson, pushing the book in the belly. " This custom has been abolished today.
Nine, half a year.
On the fifteenth day of the sixth lunar month, we eat "half a year's round". It is to make a circle for half a year a day to worship ancestors. This round is different from the "Winter Solstice Round". It is made of japonica rice, mixed with some red, steamed and added with brown sugar for a half-year reunion.
Ten or seven nights.
The seventh day of the seventh lunar month, also known as the "Seven Qiao Festival". There are 7 plates of women's aged fruits and vegetables, 7 cups of tea, 7 cups of incense, 7 needles and embroidery thread, which Voldemort passes through under the light of burning paper to judge whether he can pass through skillfully. As the saying goes, a girl who takes things by surprise crouches by a well in the dead of night, and can vaguely hear the cries of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl.
Now Xiangcheng people only like to eat "white wine" on Tanabata. In the evening, put a bowl of water in the bowl, and the child puts the newly stitched needle on the water, which is very "smart".
Eleven, Mid-Autumn Festival
The fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month is the Mid-Autumn Festival, also known as "Ghost Festival", commonly known as "July and a half". On this day, every family should worship their ancestors and burn money, paper and clothes. Taoism fasted in Taoist temples, and monks and nuns served as pots and pans in monasteries, preparing rich snacks and offering sacrifices to ghosts and gods. It's more interesting to offer sacrifices to people along the Jiulong River. When night falls, people put the Eight Immortals table on the river beach, where five or three sacrifices are offered. Taoist priests and monks chanting scriptures, turning over to wild ghosts, are called "Purdue". Burn the paper money and put on the "water lamp". The so-called "water lamp" is to put oil in a sand bowl, light a wick, put it in a stream and let it go with the flow. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the feudal customs were gradually abolished.
Twelve. Purdue University
The Mid-Autumn Festival is called "Ghost Festival" and extended to "Ghost Moon". Throughout July, it was extremely luxurious. From the first day to the thirtieth day, every street, lane and township took turns to do "Purdue".
The first day of July is called "opening an alley", which means "opening the gates of hell". There is a "Purdue Light" hanging in front of every household, which will never go out. It was not until July 30th that the lamp was taken down and burned.
In July, every day, an ordinary person does Purdue, which is called Purdue Day. Worship ghosts with sacrificial plates. After the sacrifice, the guests were entertained with a big banquet. At night, the streets and alleys of various villages competed with each other, and extravagance eventually became a bad habit. On July 30th, another sacrifice was held at Guanxiangkou. In the old days, in Yegong Street, a high platform was set up, lamp poles were erected, and an "orphan shed" was set up to worship orphans and ghosts, and monks were invited to pay their respects. After the ceremony, the stage was filled with food for people to take back, commonly known as "robbing orphans".
After the founding of New China, Purdue was banned, and Purdue activities were greatly suppressed in the 1970s. However, after the 1980s, with the improvement of living standards in urban and rural areas, the phenomenon of extravagance and waste has resurfaced, and the resulting drunken troubles are also on the verge. By the 1990s, due to the government's intensified propaganda against Purdue, urban residents had abolished this bad habit.
Thirteen, Mid-Autumn Festival
August 15th of the lunar calendar is the Mid-Autumn Festival, commonly known as "August and a half". On this day, people worship "Ford Shen Zheng" (the landlord) with wine and meat, and perform programs to repay God, which means praying for spring and returning autumn. In the old customs, it is necessary to worship the moon mother on autumn night; Women should "listen to incense"; The young man makes a fortune by cutting sugar cane with a knife, which is called "sugar cane divination". There is a poem "Zhuzhici": "Drink until midnight tonight, and enjoy the moon in the Mid-Autumn Festival. The most important thing is that the world asks more questions, and it is fame if you don't seek financial gain. " During the Republic of China, rich people bought moon cakes, entertained relatives and friends, drank wine to enjoy the moon, guessed riddles and answered questions. At night, fortune tellers are all over the street, and the old custom holds that divination on August 15 is the most accurate. The custom of weightlifting has gradually fallen into disuse.
Now, on the Mid-Autumn Festival night, fruits (mainly grapefruit), moon cakes and a pot of tea are laid under the moon, and the moon is appreciated while making tea and eating cakes. In this festival, more friends at home and abroad get together to enjoy the bright moon in their hometown.
Fourteen, Double Ninth Festival
The ninth day of the ninth lunar month is the Double Ninth Festival, also known as the "September Festival". In the old days, we traveled around the mountains, drank chrysanthemum wine, enjoyed dogwood and ate Chongyang cake. Commonly known as Chongyang eating grapefruit to replenish the brain; Eat sweet potatoes and taro to make up the limbs and bones; Eat peanuts to make up your fingers; Eating tomatoes can nourish the heart and lungs. "Zhuzhici" intones: "Yellow flowers in September are beautiful in autumn. It is said that in those days, children played truant and stole kites in Chengtou. " In Shan Zhi, children fly kites and tourists don't leave until dusk.
