Eight waves (twenty)
? 15. Farmhouses and Folk Residences
? "The towers are lost in the fog, the moon is lost in the river, and the Taoyuan is nowhere to be found." Once a person is frustrated and is in a foreign land, the first thing to do is What I miss must be my hometown, because there is a warm home there. In the fourth year of Emperor Zhezong's Shaosheng reign (1097), Qin Guan, one of the four scholars of the Su family, was demoted and relegated to Chenzhou. When he wrote the poem "Traveling on the Shasha" in the hotel, his heart must have been filled with strong nostalgia and attachment to home. Home is the foundation for a person to settle down and live a life, a harbor for spiritual rest, and the support of personal emotions. As the main material carrier of the home, the home can be said to be the most important symbol of the home.
Compared with the changing seasons and alternations of cold and heat in nature, human beings’ ability to adapt is insignificant. Therefore, almost all people need to rely on their homes to provide shelter from wind and rain, to keep out heat and cold, in order to meet their survival and needs. the needs of life. From archaeological discoveries, we can get a glimpse of the homes of our ancestors. The Longnan site in Meiyan, Wujiang is a village from the early Liangzhu Culture. It covers an estimated area of 2,000 square meters and has ancient rivers and paths. It has revealed 12 house ruins and 18 tombs. The river flows through the village from northeast to southwest, and the houses are scattered on both sides of the river. This is similar to the later layout of the local villages. The floor plans of the houses range from rectangular to circular. From the components found, we can learn that the building forms range from dry-stairs buildings, which are commonly used in the local area, to wooden structures, as well as ground-level buildings.
? Throughout the feudal society period, in order to reflect the hierarchical status of each social class, the scale, scale and even decoration and decoration that could be used for residential buildings were also limited. Therefore, before the liberation, most of the rural areas were tiled houses or thatched houses, and a few villages had one or two old-fashioned buildings with brick and wood structures. A typical bungalow has three main rooms and a side room. The room in the middle of the main house is called the "side room" (living room), the back half of the side room is the bedroom, and the front half or side room is the kitchen.
? Regarding rural housing, the "Tongli Town Chronicle" records: "In the 1960s, we lived in thatched houses, in the 1970s we lived in tiled houses, in the 1980s we lived in buildings, and in the 1990s we lived in bungalows." Bashi, adjacent to Tongli, has also gone through the same process. Before the 1960s, there were thatched houses and tile-roofed houses, with a field in front of the house and a vegetable garden next to it. The entire house was surrounded by greenery, and they were all bungalows. In the 1980s, you can still see the remnants of the adobe wall. At that time, there was a section behind my house. It should be the remnants of the neighbor's former thatched house after it was demolished, right? There are small holes scattered on the wall, which were made by bees that are larger than ordinary bees. Most of these bees act alone. Every evening, when we come home from school, we twist a glass bottle with one hand and fill it with rape flowers and broad bean flowers. We take a small branch in the other hand and dig it into the small hole in the mud wall, and it buzzes out of the hole. Climb out and catch it easily with the mouth of the bottle. The pronunciation of this kind of bee in our Bazhu dialect is similar to "Wu Mite", but I don't know what the written expression is. Some say it's a mason wasp, some say it's a bumble bee, but I found out through Baidu that the description of Osmia wasps is closer. It seems that if you want to find out, you have to consult a beekeeping expert. However, as the earthen wall disappeared, the bees were no longer visible. I wonder where they went?
? Farmers' residences in Bazhu mainly choose areas with convenient farming, abundant water resources, convenient transportation, and high terrain to build homesteads and form villages. After long-term practice, we have accumulated rich experience in farm house construction and adopted very practical site selection principles. Farmhouses in the past dynasties were built along the river if possible. It is rare for a residence not to be built along the river. In addition, the house is mainly facing south, which has the advantage of easy lighting and protection from cold wind. There are still taboos for ordinary people when choosing a home site. Generally, they do not choose river crossings, graves, bridgeheads, etc. If it is unavoidable, they need to make modifications, such as terrain modification around the house, or breaking the law. Usually, the objects that are used to break up the house include: half a millstone, built on the wall next to the gate; a yellow tiger, a tiger head made of plaster on the wall on the left side of the gate; a demon mirror, which was originally a round bronze mirror and was later modified. It is made into a glass mirror and embedded in the upper threshold of the door.
