How many climate types are there? What is the difference? What are the characteristics?
2. Temperate maritime climate
3. Tropical desert climate
4. Tropical savanna climate
5. Tropical monsoon climate
6. Subtropical monsoon (humid) climate
7. Temperate monsoon climate
8. Mediterranean climate
9. Plateau Mountain Climate
10. Polar tundra climate
1 1. Polar ice sheet climate
12. Coniferous forest climate in sub-frigid zone
13. temperate continental climate
tropical weather
1. Tropical rain forest climate
Located on both sides of the equator on all continents, it extends about 5 ~ 10 from south to north, such as the Amazon Plain in South America, the Congo Basin and the Gulf of Guinea coast in Africa, and some islands in Southeast Asia. The climate landscape of these tropical rainforests.
This area is located in the equatorial low pressure area, and the airflow is mainly upward movement, and there are more opportunities for water vapor condensation to cause rainfall. It rains all year round, and there is no dry season. The annual precipitation is more than 2000 mm, the monthly precipitation is at least 60 mm, and there are many thunderstorms. The average temperature in each month is 25 ~ 28℃, and the summer is long all year round, with no seasonal change. Generally, the annual variation is less than 3℃, and the daily average variation can reach 6 ~ 12℃. In this high temperature and rainy climate all the year round, plants can grow all year round, with diverse tree species and dense vegetation layers. Summary: (Exam-oriented) Features: Distribution of high temperature and rainy throughout the year: Causes near the equator.
2. Tropical grassland climate
This climate is mainly distributed on both sides of the equatorial rainy climate zone, that is, Central America, South America and Africa, where the south latitude and north latitude are about 5 ~ 15 (some extend to 25). Its main features are: firstly, due to the north-south movement and alternating influence of the equatorial low pressure zone and the trade wind zone, the dry and wet seasons in a year are distinct, and the annual precipitation is generally 700- 100. And there is a convergence of updraft, forming a rainy season, wet and rainy. Dense tall grass and shrubs are growing everywhere, and sparse trees are mixed together, which is the savanna landscape. When affected by the trade winds, air masses prevail in the tropical continent, resulting in dry season, dry soil, withered grass and deciduous trees. Compared with the equatorial rainy climate, there are at least 1 ~ 2 months of drought in a year. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 16 ~ 18℃. The hottest months appear after the dry season and before the rainy season. Therefore, the climate in this area is generally divided into three seasons: dry season, hot season and rainy season. The annual temperature is slightly higher than that in the equatorial rainy climate zone. Summary: Features: high temperature all year round, rainy season (wet and dry seasons) Distribution: Africa and South America.
3. Tropical desert climate
It is distributed outside the tropical dry and wet season climate zone, roughly between north latitude 15 ~ 30, and is most widely distributed in North Africa, Southwest Asia and central and western Australia. The tropical dry climate zone is controlled by subtropical high and trade winds all the year round, and the tropical continental air mass prevails, and the airflow sinks and is hot and dry. High temperature, known as the world's "hot pole." There is little precipitation, the annual rainfall is less than 200 mm, and it changes greatly, even it doesn't rain for many years. Coupled with strong sunshine and strong evaporation, the climate is further dry. The tropical semi-arid climate is distributed at the outer edge of the tropical arid climate zone. Its main characteristics are: first, the rainy season is short, and the annual precipitation can be increased to 500mm；; Second, the temperature on the high latitude side is not as high as that on the low latitude side. Summary: Features: Distribution of high temperature and little rainfall throughout the year: near the Tropic of Cancer, along the west coast of the mainland (south and north latitudes 15 ~ 30) Reasons: subtropical high and trade wind control.