Now people in Xiangcheng invite friends to climb the mountain to see the victory on this day. At this time, the school organizes hiking, or holds mountain climbing competitions, or flies kites. Since 1988, the country designated this day as "Respect for the Elderly", all walks of life have carried out various activities to respect and love the elderly.
Fifteen, the next yuan festival
October 15th of the lunar calendar is the next Lantern Festival. On this day, superstitious residents are used to burning incense and lighting candles to offer sacrifices to the "three officials". There are three glass palace lanterns hanging in front of the main hall, which is called "Three Realms Deng Gong". This custom has been abolished today.
Sixteen, the winter solstice
In November of the lunar calendar, the nights are long and the days are short. Anyone who goes out should try to go home and reunite with his family on this day, and the family can taste the "Winter Festival Round", which is called "Adding the Year". When every family gathers in the ancestral temple to worship their ancestors, there must be a "winter solstice sun wheel" as a sacrifice, which is called "autumn sacrifice". An old and famous old man offered sacrifices to his ancestors, and his grandson was the chief sacrifice. After the sacrifice, arrange a banquet and share the meat. "Zhuzhici" says: "Every family rolls rice and fries round incense to pay homage to the ancestral temple. Embroidery rumors add a weak line and a long line every day. " I am a complete idiot, but I am happy to be an idiot; Just like the guy who refused to admit who he was!
Seventeen, tail teeth (rich food)
Lunar calendar1February 16 is the tail tooth, and every household "makes tail teeth" to show respect for the foundation owner. The boss of a foreign-funded enterprise invited his employees to dinner. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was the Japanese host who not only held a sumptuous feast of wine and food, but also invited waiters to show their appreciation again and again, and decided whether to stay or not next year by making a "tail tooth" banquet.
Eighteen, send god
Lunar calendar1February 24th, the "sacrificial stove", commonly known as "sacrifice", is offered to Zhai Jun with three offerings of wine, among which cakes and sweets are essential. Folk beliefs can be posted on half the mouth of Zhai Jun who speaks ill, praying that Zhai Jun "speaks well in heaven and enjoys peace in the next world." This day is also called "New Year's Eve". Every household was brightly lit and set off firecrackers to see Zhai Jun off. "Zhuzhici" said: "Send the gods to worship the stove and respect the sacrifice, and every family looks like firecrackers. In order to wish good luck in the coming year, the incense burner has been dedicated until dawn. " Cleaning the house after sending God is commonly known as "chaos". Wait until the fourth day of the first month, and then greet the decline of Zhai Jun with the same ceremony as before, which is called "accepting".
Nineteen, except at night
The 29th or 30th day of the twelfth lunar month, the last day of the year, is called New Year's Eve, commonly known as "29th" or "New Year's Eve". As the saying goes, "Adults fuck around, and daughters love the New Year." It is said that a few days before New Year's Eve, every household is busy cleaning, sewing clothes, making cakes, killing chickens and ducks, and preparing new year's goods. However, the children were full and put on new clothes.
On the afternoon of New Year's Eve, three offerings, such as rice and New Year's Eve, are offered to worship the gods and ancestors, which is called "Ci". Then red Spring Festival couplets, house numbers and New Year pictures will be pasted to decorate the room. People don't put up Spring Festival couplets at funerals. On New Year's Eve, all relatives who go out will go home for reunion and eat "New Year's Eve". In the old days, there was a small stove under the dining table, which was called "around the stove". Leek, radish and chicken are often used in dishes that are homophonic "everlasting", "auspicious" and "married". Metaphorically, the mussel shells that gather wealth are also scattered behind the door or under the bed, symbolizing wealth and wealth. "Around the stove", no matter what you do, the whole family will kiss and be hot; Don't say unlucky things when eating; If relatives haven't come home yet, leave him a seat on the dining table and put bowls, chopsticks and wine glasses to show reunion; Married daughters usually attend the "fireplace" at their in-laws' home, not the round table meeting at their parents' home. After the fire, the elders will give their children and grandchildren "red envelopes" (that is, "lucky money"), which will gradually develop, and the younger generation who can earn money will also give "red envelopes" to the elders. In addition, at the end of the banquet, the housewife should put a bowl of rice in the kitchen and insert a red paper flower on it, commonly known as "spring rice" and homophonic "leftovers". I wish you a full meal in the coming year. There are also two whole cane sticks tied with red ropes, which lean against the door to show that they will be as sweet as sugarcane in the coming year. Then, the custom of "staying up late" can make parents and grandparents live longer. The old custom is to encourage children to gamble, or to guess, act, tell stories and stay up late. Light the ever-burning lamp until the fifth day.
In addition, in the old society, Xiangcheng had a special custom of debt collection. Usually, debts should be paid off before the New Year, and New Year's Eve is the deadline for paying off debts that year. Therefore, the rich man is a night dispatcher, carrying lanterns to collect debts. That night, a traditional opera was staged at the Chenghuang Temple (now the intersection of Yan 'an South Road and Xiuwen East Road). According to the custom, debt collection is not allowed during the performance and theater, giving some people who have no money to pay their debts a place to hide their debts. Therefore, the drama staged on New Year's Eve in Chenghuang Temple is called "debt-dodging drama".