Lu Xun's>
1898, following the Westernization Movement, bourgeois political reform reached its climax, and Lu Xun also left home for Nanjing in this year. He abandoned the examination method that most people thought was correct, entered Jiangnan Naval Academy founded by Westernization School, and then transferred to Mining and Metallurgy School affiliated to Lushi Academy. After school, I love reading The Times and a collection of translated works (note: The Times is sponsored by Wang He and Liang Qichao, promoting political reform and reform; A compilation of translated works sponsored by students studying in Japan, introducing the political, philosophical, economic and legal opinions of western countries, was later renamed the Journal of Politics and Law. It often pays attention to the scientific and literary books translated at that time, including Huxley's theory of evolution. Originally called evolution and ethics. ) aroused his great interest. From this book, he was initially exposed to the idea of evolution, and according to the law of "natural selection", he was associated with the fate of the motherland in a fiercely competitive world. Lu Xun was dissatisfied with the Westernization School's claim that the soldiers were stronger than Ma Zhuang. In his view, science is also a tool of enlightenment, and scientific advocacy should be combined with political reform. In the case of closed atmosphere, scientific advocacy can even be the forerunner of political reform.
After graduating from Mine Road School, Lu Xun earned official fees to study abroad. I traveled to Japan for two years and advanced to a preparatory school in Tokyo. Tokyo was the center of China revolutionaries' overseas activities at that time, and the anti-Qing patriotic movement was vigorously launched among overseas students, and books and periodicals introducing western civilization were very popular. Lu Xun took an active part in these activities and exchanged visits with revolutionaries from time to time. Just turned 2 1 year-old, he had the ambition to serve his country and expressed his patriotism in a short poem:
There is no way to escape from GV, and the storm is like a rock.
I sent a message to Han Xing, and I want to recommend Xuanyuan with my blood.
/kloc-Darwinism, which sensationalized the world in the late 20th century, was very popular in Japanese ideological circles, and anarchism and Nietzsche's philosophy were also appreciated by intellectuals. Lu Xun cares about all works in the spirit of resistance and dissent, and studies Darwin's theory of evolution through the translation of Japanese scholars. Because during this period, his attention was still on science, besides translating the patriotic novel "The Soul of Sparta", introducing Madame Curie's newly discovered radium, studying the geology and bankruptcy of China, and translating novels imbued with scientific knowledge to fulfill the wish of saving the country through science. After graduating from preparatory school, according to his understanding in China, "from the history of translation, I know that most of Japan's reforms originated from western medicine" (note: "Scream Preface") and entered Sendai Medical College. During my two years in Sendai, I once put a slide show in the classroom to record the Sino-Russian war. One of them is said to be a scout of the czar's army, and was caught by the Japanese army and beheaded. The same group of Japanese stood around looking at the tragedy and felt numb. Lu Xun was deeply stimulated. After he went overseas, he began to think about the future of his nation from the reform of Japan and has been exploring the so-called "national character." This picture made him feel more deeply: "All stupid and weak citizens, no matter how healthy and strong, can only be meaningless propaganda materials and spectators." (Noe: "Scream preface") Starting from the requirements of the national revolution and people's liberation, Lu Xun thought that it was more urgent to cure mental numbness and physical weakness, and literature and art was a sharp weapon to change the spirit, so he decided not to study medicine, but to study literature and art instead, and to transform "national character" was not Lu Xun's unique idea, but a manifestation of the enlightenment thought existing among advanced intellectuals at that time. "National character" is a general concept. It is often the inevitable weakness of the enlightener to pin the social revolution on spiritual transformation, but this idea still has its positive significance when the masses are generally unconscious. Especially as a writer, it is a decisive starting point of Lu Xun's whole career to combine literary and artistic activities with political requirements, consciously link the task of literature and art with inspiring people's consciousness, and be willing to do his best to serve it.
Nineteen? In six years, Lu Xun returned to Tokyo, intending to set up a literary magazine, collect the works of the oppressed nationalities in various ways, and prepare to introduce the idea of resisting oppression and pursuing freedom to China, so his attention was focused on Russia, Poland and Balkan countries. According to his contact with literature and art in recent years, he likes novels that deeply analyze and criticize social reality, and is influenced by realistic writers such as Nikolai Gogol, Chekhov and Xiankeweizhi. At the same time, he quoted "Screaming is in tune with rebellious writers" (Note: "How can I write novels?" ), and strongly praised the romantic writers Byron, Shelley, Hugo, Heine, Pushkin, lermontov, Mitzi Kevic, petofi and other works that sympathize with the weak and resist violence. Due to the limitation of manpower and material resources, the proposed publication named "New Life" failed. He began to translate books and write articles. At that time, Zhang Taiyan was exiled to Japan, and Lu Xun, as a "learned revolutionary" (note: two or three things about Mr. Zhang Taiyan at the end of "Essays on the Pavilion at the Riviera"), listened to "Explaining Words" from him and joined the revolutionary group Guangfu Association hosted by Zhang Taiyan.
