Notes on Introduction to Design-Chapter 4, Section 3
1. The era of change and progress: Looking back on the 19th century, a dynamic era of change and progress appeared in our vision. The gap between the rich and the poor has gradually widened, and the middle class has emerged. In a stable class structure, consumer culture has developed in a diversified direction. New industrial centers have emerged, and the rich and the poor are extremely polarized.
2. Combination of repression and intelligence experiment: The 19th century was an extraordinary combination of repression and intelligence experiment. Design is playing an important role in the new consumption culture. After the first mass-produced products, as well as the appearance of department stores, advertising posters and mail-order orders, the role of designers and the social function of design have become important topics for discussion.
brunell, Ruskin, Darwin and others have made great engineering achievements, innovative academic achievements and research results, and people are full of confidence and belief in social progress.
3. Important role of design:
? Important new inventions appear; The concepts of standardization and mechanization began to really play a role in design, and a large number of grand design exhibitions were a feature of the 19th century. The "Crystal Palace" Expo in 1851.
Second, design education and design reform in the 19th century
(1)? Design education
1. The most important way to improve the level of industrial design: education
The British government supports the establishment of design schools to train teachers; Debate about the syllabus of design; Debate fiercely about the ways and means of designer training.
2. Two schools of thought: trying to raise decoration to the status of a real art form
(1) owen jones's Basic Principles of Decoration-Jones's classification of decoration shows that the century preferred historicism (learning from the past), even for the most progressive designers, historicism is considered an indispensable part of design.
(2) Sketch Manual by William Deiss-puts forward a guiding principle that geometric form provides the most suitable style for decorative patterns.
3. Plant structure and botany: Other experiments show that plant structure and botany provide a meaningful way for design. The visual experiments of French art schools and British design schools regard nature as a laboratory, and we should study it with scientific methods and apply the principles developed to design.
4. Contrary to the above theory, things that design schools are indifferent or even rude, and they ignore the power of religion, nature and human spirit, which are not mechanical and cannot be reduced to a set of simple management;
5. Gothic style develops forward: These design reformers believe that Gothic style should develop forward. Since the 196s, the revival of Gothic has dominated the ideas and tastes of the 19th century in different levels and forms.
(1) Putin: Gothic architecture embodies an extraordinary level of achievement and aesthetic feeling, and Gothic is the only style that can work from the visual and moral point of view.
(2) Ruskin: Many designers began to regard the Middle Ages as a method of social change through design. In this respect, he was influenced by Ruskin: Seven Lights of Architecture and The Stone of Venice
His research is based on two important theories: 1. Decoration and design of Britain are based on stylized natural forms; 2. Design has a strong moral connotation.
Although the Gothic Renaissance does not use specific details of Gothic design in design, it implies the Gothic spirit in terms of local forms, authentic materials and the role of design in society.
6. Arts and Crafts Movement: Britain was the first country to experience the industrial revolution. At the same time, an anti-industrial organization appeared, which was quickly named "Arts and Crafts Movement". Maurice, a designer, was a writer, a social activist and the most influential design thinker of his time. In 1861, he started his own company naturally, and this company and its products still retain the ideas of art and handicraft.
Morris Marshall Faulkner Company: The first principle is the authenticity of materials; Another ideal of the arts and crafts movement is to carry out social reform through design.
7. Art nouveau (noun explanation): At the end of 19th century, there was the last great decorative style in this period, which was called Art nouveau. Its characteristics are: bending, naturalistic style, using plants, insects, female bodies and symbolism. France takes the lead in the design works of Calais and Louis Machole of Nancy School. But Art Nouveau is now used to refer to the revival of decorative arts in the 19th century, which spread from Brussels, Milan and Vienna to the United States and then to other countries in the world.
"Vienna Craft Factory" was founded in 193, which is based on the idea of "Handicraft Trade Association" founded by British designer Ashby in 1888, but there are some important differences. As far as the corps is concerned, the works of Vienna craft field are more avant-garde because they are based on the unique aesthetic style of using simple geometric shapes. However, it pays more attention to the problem of style, rather than changing society through Morris's ideal of happy labor.
8. Although these European styles are important for design, the United States has raised practical problems about manufacturing, production and sales, which have proved to be fundamental problems for design, and it also marks the transition from the 19th century to modern design.
The important production changes brought about by American retail revolution are called American system. Principle: Design products with unified standard parts so that they can be produced or repaired anywhere in China. The idol of the western United States, the Colt pistol, is an example of this new mode of production. The idea of dividing a product into simple components leads to an important new theory of factory management-Taylor doctrine;
Taylor published Principles of Scientific Management in 1911. Taylor advocated dividing the production process into the smallest parts and forming a capitalist production line to get more profits from it.
Taylor doctrine has played an important role in the emergence of Ford production line, and Fordism represents the highest achievement of production in the 2th century and has an important influence on modern European movements.