200 In ancient times, iron nails were not used, so what was used to fix the paintings on the wall? ——An expert in ancient architecture enters!

Ancient Chinese Architecture

(1) Hall

The main building in the ancient Chinese architectural complex includes two types of architectural forms: hall and hall, of which the hall is the palace , ritual and religious buildings. The terms "tang" and "dian" both appeared in the Zhou Dynasty. The word "tang" appeared earlier, and its original meaning is relative to the inner room, referring to the front part of the building that is open to the outside. The left and right sides of the hall are arranged in an orderly manner, and there are rooms and compartments on both sides of the room. Such a group of buildings is also collectively called a hall, which generally refers to the residence buildings of the emperor, princes, officials, and scholars. The word "dian" appeared later, and its original meaning is the raised appearance of the rear; it is used in buildings to indicate their tall shape and prominent status. Since the Han Dynasty, halls generally refer to the main buildings in government offices and residences, but secondary buildings in palaces and temples can also be called halls, such as the "East-West Hall" in palaces in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, lecture halls, and dining halls in Buddhist temples, etc. . Both the hall and the hall can be divided into three basic parts: steps, body and roof. Among them, steps and roofs form the most obvious appearance features of Chinese architecture. Due to the constraints of the feudal hierarchy, halls and halls are different in form and structure. The difference in steps between halls and halls appeared earlier: halls only have steps; halls not only have steps, but also a platform, that is, in addition to its own platform, there is also a tall platform as a base below, which is composed of a long platform. Contact the upper and lower levels. The palace is generally located in the center or main axis of palaces, temples, royal gardens and other building complexes. Its planes are mostly rectangular, but also square, circular, I-shaped, etc. The space and components of the temple are often larger, and the decoration methods are more particular. The hall is generally used as the main building in mansions, government offices, courtyards, and gardens. It has various plane forms, moderate volume, relatively simple structural methods and decorative materials, and often shows more local characteristics.

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< p>(2) Pavilion

A multi-story building in ancient Chinese architecture. There was a distinction between buildings and pavilions in the early days. A building refers to a heavy house, and a pavilion refers to a building with an elevated lower part and a high-hanging ground floor. Pavilions generally have a nearly square plane, two floors, and flat seats. They can occupy the main position in a building group. For example, there are Buddhist temples with pavilions as the main body, such as the Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Temple. The towers are mostly narrow and curved, and often occupy a secondary position in the building group. For example, the sutra collection building in the Buddhist temple, the back building and wing building in the palace, etc. are located in the last row or the left and right wings of the building group. In later generations, the two words "pavilion" were interchangeable, and there was no strict distinction. Ancient pavilions had various architectural forms and uses. The tower already appeared during the Warring States Period. The tower in the Han Dynasty was as high as three stories. Towers, market towers, watchtowers, etc. are all forms of pavilions that were widely used in the Han Dynasty. The emperors of the Han Dynasty believed in the theory of immortal alchemy and believed that building tall pavilions could help immortals. After Buddhism was introduced to China, a large number of pagodas were built, which are also a kind of pavilions. The wooden pagoda of Yongning Temple in Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty is "more than forty feet" high and can be seen from a hundred miles away. Built in the Liao Dynasty, the Sakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province is 67.31 meters high and is still the tallest existing ancient wooden building in China. Scenic tourist buildings that can be climbed high to see far are often named after pavilions, such as Yellow Crane Tower, Tengwang Pavilion, etc. Ancient Chinese pavilions were mostly wooden structures, with various framework forms. A tall building made of overlapping square logs to form a manhole shape is called a well-shaped building; a single-story building stacked layer by layer to form a whole building is called a weighing house style. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, a platform structure layer has been added between the layers. Its inner eaves form a dark floor and floor, and its outer eaves are projected out to become a platform. This form was called flat sitting in the Song Dynasty. The upper and lower columns on each floor are not connected, and the structural connection method is complicated. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the structure of the pavilions has been based on the continuous wooden columns of each layer forming full-length columns, which are interspersed with beams and squares to form an overall frame, which is called the through-column style. In addition, there are other variations of pavilion structure forms.

