Li Lin, the grandson of Li Guang.

Li Ling (? -74 years ago), the word Shao Qing, Han nationality, was born in Jixi (now Jingningnan, Gansu). General of the Western Han Dynasty, grandson of Li Guang. He led the army to fight against the Xiongnu, defeated and surrendered to the Xiongnu, and the Han Dynasty destroyed its three clans, which led to the complete severance of relations with the Han Dynasty. His life is full of contradictions between national hatred and domestic hatred, so the evaluation of him has always been controversial. Li Ling (BC 134- 74 BC) died young when his father was Li Danghu, the eldest son of Li Guang (BC 158- BC 134 BC). As an adult, Li Ling was elected commander-in-chief of Yulin Army in Zhangjian Palace. He is good at archery and is very concerned about his soldiers. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked the Li family to lead 800 cavalry, because they were generals for generations. Li Ling once led troops into the hinterland of Xiongnu for more than 2,000 miles, scouting the terrain and finding no enemies. Later, he was appointed as a captain on horseback, leading 5,000 Chu soldiers in Danyang County to teach archery in Jiuquan and Zhangye to guard against Xiongnu. In the autumn of the second year of Tianhan (99), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Li Guangli, the general of the Second Division, to take 30,000 cavalry to the Xiongnu, where he fought with the right king. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty summoned Li Ling at Wutai and made him Li Guang and Li Jun's escort. Declined politely, Li Ling volunteered to lead his own independent army and contain the Xiongnu army to assist Li Guangli's frontal combat. Emperor Wu promised that due to the shortage of war horses, Li Ling could only send infantry to war. Li Ling led 5,000 archers to March from Juyan North for one month. In Xunji Mountain, they met with 30,000 cavalry in the same position as Hou Chanyu, and the Xiongnu army surrounded the Han army between the two mountains. The Han army took the trench car as the camp and arranged it outside the camp. Soldiers in front are armed with halberds and shields, while soldiers in the back are armed with bows and arrows. When the Huns saw Han Serenade, they attacked the Han army. The result was shot to death by the Han army with a thousand crossbows. Xiongnu soldiers retreated in succession and were forced to retreat up the mountain. The Han army pursued and killed thousands of people. Khan was frightened, so he dispatched more than 80 thousand riders from the left and right sides to attack Liling. Liling fought and retreated. Seriously injured soldiers are lying in the car, slightly injured are pushing carts, and slightly injured are fighting with weapons. Li Ling said, "What's wrong with those people whose morale is low and they can't afford it?" ? Are there any women in the army? "("Biography of Li Hanguang Su Jianchuan ") It turns out that when we were just fighting, some wives of the Kanto thieves were placed in the army because of migration, and they were the wives of foot soldiers, hiding in the car. Later, it was discovered by Li Ling and all of them were beheaded. Fighting again the next day, beheading more than 3000 people. After traveling for more than ten days, when I arrived in osawa, there were many reeds in Zezhong. The Huns set fire to the wind, and the Han army also set fire to the surrounding reeds in advance to save themselves. Retreat to a mountain, Khan sent troops to attack, and Li Ling and Xiongnu soldiers fought in the Woods, killing and injuring countless people. He also sent a crossbow to shoot Khan, and Khan fled. Seeing that Li Ling's soldiers were brave and good at fighting, they could not fight for a long time, and they were approaching the Han Village, Khan asked his men, "This elite Han soldier can't attack, so he led us south to the village day and night. Is there an ambush? "The generals said," Khan can't wipe out tens of thousands of people who rode against the Han Dynasty, and there is no way to let the border ministers and the Han Dynasty benefit the Huns. "So fight again. At that time, the two armies fought dozens of times a day, and the Han army killed and injured more than 2,000 Huns. Seeing the unfavorable situation, the Huns wanted to retreat. At this time, the post-official of the Han army dared to be insulted by a captain and surrendered to the Huns in a rage, saying, "Lingjun has no way to save, and his arrows are exhausted. The general and the Hou faction in Cheng 'an are both independent, with yellow and white as the standard. It's broken when nothing happens. " Khan was overjoyed, so he sent cavalry to attack the Han army and shouted, "Li Ling, Han Yannian, boring!" (Biography of Li Hanguang Su Jian) The Han army is in the valley, and the Xiongnu is in the mountain, shooting in all directions, and the arrows are raining. The Han army withdrew south, and before it reached Lushan Mountain, it exhausted 500,000 arrows in one day and abandoned them. At this time, there were still more than 3,000 Han troops, who retreated to a canyon with short knives and spokes as weapons and were blocked by the Huns. Khan hid behind the Han army and threw stones at the Han army in the corner. Most of the Han army died and could not move forward. After dusk, Li Ling walked out of the