4. Tropical monsoon climate
The tropical monsoon climate is distributed on the east coast of the mainland between10 and 25 north latitude, mainly in the south of Taiwan Province Province, Leizhou Peninsula, Hainan Island, Indochina Peninsula, most parts of Indian Peninsula and Philippine Islands. In addition, it is also distributed in the northern coastal areas of the Australian mainland. The temperature here is high all the year round, with the annual average temperature above 20℃, and the Leng Yue is generally above 18℃. The annual precipitation is large, concentrated in summer, which is due to the convective rainfall controlled by equatorial ocean air mass in summer and the large amount of precipitation brought by tropical cyclones, resulting in more rain in summer than in tropical dry and wet seasons. On some windward coasts, due to the topography, the summer precipitation even exceeds the equatorial rainy climate zone. The annual precipitation is generally above 1, 500 ~ 2,000 mm. The tropical monsoon is developed in this area, and the dry and wet seasons are obvious, that is, the northeast wind blows in the northern hemisphere in winter, forming a dry season; Summer winds come from the southwest of the Indian Ocean.
The wind (northwest wind in the southern hemisphere) is rich in water vapor and concentrated in precipitation, forming a warm season. Summary: Features: high temperature all year round, rainy in summer, dry and rainy in two seasons: Indo-China Peninsula in India (north latitude10 to 25 east coast of the mainland) Causes: the thermal difference between land and sea, and the subtropical climate moved seasonally in the compressed wind belt.
5. Mediterranean climate
Located on the west coast of subtropical latitude, between 30 and 40, including the Mediterranean coast, the California coast, the central coast of Chile in South America, the southern tip of South Africa and the southern tip of Australia. It is a transitional zone between tropical semi-arid climate and temperate maritime climate. These areas are significantly affected by the seasonal displacement of the pressure zone, and the air flow sinks in summer, so the temperature is very hot in summer except for the cold current along the western coast of the mainland. Winter is influenced by the west wind, which is mild and humid. The annual rainfall is moderate, ranging from 300- 1 1,000 mm, mainly in winter. Summary: characteristics: high temperature and little rain in summer, mild and rainy in winter: 30 ~ 40 latitude north and south. Cause of formation: the westerly belt and subtropical high are alternately controlled.
6. Subtropical monsoon climate and subtropical humid climate
Appearing on the east coast of subtropical continent at 25 ~ 35 north latitude, it is a zone where tropical marine air mass and polar continental air mass alternately control and compete with each other. It is mainly distributed in the south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains in eastern China, north of tropical monsoon climate, south of Japan and south of Korean Peninsula. It's warm in winter here, and the average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃. Summer is hot, the average temperature in the hottest month is above 22℃, and the temperature changes obviously in seasons with four distinct seasons. The annual precipitation is generally 1, 000 ~ 1, 500mm, which is more in summer, but there is no obvious dry season. Compared with the temperate monsoon climate, the seasonal changes are basically similar, except that the winter temperature is relatively high and the annual precipitation increases. Summary: Features: It is hot in summer.
temperate climate
7. Temperate maritime climate
Located on the west coast of the mainland, 40 ~ 60 north latitude, it is in the westerly belt all the year round, deeply influenced by the ocean air mass, and there is a warm current along the coast. There is no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃, the hottest month is below 22℃, and the annual and daily temperature difference is small. There is precipitation all year round, with more in autumn and winter, and the annual precipitation is 1. More than 000 mm. This kind of climate is the most typical in western Europe, with the largest distribution area, and it is also distributed in the corresponding latitudes of the west coast of North and South America, as well as Tasmania and New Zealand in Oceania. Summary: Features: mild throughout the year, uniform precipitation, maximum Leng Yue greater than 0℃ distribution: 40 ~ 60 north and south latitudes, and the west coast of the mainland is controlled by mid-latitude westerly winds and sub-polar depression.
8. Temperate monsoon climate and temperate continental humid climate
It appears on the east coast of the mainland with a latitude of about 35 ~ 55, including North China and Northeast China, most of Korea, northern Japan and parts of the Far East of the Soviet Union (temperate continental humid climate: north latitude100, east of the temperate maritime climate zone of Asia and Europe). In winter, influenced by the northerly winds in high latitudes inland, polar continental air masses prevail here, which are cold and dry. Affected by polar ocean air mass or denatured tropical ocean air mass, southeast wind prevails in summer, with warm, rainy and hot seasons. The annual precipitation is about 65,438 000 mm, about two thirds of which is concentrated in summer. There are four distinct seasons throughout the year and the weather is changeable. With the increase of latitude, the temperature amplitude in winter and summer increases correspondingly, while the precipitation decreases gradually. Summary: It is hot and rainy in summer and cold in winter.
