The history of physics development from 300 BC to the end of Ming Dynasty.
From 287 BC to 2 12 BC, Archimedes discovered the principle of liquid buoyancy.
Slope, lever and pulley principle
After Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC, he immediately implemented "Weigh a stone, measure a ruler ……", promulgated the imperial edict of unified measurement, and formulated a strict management system.
In 1 10 BC, Luo Xiahong initiated the theory of Huntian, and since then, a thousand-year-long "dispute over the structure of the universe" has been launched in China.
In the first half of BC 1 century, Lucretius's theory of matter expounded the ancient atomism and recorded the attraction or repulsion between magnets.
About AD 100, "Shang Shu Wei Kao Ling Yao" contained "people don't know if they keep going, such as closing the boat, but they don't know the boat", indicating that the relativity of sports was known at that time.
In A.D. 132, Zhang Heng made the first seismograph in the world.
In 274 AD, Xun Xu first put forward the method of correcting the nozzle of the flute, using the pipe as the regulator.
Around A.D. 1030, Ibn Huysum published an optical book describing the knowledge of eye structure. The relationship between vision and light; Mathematical problems such as curved mirror imaging are put forward.
In A.D. 1075, Shen Kuo made a new timer "Jade Pot Floating and Leaking" to directly measure the daily time difference caused by the change of the apparent speed of the sun.
From 1086 to 1095, Shen Kuo wrote "Talk about Meng Xi", which recorded an artificial magnetization method, geomagnetic declination, four positioning methods of compass (water float method, nail method, bowl lip method and hanging wire method), pinhole imaging and spherical mirror imaging, and the method of displaying sound vibration with paper pictures.
Around AD 1300, Zhao Youqin wrote a new book about leather images, recorded a large number of pinhole imaging experiments, discussed the relationship between pinhole, light source, image, object distance and image distance, and studied the qualitative relationship between illumination and distance from light source.
In A.D. 1584, Zhu Zaiyu wrote "The Essence of Law and Lu" and founded the "Twelve Equivalence Laws" of geometric series.
In 1586, S. Steven discovered the principle of force decomposition.
Matteo Ricci came to China in A.D. 1589, and his academic activities were officially recorded in Ming History, and the western geocentric theory was introduced.
From A.D. 1589 to A.D. 1592, Galileo studied the accelerated motion of a free-falling body with the inclined motion of an object, and proved that the motion law of an object under the action of gravity has nothing to do with its weight. He also explained the concept of object inertia with experimental results.
1590 ~1609 Z. Zhan Sen and H. Lipski invented the microscope.
1600, W. Gilbert's On Magnetism was published. According to records, magnetic poles must appear in pairs; The earth is a big magnet, geomagnetic phenomenon; Many substances have the property of attracting small objects after rubbing.
In a.d. 1608, H. Lipschi invented the telescope.
In 1609 and 16 19, J. Kepler published the first law of planetary motion (1609), the second law (16 19) and the third law (/kloc)
Around 162 1 year, W. Snell discovered the law of refraction of light.
1632, Galileo published a dialogue about Ptolemy and Copernicus, supported the theory of ground motion, and expounded the principle of relativity of motion for the first time.
1638 published Galileo's Dialogue between Two New Sciences, which discussed the fracture resistance of materials, the resistance of media to motion, the principle of inertia, the motion of free falling bodies, the motion of objects on inclined planes and the motion of projectiles, and gave the definitions of uniform motion and uniform acceleration motion.
In A.D. 1676, O.C. Romer published his observation that Jupiter's moons were obscured by Jupiter, and calculated the propagation speed of light in vacuum.
In a.d. 1678, R. Hooke expounded the law (Hooke's law) that expressed the linear relationship between force and deformation within the elastic limit.
A.D. 1687 1. Newton expounded Newton's laws of motion and gravity in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
1690, C. Huygens published the Theory of Light, put forward the wave theory of light, derived the laws of straight-line propagation, reflection and refraction of light, and explained the birefringence phenomenon.
/kloc-in the second half of the 0/7th century, Wang Fuzhi took the experiments of burning wood, boiling water and baking mercury as examples, and qualitatively expounded the idea of material immortality. It also expounds the idea of the immortality of motion and the views on the absoluteness and static relativity of motion.