camp alone in plain clothes and returned for a long time, sighing, "Defeated, dead! "The military official said," The general threatened the Huns, and his fate failed. Later, he asked to return to the Tao. For example, the wild Hou was captured by Lu and then came back from the dead. It's better for the general when the emperor sees him! " Li Ling said, "Stop it! If I don't die, I am not a strong person. " So he cut all the flags and buried the treasure in the ground. Li Ling lamented: "Dozens of arrows are enough. There are no more soldiers to fight today, it's dawn! Birds and beasts are scattered, and there are still those who belong to the son of heaven. "In the middle of the night, Li Ling and Hou Han Yannian led more than ten strong men to break through and were chased by thousands of tarkan. Han Yannian died. The Xiongnu surrendered to Li Ling, and Li Ling said, "I have no face to report to your majesty." (Biography of General Li in Historical Records) and then surrender to the Huns. Only more than 400 people returned to the territory of the Han people. In this campaign, Li Ling fought against tarquin with infantry and fought alone, giving full play to the role of bow and crossbow, a long-range weapon, and annihilating more than 10,000 people in tarquin. Its tactical application and campaign command were successful. However, due to the failure of the Han army to provide necessary support and support to the Liling Department, the strength was very different, which eventually led to the collapse of the Liling Army. After the defeat of Li Ling, Emperor Wu summoned Li Ling's wife and mother. After hearing that Li Ling surrendered, he was furious and blamed. Chen Buller committed suicide, and all the ministers said that Li Ling was guilty. When Liang Wudi asked the Taishi to ask Sima Qian, Sima Qian declared: "Ling Xiao was a loyal scholar, and he died for his country, always desperate. Its stock is also accumulated, with the wind of a national scholar. The minister who protects his wife with his whole body is short-lived, which is really unfortunate and really hurtful! Moreover, there are less than 5,000 soldiers in the mausoleum, and the land of the military is deep, and tens of thousands of troops have been suppressed. Lu couldn't heal the wounded and rescue the dying, and the archer was attacked. Turn a thousand miles, the arrow is exhausted, the scholar is empty, take the white blade, fight for the deadly enemy in the north, and get the power to die, although the ancient star is nothing more than this. Although the body is defeated, what it destroys is enough to be violent to the world. If he doesn't die, he should want to repay Han well. " This time Li Guangli went to Xiongnu, because Li Ling and Khan suffered, and Li Guangli made little contribution. Emperor Wu was very angry with Sima Qian and sent him to prison for corruption. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty regretted not sending Li Ling to rescue him, and said, "The imperial tomb should send someone to block it and order a captain with a strong crossbow to meet the army. Sitting in advance will make the veteran treacherous. " (Biography of Li Hanguang's Su Jian) So the messenger comforted the fugitives in Li Lingjun. Li Ling has been in Xiongnu for more than a year. Liang Wudi sent a general, Gong Sun 'ao, to lead the troops into the Xiongnu, but he returned in vain, saying, "I caught one alive, saying that Li Ling taught me to be a soldier and prepare for the Han army, so I got nothing." (Biography of Li Hanguang's Su Jian) Hearing this, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed Li Ling's mother, brother and brother's wife. The scholar-officials in Longxi were ashamed of Li. As a result, Li's reputation declined. Later, the Han Dynasty sent envoys to the Huns, and Li Ling said to the envoys, "I fought for the Han Dynasty with 5,000 Huns, and I will be defeated by death. Why should I be defeated by the Han Dynasty and punish my family? " The messenger said, "It is said that Li taught the Huns to be soldiers." Li Ling said, "It's Xu Li, not me." (A Brief Biography of Li Han Guangsu) Li was a captain beyond the Great Wall in the Han Dynasty, who lived in Xihoucheng and later fell to Xiongnu. Li Ling was very sad. His family was punished for Xu Li, so he assassinated Xu Li. E Shi wanted to kill the mausoleum, so Khan hid it in the north, and E Shi didn't come back until he died. After the Huns got Li Ling, Khan was greatly admired for his family's reputation as a general for generations and Li Ling's heroic performance in fighting with him. He married his daughter to Li Ling and made her an orthodox school king. After the Emperor acceded to the throne, General Huo Guang and General Zuo Shangguan Jie assisted in the administration of state affairs, and they got on well with Li Ling, so they sent three people, including Longxi, an old friend of Li Ling, to the Xiongnu to support the mausoleum. Li Ling, Ren Li's political adviser, said: "The Han Dynasty granted amnesty to the whole world, and China was relieved. The Lord is rich in the Spring and Autumn Period, while Huo and Shangguan are seldom used. I want to use this sentence to impress Li Ling. But Li Ling said, "I'm already in uniform!" "I'm afraid I'll lose face again, but what can I do!" Finally, he said, "The husband can't be humiliated