Since 19 years old? Since seven years ago, Lu Xun has been translating realistic works in northern and eastern Europe, and these works were collected as part of the content in September? Among the two volumes of foreign novels published in succession in nine years, on the other hand, he published papers in Henan magazine sponsored by foreign students, among which Cultural Bias and Moro Poetry were the most representative of his thoughts at that time. Lu Xun's thoughts are deeply rooted in real life. He not only opposed the "military rhetoric" and "unprincipled plan" of the aristocratic landlord Westernization School, but also was dissatisfied with the reformist "manufacturer's evaluation of the Constituent Assembly". He is also full of distrust and hatred for the political spokesmen of the new comprador bourgeoisie, believing that what they advocate is only false democracy, and that "repression is worse than tyrants". He not only understands the pernicious influence of feudalism for thousands of years, but also sees the drawbacks of the capitalist system that has just been inherited from the East. "It used to be spontaneous and dry, but now it is a new epidemic from traffic. Second, it is cross-cutting, and the destruction of China is accelerating." Lu Xun regards the national revolution and people's liberation as the starting point of realistic tasks and theoretical reasoning, and according to the above understanding, he absorbs the materials he needs from western ideological trends. He believed in evolution and gave great support to Lu Xun's ideal of social change, making him firmly believe in the future and not afraid of his predecessors. According to Lu Xun's view at that time, evolution is development, and development is evolution. At different historical stages, a new thing should be supported and defended with the same enthusiasm. He opposed thieves who were harmed by capitalist materials, demanded "Zhang Lingming", was dissatisfied with the shackles of conservative masses and customary forces, and advocated "sorting out the masses." He used individualism as a weapon to remove obstacles for the growth of new things, which shows that individualism and evolution are complementary and invented each other in his thoughts.
Individualism and individual liberation have become the shield of European bourgeoisie against emerging forces at that time. Lu Xun didn't realize this. He also admitted some connection between this individualism and Nietzsche's theory, but in the concrete exposition, he showed that Nietzsche's sympathy was mainly Nietzsche's attack on bourgeois mediocrity. When introducing Byron's resistance to power, he pointed out the reactionary nature of Nietzsche's "striving for self-improvement and praising the strong". Personality liberation is not the ultimate goal of Lu Xun. He once thought: "The people will develop their own strength and the country will rise." He regards individual liberation as the way to realize national liberation and even social liberation. Although this is still the bourgeois fantasy of ordinary intellectuals, it is already a radical revolutionary thought when the working class has not yet stepped onto the political stage and most progressive intellectuals have not seen China, the mass revolutionary force in real life. Not only that, in Lu Xun's early thoughts, there are many simple dialectical views of history drawn from the theory of evolution, such as: "Harmony is a thing, but it is not seen in the world. It is said to be peace, but when the warring parties have or have not started, if the external form is peaceful, the undercurrent is still crouching, and it will start to act after a while. " (Note: On the Poetry of Tomb Robber Moro. ) "The so-called world does not move in a straight line, but often twists and turns like a spiral, with big waves scouring the sand and ups and downs until it reaches the origin of water." (Note: The tomb of history of science teaching. ) "When it comes to ancient humanities and grandeur, we must grab others at an appropriate time, compare what they can compare, and then make a decision. The period is near." (Note: The tomb of history of science teaching. Although these arguments are individual in themselves, on the whole, Lu Xun's thinking method has a valuable scientific basis, which is the condition and factor for his continuous progress and development.
The literary and artistic movement that changed the spirit did not get the response it deserved. After returning to China for nine years, he taught in Hangzhou and Shaoxing successively. After giving lectures, he began to compile novels before the Tang Dynasty ("Ancient Novels Hooked") and ancient essays on the history and geography of Huiji County ("Miscellaneous Books of Huiji County"). When the Revolution of 1911 broke out, out of a strong anti-feudal desire, he actively participated in the propaganda activities in his hometown of Shaoxing. During this period, I wrote a short story "Homesickness" based on my real feelings about life, describing the various trends of feudal forces in small towns in the revolutionary wind. Although written in classical Chinese, this is his first novel. When the provisional government was established, Lu Xun worked in Nanjing Ministry of Education at the invitation of Cai Yuanpei, chief of education, and soon moved to Beijing with the government. The bourgeois-led revolution failed to accomplish its historical task. Although the imperial system in the Qing Dynasty was overthrown, imperialism was still in sight, the economic foundation and ideological system of feudal rule never wavered, and the trend of usurping the country and restoring it was repeatedly prohibited. Lu Xun changed from disappointment to depression. From 19 12 to 19 17, although he sometimes fought angrily, he spent more time in meditation. Gong Yu constantly copied ancient books, arranged inscriptions, and revised The Book of the Later Han Dynasty (Xie Cheng) and Ji. He analyzed the social history of China and China, and discussed the historical lessons of the Revolution of 1911. All these have become necessary preparations for his future academic research and literary creation.