Around a.d. 170 1 year, J. Sauveur studied the beat and homophones and determined the absolute frequency.
A set of mercury thermometers improved by D.G. Warren Hite in A.D. 17 14.
The first empirical temperature scale is given.
17 17, J. Bernoulli put forward the principle of virtual displacement.
1738, D. Bernoulli published fluid dynamics, and put forward Bernoulli equation to describe the steady flow of fluid. Assuming that the pressure of gas is the result of the collision between gas molecules and the wall, Boyle's law is deduced.
Centigrade scale proposed in AD 1742.
In A.D. 1743, J.L.R D'Alembert expounded D'Alembert's principle named after his surname in "Dynamics Papers".
A.D.1744 p.-L.M. Demopidou put forward the principle of minimum action.
AD 1745 For example, von Kleist invented the method of storing electricity; The following year, P.van mushenbrook independently invented it in Leiden, and later people called it Leiden bottle.
A d 1747 b Franklin published the single fluid theory of electricity and put forward the concepts of "positive charge" and "negative charge".
1755, l Euler established the foundation of inviscid fluid mechanics.
Equation (Euler equation)
About a.d. 1760, J. Blake invented the ice calorimeter, which divided temperature and heat into two different concepts.
176 1 year, J. Blake put forward the concept of latent heat, which laid the foundation of calorimetry.
1775, the French Academy of Sciences announced that it would no longer try the design scheme of perpetual motion machine.
Bioelectricity was discovered in galvani in about A.D. 1780.
In A.D. 1784, R.J. Avi published the theory that crystals are made up of some identical "cornerstones" arranged regularly and repeatedly.
A.D.1785 ~1789 C.A. Coulomb proved the inverse square law of static electricity and magnetic force with a torsion balance.
1788, J.L. Lagrange published Analytical Mechanics.
In A.D. 1798, langford pointed out the mistake of heat card theory through experiments, indicating that heat can only be a manifestation of movement.
H. cavendish used a torsion balance to measure the gravitational constant.
1799, H. David supported the theory that heat is motion through the experiment of melting ice by friction.
1800 A. Volta invented the Volta reactor.
180 1 year, T. Yang made Young's interference experiment and put forward the principle of light wave interference.
About a.d. 1802, W.H. Wollaston discovered the dark line of the solar spectrum.
1808 ε. ——l· marius discovered the polarization of light.
A.D. 18 1 1 A avogadro put forward avogadro's law named after his surname according to the double volume law in gas chemical reaction.
18 14 years, J.von Fraunhofer found a large number of dark lines (Fraunhofer lines) in the solar spectrum and measured their wavelengths.
A.D.1815a.-J. Fresnel supplemented Huygens' principle with Young's interference experimental principle, and formed huygens-fresnel principle, which satisfactorily explained the straight-line propagation and diffraction of light.
A.D.1818 P.L. Dulong and A.T. Petit discovered the classical law of solid heat capacity (namely Dulong-Petit's law).
1820, H.C. Oster published a paper on current magnetic effect.
A.-M. Ampere found that two parallel lines with the same current attract each other, while those with opposite currents repel each other.
D arago found that electrified solenoid can attract iron filings.
J.-B. Biot and F. Savart obtained the law of force acting on magnetic poles by long straight current-carrying wires through experiments (that is, Biot-Savart law)
A.D. 182 1 year
J Hellas put forward the hypothesis that the "atoms" of gas move in all directions at great speed, and heat is generated by the movement of these "atoms", and the temperature is directly proportional to its speed.
A.-J. Fresnel's published optical shear wave theory
About 182 1 year, J.von Fraunhofer invented the grating.
Thermoelectric phenomenon was discovered by T.J. Zeebek in AD 1822.
C.-L.-M.-H. Naville published the equation of motion of viscous fluid.
J.B.J Fourier's thermal analysis theory was published, and the heat propagation in the medium was studied in detail.
In a.d. 1824, S. Carnot proposed the Carnot cycle named after his surname.
Ohm's Law was named after G.S. Ohm in A.D. 1826.