9. Temperate continental climate
It is mainly distributed in the central part of Asia and North America at 35 ~ 50 north latitude. There are high mountains inland or along the coast, which can't stand the influence of sea breeze. It is a polar continental air mass all year round, with hot Leng Xia in winter, large annual and daily temperature difference and little precipitation, showing continental climate characteristics. Due to the different latitudes, in addition, in the rain shadow area of the westerly belt in south-central Argentina, the air flow from the Pacific Ocean sinks after crossing the Andes and heats up adiabatically. In addition, there is a cold current along the coast, the air is stable and there is little rain all the year round, which also shows the characteristics of temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate. Due to the different degree of drought, there are obvious differences in natural vegetation in the above areas. In arid areas, the annual precipitation is generally below 250 mm, and there are few plants, showing desert scenery. In the periphery of arid areas, the annual precipitation is between 250 and 250-500mm, which belongs to semi-arid areas. Another generalization is that the climate of coniferous forests in the sub-cold zone is divided into temperate continental climate: characteristics: large temperature difference between winter and summer, less annual precipitation distribution: 35 ~ 50 north latitude, internal factors: far from the sea, high latitude.
subtropical climate
10. Sub-frigid continental climate (also known as sub-frigid coniferous forest climate)
This kind of climate appears between 50 and 65 north latitude, which is distributed in a strip shape and crosses North America and Eurasia. Specifically, in North America, it goes from Alaska to Labrador and through Canada to most parts of Newfoundland. In Eurasia, it starts from Scandinavia in the west (except the south), passes through Finland and the west of the Soviet Union (the south is on the line of Leningrad-Gorky-Sverdlovsk), and reaches the east of the Soviet Union (except the south). The northern part is bounded by the hottest month 10℃ isotherm. The climate in this area is mainly influenced by the polar ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, which is the source of the polar continental air mass. In winter, the Arctic is in the warm season, and the tropical continental air mass can sometimes penetrate. The main features of this climate are: the winter is long and cold, the average temperature is below 0℃ for 5 ~ 7 months every year, and the cold weather of -50℃ often occurs; Summer is short and warm, and the monthly average temperature is above 10℃, and the highest temperature can reach 18 ~ 20℃, especially the annual variation. The annual precipitation is generally 300 ~ 600 mm, mainly in summer rain. Due to weak evaporation, the relative humidity is very high.
Cold zone climate
1 1. Polar ice sheet climate
It is distributed in and around the polar regions, including Greenland, several islands in the Arctic Ocean and the ice sheet plateau of the Antarctic continent. This is the birthplace of the ice ocean air mass and the Antarctic air mass, and it is in a state of long night all winter. Although it is a perpetual day in summer, the sunshine is oblique and the heat gained is weak. Because of the polar ice sheet climate landscape,
The climate is cold all year round, and the temperature in each month is below 0℃; The Antarctic continent has an average annual temperature of -25℃, which is the coldest continent in the world. 1967, the absolute minimum temperature measured by Norwegian people was -94.5℃, which was called the "cold pole" in the world. Most of the ground is covered with thick ice and snow, and there are many serious storms, which make it difficult for plants to grow.
12. The climate of polar tundra is mainly distributed along the coast of Arctic Ocean in Eurasia and North America, which is the same as that of ice sheet. Often influenced by ice air masses and polar continental air masses, it is extremely cold all year round. The average temperature in the hottest month is 1-5℃, with less precipitation, weak evaporation and high cloud cover. Natural vegetation is mainly tundra (moss and lichen).
13. Plateau and Mountain Climate
Plateau areas vertically distributed in mid-latitude areas, such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Andes, are characterized by high altitude and low temperature throughout the year (the temperature drops by 0.6 degrees Celsius every time the sea level rises 100 meters). The plateau and mountain climate has two most important characteristics: "high terrain" and "cold temperature".