any more. "Said he was determined to stay in the huns. Li Ling lived in Xiongnu for more than twenty years and died in the first year of Yuanping. Comments: Li Ling became a controversial figure in history because of her special experience. Some people are not ashamed of Li Ling's surrender to the Huns, while others think that he dares to "run to the Huns with 5,000 soldiers" and is not afraid of death. " This general is notorious. Go to He Liang and go back to Wan Li, and the old man will grow up. "(Xin Qiji, He Xinlang) Perhaps only Sima Qian's remarks are a fair evaluation of Li Ling by history. It seems unconvincing to attribute Li Ling's surrender to the fear of death. After Li Guang, a famous soldier who has been familiar with the principle of "loyalty is not fierce, death is like exhaustion" since he was a child, as a generation of famous soldiers who have struggled with the enemy for nearly ten days, life and death should not seem to be a particularly important issue. " Answering Sue Wu Shu says: "Is the tomb a person who lives in drag out an ignoble existence and cherishes death?" Would it be better to have a relative and a wife, instead of benefiting? However, Ling is a fairy and has made a difference, so he should repay the Lord's ear as mentioned in the previous book. "This should be a reasonable explanation. What's more, Sima Qian's "Report to Ren" said: "Although I was defeated by him, I observed his intentions and wanted to get it and reported it to Korea. "Sima Qian's statement that" its writing is straight, its matter is the core, its beauty is not empty, and its evil is not hidden "is true. Besides, at the last minute, Li Ling really wanted to die. Perhaps it is because he is still young after all. If he was defeated because of "unfavorable soldiers and poor war", I am afraid he would have gone to war with the Xiongnu. However, I was obviously calculated and my career failed. It's no use dying in this situation. I'm dying in the newspaper. Besides, I died in a daze, unable to explain to the emperor, ashamed of my grandfather Li Guang's spirit in heaven, and more sorry for the five thousand soldiers who followed him to the death of World War I. Surrender is to let the soldiers go to Hanwu in deus ex as much as possible, and there seems to be no other consideration. Li Ling wanted to "do something", so she kept this useful body for a period of time, and when she looked for it another day, she could do a lot. For example, he can at least learn from his grandfather Li Guang and try to escape. This was confirmed after Su Wu returned to Han. Later, the Han envoy sent an envoy to Xiongnu, and Li Ling said to the envoy, "I will March 5,000 people across Xiongnu for the Han, and I will be defeated and die. Why? The messenger said, "It is said that Li taught the Huns to be soldiers." Li Ling said, "It's Xu Li, not me." (A Brief Biography of Li Han Guangsu) Li was a captain beyond the Great Wall in the Han Dynasty, who lived in Xihoucheng and later fell to Xiongnu. Li Ling was very sad. His family was punished for Xu Li, so he assassinated Xu Li. E Shi of Xiongnu wanted to kill Mausoleum, Khan hid in the north, and E Shi didn't come back until he died [2]. It is not difficult to see that Li Ling is, after all, attached to his motherland. If Li Ling "goes to his mother, he will be slaughtered in the coming year; If the wife is innocent and a whale, there are really 1000 reasons to bring Xiongnu soldiers and horses back to Han. However, Li Ling did not do so. On the contrary, he risked his life to assassinate Xu Li, revenged himself and cleared the hidden danger for the Han family. After that, he took his daughter who was married by Khan, lived in a remote place, and basically took an uncooperative attitude towards the Huns. Only when it comes to Khan's major issues can he "settle down". Li Ling stayed in Xiongnu for twenty-five years, and gave birth to several children with his wife Pianpo, while the rest basically did nothing, just surviving. Khan was assigned to be a lobbyist to persuade his old friend Su Wu. They met several times, drank some wine, and probably presented some poems to each other (but other poems in Zhaoming Wenxuan and Yiwen Lei Ju were suspected to be fake). Su Wu, of course, was not convinced, but they still maintained a deep friendship, so that Su Wu later returned to South Korea and said a few words to him. Li Ling really "served" the Huns in a large-scale battle between the Huns and the Han army in the third year of conscription (the first 90 years), and Li Ling was credibly arranged to assist a Xiongnu general in besieging the Han army. The first battlefield where he will fight the Han army is actually the battlefield where his last decisive battle with Xiongnu eventually led to the destruction of his family: Xunji Mountain. Is this an intermediate arrangement? In the three years of peace, Li Ling, as a general of the Han Dynasty, participated in the large-scale battle between Xiongnu and Han for the first time. Because many traitors or traitors in later generations tried to be traitors, they always racked their brains to extract catharsis from Li Ling's participation in this war, so it is necessary for us to know more about this battle. " History of Han (volume 94) Biography of Xiongnu: "Six years after Khan was founded, Xiongnu went to Shanggu and Wuyuan