In a.d. 1827, R. Brown observed the irregular fluctuation motion (Brownian motion) of particles suspended in liquid with a microscope.
In 183 1 year, m Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction.
C.F. Gauss and W.E. Weber introduced the absolute unit system into magnetism.
A.D.1831~1840m Faraday and later J.J. Tang Musun, J.S.E Townsend and others successively studied the gas discharge phenomenon, marking the beginning of plasma experimental research.
1833 M Faraday proved the identity of electricity (voltaic and triboelectrification).
1833 ~ 1834 M Faraday published two laws about electrolysis.
A.D.1834э. Lengci published Lenz's Law to determine the direction of induced current.
B.-P.-E. clapper Long derived the clapper Long equation of phase transition.
Hamilton put forward the canonical equation and Hamilton principle expressed by variational method.
1836, J.F. Danielle made the first practical power supply, namely Danielle battery.
1840, J.P. Joule published the law of electric current thermal effect discovered by experiments.
In A.D. 184 1 year, C.F. Gauss expounded the theory of Gaussian optics.
In A.D. 1842, J.C. Doppler discovered the Doppler effect named after his surname.
J.R. Mayer put forward the concept of mechanical equivalent of heat and the basic idea of energy conservation. After that, Joule measured the mechanical equivalent of heat with a lot of experiments, and determined the law of energy conservation and transformation.
In AD 1843, M Faraday made an ice bucket experiment to prove the law of conservation of charge.
In A.D. 1845, M Faraday discovered the phenomenon of magnetic rotation and found that most substances have diamagnetism.
According to the hypothesis of molecular motion theory, J.J. Waterston deduced the equation of state of ideal gas and put forward the equal energy theorem.
G.G. Stokes proved and perfected the viscous fluid motion equation proposed by C.-L.-M.-H. Naville, which was later called Naville-Stokes equation.
1845 ~ 1848, G.R. Kirchhoff established two laws of constant circuits, which laid the foundation for branch operation.
In a.d. 1846, J.G. Galle discovered Neptune according to the results of Newton's mechanics calculation by U.-J.-J. Leveyer, and J.C. Adams made similar calculations and predictions in 1845.
1848, Kelvin put forward the thermodynamic temperature scale, pointing out that absolute zero is the lower limit of temperature.
1849, A.H.L Fizeau measured the speed of light in the laboratory for the first time by rotating gear method.
1850 A. Braffe first proved that there are only 14 kinds of lattice.
R Clausius put forward the qualitative expression of the second law of thermodynamics, and Kelvin put forward another expression the following year.
J.B.L Foucault made a decisive experiment to measure the speed of light in water and air with a rotating lens.
185 1 year, J.B.L Foucault designed a device (Foucault pendulum) to prove the rotation of the earth.
In a.d. 1852, J.P. Joule and W. Tang Musun (Kelvin) did experiments on gas free expansion and found the Joule-Thomson effect named after surnames.
In a.d. 1853, G.H. Weidemann and R. Franz discovered that the ratio of thermal conductivity to electrical conductivity of many metals is constant at a certain temperature (namely Weidemann-Franz law).
1855, J.B.L Foucault discovered eddy current (Foucault current).
In A.D. 1856, W.E. Weber and R.H.A. Kohlrausch measured the ratio of electrostatic unit to electromagnetic unit of charge, and found that this value was close to the speed of light in vacuum.
In 1858, R. Clausius introduced the concept of free path of gas molecules.
1859, J.C. Maxwell proposed the velocity distribution rate of gas molecules.
G.R. Kirchhoff proved that the ratio of radiation ability to absorption ability of all objects has nothing to do with the characteristics of objects, but is a function of temperature and wavelength.
Kirchhoff and Bunsen discovered the emission spectrum and absorption spectrum of metals.
1860, J.C. Maxwell published the basic theory of gas transport process.
In 186 1, J.C. Maxwell introduced the concept of displacement current.
In a.d. 1863, H.von Helmholtz's Physiological Basis of Sound was published, which studied the hearing of human ears on the basis of anatomy. He used a buzzer to separate and strengthen the homophonic sound, and pointed out the characteristics of timbre.