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(3) Pavilion

In traditional Chinese architecture, small dot-shaped buildings with open surroundings are used for people to stay and observe, and are also used for ceremonies. They are commonly known as pavilions and appeared in the middle and late periods of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. "Pavilion" also refers to the ancient grassroots administrative organization, which also has the form of a hotel. Pavilions are generally set up in scenic places where you can stop and watch, such as hills, watersides, city walls, bridges and gardens. There are also special-purpose pavilions, such as stele pavilion, well pavilion, animal slaughtering pavilion, bell pavilion, etc. In addition to square, rectangular, circular, and polygonal pavilions, there are also various forms such as cross, chain, plum blossom, and fan shape. The roof of the pavilion has a complex shape such as peaks, peaks, cones and other forms. Large pavilions can be built with double eaves or can be surrounded by buildings. The stele pavilions and well pavilions in mausoleums and ancestral temples can be made very solemn, such as the stele pavilion in Changling of the Ming Dynasty. Large pavilions can be made majestic, such as the Wanchun Pavilion in Jingshan, Beijing. Small pavilions can be made light and elegant, such as the triangular pavilion in Hangzhou. Different forms of pavilions can produce different artistic effects.

In terms of structural methods, the structure of the pavilion is mostly made of wood, but also made of bricks and stones. Most of the pavilions have spires and conical roofs. The four-corner spire has appeared in the Han Dynasty, and the octagonal spire and conical top have been found in Ming ware of the Tang Dynasty. The "Pavilions and Pavilions Doujian" recorded in Song Dynasty's "Building French Style" is a structure similar to an umbrella stand. This practice can be seen in southern gardens in the Qing Dynasty. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, square pavilions mostly used angled beams, and multi-cornered pointed pavilions mostly used scraped beams, which were stacked up layer by layer. The structure of the rectangular pavilion is basically the same as that of the house.

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（四 ) Corridor

A covered passage in ancient Chinese architecture, including cloisters and verandas, whose basic functions are sunshade, rain protection and for people to take a nap. Corridor is an important part of the appearance characteristics of ancient Chinese architecture. The corridor under the eaves of the hall, as a transitional space between indoor and outdoor, is an important means of forming the change of reality and reality in the shape of the building and the sense of rhythm. The cloister that surrounds the courtyard plays an important role in beautifying the pattern and volume of the courtyard space, and can create different effects such as solemnity, liveliness, openness, depth, occlusion, and connectivity. Verandas in gardens mainly play the role of dividing scenic spots, causing various spatial changes, increasing depth of field, and guiding the best viewing routes. The details of the corridor are often equipped with geometric patterned railings, stools, goose-neck chairs (also known as beauty seats or Wuwang seats), hangings, and colorful paintings; the partition walls are often decorated with assorted lamp windows, leaky windows, moon cave doors, and bottles. Doors and other decorative building components.

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（五 ) Taixie

In ancient China, the high rammed earth piers on the ground were called platforms, and the wooden houses on the platforms were called terraces. The two together were called Taixie. The earliest pavilions were just small open halls with columns and no walls built on rammed earth platforms for viewing, feasting, and shooting. Sometimes it has moisture-proof and defensive functions. There are many ruins in Taixie, the famous ones include the Xintian ruins of the capital of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period, the ruins of the Yanxia capital in the Warring States period, the ruins of the ancient city of Zhao in Handan, and the ruins of the Xianyang Palace of the Qin Dynasty, etc., all of which retain huge stepped rammed earth platforms. Xie also refers to a larger house that is open on all sides. After the Tang Dynasty, buildings facing water or built in the water were called waterside pavilions, but they were completely different from Taiwan pavilions.