? In addition, it is rare to build a house in the countryside with one or four rooms. This is probably the rule of good and bad luck determined by the "Lu Ban Jing" of the Ming Dynasty: "One room is unlucky, two rooms are comfortable, and three rooms are unlucky." Auspicious, four inauspicious, five inauspicious, six inauspicious, seven inauspicious, eight inauspicious, and nine inauspicious.
"Due to the influence, right?
? When I was a child, I often heard adults talking about the construction of houses with five or seven roads. At that time, I didn’t know what they meant. Later, when I came into contact with buildings, they were all reinforced concrete structures. This statement is not heard in Gaolou Mansions. However, there is this mention in "Taoyuan Town Chronicles" and "Tanqiu Town Chronicles", but it is not clear. I occasionally read the 1993 edition of "Shanghai County Chronicles" and explained it as: "Go deep into five pillars, seven pillars, "Nine pillars are called five road heads, seven road heads, and nine road heads." It seems that the so-called "number of road heads" refers to the number of beams on the roof of the house, that is, the number of stringers. The number of stringers is called the number of road heads. For example A house with five beams is called a five-road house.
Villagers used to build houses with five or seven roads, and occasionally nine roads. This is an extremely important matter and should not be taken lightly. "Huangdi Neijing" says: "It is the nature of people to be at home. People regard a house as their home. If they live peacefully, their family will be prosperous. If they are uneasy, their family will decline. "Therefore, the villagers attach great importance to the ceremony of building a house. For example, before starting construction, they usually ask a Feng Shui master to determine the location of the house site and choose a date for starting construction; some ask the master's wife to ask the master to choose a date. Before starting construction, a piece of land is buried in a corner of the house site." It is said that if an accident occurs, just pry loose the "preparatory stone" and it can be resolved. In addition, wine, food, and incense candles must be prepared to worship the "land" on the homestead to bless peace. After the law is broken, ditches and stone slabs are dug ( When laying the foundation, the master builder (masonry foreman) directs four people to tamp the stone and four people to lift the rope and lay it down together. The movements must be coordinated to save effort, improve work efficiency, and avoid accidents. One person leads the singing of "Tang Tiao", and others harmonize the tune. The tune is ups and downs, solid and powerful, and it is particularly pleasant to the ears. On the day when the pillars and beams are raised, relatives and friends come to congratulate them, which is commonly known as "house-building plate". Bring fish, cakes, steamed buns, rice dumplings, firecrackers, sugar cane, fruits and other gifts. When it is time to go up to the main beam, a red cloth is wrapped in the middle, a bunch of evergreens is hung, and a copper coin is embedded. , the leader of the craftsmen climbed on the upper beam, chanted auspicious words, set up the main beam amidst the sound of firecrackers and firecrackers, and scattered candies and pastries downwards. The people present scrambled to pick them up, which is commonly known as "throwing beams" and "grabbing steamed buns". After the beam-laying is completed, the owner gives red envelopes to the craftsmen and prepares "beam-raising wine" to entertain the craftsmen and handymen.
The completion of the ridge construction represents the completion of the new house, and the owner will prepare a "completion wine" to entertain all those who have worked on the house. In the 1980s, "throwing slabs" appeared in building construction. The form is similar to throwing beams. Is it a continuation of the custom?
In the 1980s, our neighbor in the northeast began. They are Mr. and Mrs. Zhang from northern Jiangsu Province. The house they live in is a three-bay bungalow at the end of the road. For some reason, swallows especially like to build nests under their roof, and there are more than one nesting there. Yan's voice and flying figure added a lot of excitement to the house of the two old people. Later, after the owner passed away, Yan's house became empty. After that, the bungalows in the village were gradually replaced by buildings, and Yanzi gathered there. The scene of nesting under the eaves of a certain family has never appeared again. Maybe Yanzi also likes traditional houses. "What permeates the villages and houses is the strong bookish atmosphere of farming and reading culture, the honest and simple character of the villagers, and the green mountains." A sense of affinity with nature that has been cultivated by green water for many years, right?
? (To be continued)
(Anyone who knows the story of Batsu is welcome to provide writing information)< /p>
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