In a.d. 1864, J.C. Maxwell put forward the basic equation of electromagnetic field (hereinafter referred to as Maxwell equations), inferred the existence of electromagnetic waves, predicted that light was electromagnetic waves, and laid the foundation for the electromagnetic theory of light.
The word "entropy" was coined by R. Clausius in AD 1865.
1868, L. Boltzmann popularized Maxwell's law of molecular velocity distribution and established Boltzmann's law of energy distribution of equilibrium gas molecules.
In 1869, T. Andrews discovered the critical phenomenon of gas-liquid phase transition through experiments.
In 1872, L. Boltzmann put forward the transport equation (hereinafter referred to as Boltzmann transport equation), H theorem and the statistical explanation of entropy.
1873, J.D. van der Waals put forward the equation of state of actual gas.
1876 ~ 1878, J.W. Gibbs put forward the concept of chemical potential and the law of phase equilibrium, and established the basic thermodynamic equation of the system with variable particle number.
1877 The publication of Rayleigh's acoustic principles laid the foundation of modern acoustics.
In a.d. 1879, J. Stefane established the empirical formula of the relationship between the radiation intensity of the blackbody surface and the absolute temperature, made a radiation pyrometer, and measured the surface temperature of the sun at about 6 000℃. 1884 L. Boltzmann proved this formula in theory, which was later called Stefan-Boltzmann law.
1880, P. Curie and J. Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect of crystals.
In 1883, O. Reynolds proposed an important dimensionless number in viscous fluids-Reynolds number.
1884 ~1885 j.h. poynting proved that the energy flow of electromagnetic field can be expressed by electric field strength and magnetic field strength.
1885, J.J. Balmer published the wavelength formulas of four spectral lines of hydrogen atom in visible light band, which promoted the research work of hydrogen atom spectrum.
In a.d. 1887, S.A. Arrhenius published the theory of electrolyte dissociation.
Hertz proved the existence of displacement current through experiments and found the photoelectric effect.
A.A. Michelson and E.W. Morey used Michelson interferometer to measure "Ether Wind" and got negative results.
In 1888, H.R. Hertz continued to carry out electromagnetic wave experiments from 1886, which confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves. The experimental results were published in 1888, which proved the identity of light wave and electromagnetic wave.
F lai Nietzsche discovered liquid crystal.
A.D.1890 J.R. Rydberg published a general wavelength formula for the spectral lines of alkali metals and hydrogen atoms.
A.D. 1890 ~ 1895 E.C. Fedoroff (1890), A.M. Xiongfuli (189 1), W. Barlow (1).
A.D.1893 W. Wien deduced the displacement law of the relationship between blackbody radiation intensity distribution and temperature.
A.D.1895 H.A. Lorenz published the formula of electromagnetic field acting on moving charge, which was later called Lorentz force.
X-rays discovered by W.K. Roentgen
P Curie published the research results on the transition temperature of ferromagnets, which is called Curie's law.
About A.D. 1895, A.C. popov and G. Marconi conducted experiments on wireless telegraphy respectively.
A formula for the energy distribution of blackbody radiation in the short wave range was published by 1896 W. Wien.
P Zeeman discovered the phenomenon that atomic spectral lines split in magnetic field (Zeeman effect).
C Wilson invented the cloud chamber to detect charged particles.
Lorenz founded the classical electronic theory.
A.-H. Bekkerel discovered the radioactivity of uranium, which marked the beginning of nuclear physics.
In A.D. 1897, J·J· Thomson pointed out that cathode rays are composed of negatively charged particles, that is, electrons, which led to the discovery of electrons.
In a.d. 1898, the curies discovered polonium and radium after studying radioactive substances.
A.D. 1898 ~ 1900 E. Li Kai (1898) and P. K.L Derud put forward the model of metal free electron gas.
In A.D. 1899, P Appel published Rational Mechanics, and put forward the dynamic equation of nonholonomic system (namely Appel equation).
In A.D. 1900, W.C. Sabin put forward the reverberation time formula, which started the research of architectural acoustics.
Rayleigh published the blackbody radiation formula suitable for long wave range.
M Planck put forward the formula of blackbody radiation in full wavelength range, and deduced it theoretically by using the hypothesis of energy quantization.