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< p>(6) Temple

A sacrificial building in ancient China. The shape requires seriousness and neatness, and can be roughly divided into three categories:

1. Temples for worshiping ancestors. The buildings used by ancient Chinese emperors and princes to worship their ancestors are called ancestral temples. The ancestral temple of the emperor was called the Taimiao, and the temple system varied throughout the dynasties. The Imperial Ancestral Temple is the highest-level building. The buildings used by nobles, dignitaries and aristocratic families to worship their ancestors are called family temples or ancestral halls. Following the orientation of the Imperial Ancestral Temple, it is located on the east side of the house and has different scales. Some ancestral halls are equipped with free schools, free warehouses, and theaters, whose functions go beyond the scope of worship.

2. Temples dedicated to saints. The most famous one is the Confucius Temple, also known as the Confucian Temple, dedicated to Confucius. Confucius is regarded as the ancestor of Confucianism, and many emperors after the Han Dynasty believed in Confucianism. The Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province is the largest. The temple dedicated to Guan Yu, the famous general of the Three Kingdoms era, is called Guandi Temple, also known as Wu Temple. In some places, Sanyi temples were built to worship Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Many places also enshrine famous ministers, sages, righteous men and martyrs, such as the "Wuhou Temple" in Chengdu, Sichuan and Nanyang, Henan, which commemorates Zhuge Liang, the famous statesman of the Three Kingdoms; the "Yuewang Temple" in Hangzhou, Zhejiang and Tangyin, Henan, which commemorates the national hero Yue Fei of the Southern Song Dynasty; "Yue Fei Temple".

3. Temples for worshiping mountains, rivers and gods. Since ancient times, China has worshiped heaven, earth, mountains, rivers and other natural objects and established temples to worship them, such as the Houtu Temple. The most famous ones are the temples dedicated to the Five Mountains - Taishan, Huashan, Hengshan, Hengshan and Songshan. Among them, the Dai Temple on Mount Tai is the largest. There are also a large number of sacrificial buildings derived from various religions and folk customs, such as the City God Temple, the Earth Temple, the Dragon King Temple, the Temple of Wealth, etc.

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（七 ) Altar

A platform-shaped building in ancient China that was mainly used for worshiping heaven, earth, and the country. There are the Temple of Heaven, the Temple of Earth, the Temple of the Sun, the Temple of the Moon, the Altar of Praying for Grain, and the Altar of Sheji inside and outside Beijing. The altar is not only the main body of the sacrificial building, but also the general name of the entire group of buildings. The form of the altar is mostly based on the theories of Yin Yang and Five Elements. For example, the main buildings of the Temple of Heaven and the Temple of Earth are circular and square respectively, which are derived from the theory that the sky is round and the earth is round. The number and size of the stones used in the Temple of Heaven are all in odd numbers, following the ancient saying that heaven is masculine and odd numbers represent masculine. The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests has three eaves covered with glazed tiles of three colors: the upper eaves are blue to symbolize the sky, the middle eaves are yellow to symbolize the earth, and the lower eaves are green to symbolize all things. In the 16th year of Qianlong's reign, the three floors were all blue, with the intention of being dedicated to worshiping heaven.

(8) Pagoda

A towering point-type building that worships or collects Buddha relics (Buddha bones), Buddha statues, Buddhist scriptures, monks' remains, etc., also known as "Buddha", "Buddha" pagoda". The pagoda originated in India and is also often called "Buddha Tu", "Buddha", "Buddha", etc. Towers are the largest and most diverse building type among ancient Chinese buildings.

A tower generally consists of an underground palace, a tower base, a tower body, a tower top and a tower temple. The relics are hidden in the underground palace, located below the ground in the center of the tower base. The tower base includes the base and the base. The pagoda is on the top of the pagoda and usually consists of a sumeru base, a lotus, a bowl, a phase wheel and a pearl; there are also pagodas with a treasure cover, a round light, a Yangyue and a pearl on top of the phase wheel.