to kill officials. When the Huns re-entered Wuyuan and Jiuquan, they killed two captains. So Han sent 70,000 generals from the Second Division to Wuyuan, and the ancient scholars sent more than 30,000 people out of Xihe (the author recorded 20,000 merchants leading troops in Volume 22 of Zi Jian), and then the headstrong boy rode 40,000 horses out of Jiuquan. Khan heard that the soldiers were coming out, so he sent them to the north of Zhao Xin's city to live in the water [3]. Left-hand drive people spend more than six or seven hundred miles on my water, occupying a mountain in my pocket. Khan himself will be a good soldier, Zuo Anhou, waiting for the water army. The imperial doctor's army went after the ramp, but saw nothing. Xiongnu envoys and General Li Ling rode more than 30,000 troops to chase the Han army to Xunji Mountain. They fought for nine days, but Han soldiers fell into the hands of Chen's enemies and killed many people. It is not suitable for Lu to go to Pu Nvshui, but I still go. ""Han Xiao Wu Di Xia Jian Juan 22 "is based on this, but Shangqiu's strength is twenty thousand, which is different, so I won't go into details. The words quoted above are clear and clear, so I won't repeat them. The Xiongnu army led by Li Ling and the Han soldiers led by China ancient historian Shangqiu Cheng fought in Xunji Mountain. Xunji Mountain was the last place where Li Ling and Xiongnu fought several years ago. At that time, Li Ling led 5,000 people out of Juyan and traveled northward for 30 days, ending in Xunji Mountain. He photographed the mountains and rivers he walked through so that his riding Chen Bule could hear him (The Twenty-four Biographies of Su Jianchuan in Li Guang during the May 4th Movement in the Late Han Dynasty). Therefore, he is undoubtedly very familiar with the terrain of Xunjishan's generation. Li Ling, "Feng Guang" since childhood, is a generation of famous soldiers, proficient in the art of war; At the same time, it is extremely important for a soldier to be familiar with the outline of the terrain. Therefore, Li Ling can be said to occupy the best geographical position [2]. On the other hand, Shangqiu Cheng, "September (the second year of Zhenghe), Shangqiu became an ancient scholar" ("Zi Jian Volume 22, Emperor Xiaowu of the Han Dynasty"); The duty of ancient counselors was not to lead troops to war. Compared with Li Ling, Shangqiu's journey is a world of difference. At the same time, Shangqiu led the troops to meet the Huns, in May of the third year of Zheng He. In other words, it was only a little more than half a year before and after his new official took office as an ancient adviser and sent troops to Xihe. In such a short time, it is quite difficult to get familiar with military power and communication from top to bottom. Moreover, the encounter between the Han army and the Xiongnu soldiers in Xunji Mountain was pursued by their cavalry, rather than Li Lingxian camping there to explore the road. Shangqiu city is a peerless military genius for the terrain here, so I'm afraid it's hard to get familiar with it in a panic. In this way, the position of the Han army had a great loss. Moreover, in terms of military strength, that is, the book, the strength of Shangqiu City is only over 30,000, which is the same as that of Li Ling. However, Li Ling is the elite cavalry of the Huns, with strong fighting capacity. At the same time, exhausted Han soldiers came from afar. In the face of the Xiongnu army, it was chased back into Xunji Mountain, and its combat effectiveness was really debatable. From this point of view, the strength of the Han army has suffered great losses. Moreover, in those days, Li Ling "will be stationed at the border with warriors and swordsmen from Jingchu, all of whom were killed by catching tigers". The five thousand soldiers and horses are all working, one is ten. In the face of 80,000 Xiongnu soldiers, the stalemate only lasted about 10 days. In the end, most of them died and were captured. "The soldiers dispersed and fled to a place where there were more than 400 people." Although there were many soldiers in Shangqiu, it was probably difficult to compare with Li Ling's soldiers. After being surrounded by China people, he fled into the unfamiliar Xunji Mountain, but he was able to "fall to the enemy on the ninth day of the war, causing countless casualties." An ancient adviser, relying on a bunch of exhausted soldiers, was finally able to defeat the elite cavalry led by a brave and good soldier, and finally got nothing. If Li serves the Huns wholeheartedly and sells his life for revenge, I'm afraid Shangqiu will be beheaded even if Huo Qubing is possessed by his soul. History is history, and no amount of explanation is completely useless. Although it is not difficult to give an acceptable explanation from a purely military point of view, it is generally unnecessary. Because no matter how you talk about Taoism, you will inevitably use today's mind to release the feelings of your ancestors. In a short time, the Xiongnu emissary and Li Ling rode more than 30,000 troops to chase the Han army and arrived at Xunji Mountain, where they fought for nine days. Han soldiers fell into the hands of Chen's enemies and killed many people. The cross of "it is not good for Lu to go to Pu Nv Shui" has left endless imagination space for future generations.