There are many types of towers, and there are more than 2,000 existing towers in China. According to the nature, there are pagodas with Buddhist relics for worship and tombs of eminent monks; according to the materials used, they can be divided into wooden pagodas, brick pagodas, stone pagodas, metal pagodas, pottery pagodas, etc.; according to the structure and shape, they can be divided into pavilion-style pagodas. , dense-eaves pagoda, single-story pagoda, Lama pagoda and other special-shaped pagodas. The famous pavilion-style pagodas include Xi'an Ci'en Temple Pagoda, Xingjiao Temple Xuanzang Pagoda, Suzhou Yunyan Temple Pagoda, etc. The famous dense eaves pagodas include Dengfeng Songyue Temple Pagoda, Xi'an Jianfu Temple Pagoda, Dali Chongsheng Temple Qianxun Pagoda, etc. Famous single-story pagodas include the four-door pagoda of Shentong Temple in Licheng, the stone pagoda group of Yunju Temple in Beijing, and the Jingzang Zen Master Pagoda of Huishan Temple in Dengfeng. The Lamata Pagoda is painted white and is commonly known as the "White Pagoda". Famous ones include the White Pagoda of Miaoying Temple in Beijing and the White Pagoda of Tayuan Temple in Wutai County, Shanxi. The famous Vajra Throne Pagoda is the Vajra Throne Pagoda of Zhengjue Temple in Beijing.

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（九 ) Screen wall

A wall built inside or outside the gate of the courtyard and used as a barrier opposite the gate, also called a screen wall or a screen wall. The screen wall can form a transition space inside or outside the gate that is connected to the street and has limited separation. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the screen walls were divided into one-shaped, eight-shaped and so on. Large-scale residential buildings in Beijing often use eight-shaped walls on both sides of the door, opposite the eight-shaped screen wall across the street, forming a space slightly wider than the street in front of the door; a one-shaped screen wall is used inside the door, forming a small square with the left and right walls and screen doors. The courtyard becomes two transitions from the street into the residence. Most of the screen walls in southern residences are built outside the door. Rural residential screen walls are also made of rammed earth or adobe, with a tile roof. The screen walls of palaces and temples are often inlaid with colored glaze. Palaces, temples, government offices and residences in the Ming and Qing Dynasties all had screen walls. The famous Nine Dragon Wall in Datong, Shanxi Province was the glazed screen wall in front of the palace of Zhu Gui, the son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Beihai in Beijing and the Nine Dragon Wall in the Forbidden City are also famous.

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(Ten) Square Table

< p> Buildings in ancient China that have the functions of commending, commemorating, guiding or marking, including archways, Chinese watches, etc. Archway, also known as archway, is a building with only a single row of columns that divides or controls space. Adding beams and other components to a single row of columns without adding a roof is called an archway. The one with a roof on it is called an archway. This kind of roof is commonly called a "lou". The one with the upper end of the columns higher than the roof is called a "sky archway". When the archway is built at the entrance of large building groups such as palaces, gardens, temples, mausoleums, etc., its shape is of a higher level. Towering archways are mostly built at key points of urban streets, such as the beginning of roads, intersections, both ends of bridges, and shop fronts. The former becomes the prelude to the architectural group, creating a solemn, solemn and profound atmosphere, and serves as a foil to the main building; the latter can enrich the street scene and mark the location.

In some towns in the south of the Yangtze River, multiple archways are built across the street, mostly to "show merit" or "to commend filial piety." In mountain forest scenic spots, archways are often built on mountain roads, which are not only a prelude to temples and temples, but also a symbol of the progress of the mountain road.

Huabiao is a pair of pillars that serve as a symbol or commemoration. In the Han Dynasty, it was called Huan Biao. Before the Yuan Dynasty, Huabiao was mainly made of wood, with cross-shaped wooden boards on it and a white crane on top. They were often placed at intersections, bridgeheads and in front of government offices. After the Ming Dynasty, Huabiao was mostly made of stone, with a Xumi pedestal underneath; the upper end of the stone pillar was carved with a cloud-patterned stone slab, called a cloud plate; the original crane on the top of the pillar was replaced by a squatting beast, commonly known as "roaring toward the sky." Huabiao is surrounded by stone railings. The watches and railings are covered with exquisite reliefs. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Huabiao were mainly erected in front of palaces and mausoleums, and occasionally at the head of bridges, such as the Marco Polo Bridge in Beijing. The Huabiao built in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty in front of Tiananmen Gate in Beijing and around the Ming Tombs stele pavilion are examples of the existing ones.

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< p>1. The Great Wall

The Great Wall is one of the architectural wonders of the world. The Great Wall has been regarded as a symbol of ancient Chinese civilization and is famous around the world.

The Great Wall has a history of more than 2,000 years, and its construction began during the Warring States Period. At that time, the vassal states of Qin, Zhao, Wei, Qi, Yan, Chu, etc. all built the Great Wall to prevent the northern nomads from invading the south and to defend themselves. After Qin annexed the six kingdoms, in order to prevent raids by the Huns from the north, it launched a huge project to build the Great Wall in 213 BC, connecting and expanding the original Great Walls of Qin, Yan, Zhao, and Wei. The entire project recruited a total of 300,000 migrant workers and took more than 10 years to complete. It started from Lintao, Gansu Province (now Min County) in the west, along the Yellow River to Linhe, Inner Mongolia, to Yinshan Mountain in the north, to Yanmen Pass in Shanxi Province in the south, and to Yanmen Pass in Shanxi Province in the east. The Great Wall in Liaodong is more than 3,000 kilometers long. Because the Great Wall project was extremely difficult and the migrant workers were in very miserable conditions, the legend of Meng Jiangnu crying at the Great Wall remained.

In addition to rebuilding the Qin Great Wall, the Han Dynasty also built the Shuofang Great Wall south of Hetao in Inner Mongolia and the western section of the Liangzhou Great Wall. The western section of the Great Wall in Liangzhou starts from Juyanhai in Inner Mongolia (today's Ejina Banner) in the north, along the Eji River, passes through the Golden Pagoda in Gansu, and ends in Anxi, Dunhuang, Yumen Pass in the west and enters Xinjiang. The entire Great Wall has "one fire for five miles, one pier for ten miles, one castle for thirty miles, and one city for one hundred miles", forming a strict defense system.

The Northern Wei, Northern Qi, Sui, Jin and other dynasties after the Han Dynasty all partially built the Great Wall, and the Ming Dynasty carried out a comprehensive reconstruction. The Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty started from Jiayuguan in the west and ended at the Yalu River in the east, with a total length of about 6,700 kilometers (more than 13,000 miles). The entire reconstruction process lasted more than 100 years, which shows how vast and arduous the project was. Among them, the Great Wall east of Shanxi is built with rammed earth inside and bricks and stones on the outside. The Great Wall west of Shanxi is entirely built with rammed earth. There are many pass cities built on the entire Great Wall. The pass cities are all built in strategic places with steep terrain. The famous ones include Jiayuguan Pass, Juyong Pass, Shanhaiguan Pass, etc. Among them, Jiayuguan is the most complete of the existing Great Wall Passes. It was built in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1372). It is majestic, well-planned and rigorous in structure. It is known as "the most majestic pass in the world". It is said that when building this pass, not only the design and construction skills were superb, but also the calculation of materials was also very precise. After Guancheng was built, only one brick was left, and this brick was placed on the small building in Chongguan by future generations as a commemoration. The Great Wall that people see now was mainly rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. Only some ruins of the former Great Wall remain.

The Great Wall stretches for more than ten thousand miles and crosses steep mountains, rapids, valleys and other precipitous areas. The difficulty of the project is unimaginable, showing the majestic spirit and ingenuity of the Chinese nation, and also reflecting the It has demonstrated the superb level of surveying, planning and design, construction technology, engineering management and military technology in ancient China.

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2. The Forbidden City

The Forbidden City is located in the center of Beijing, covering an area of ​​1,087 acres, totaling more than 720,000 square meters. It was the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and It is the largest and most complete ancient wooden building complex in the world. It embodies the architectural tradition and independent style of the Chinese nation.

The Forbidden City was built in 1406. It was a palace built by Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty when he moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. From the overall layout, it can be divided into two parts, the front and rear, the so-called outer court and inner court. The three main halls of the Outer Dynasty, namely Taihe, Zhonghe and Baohe, are the center, with Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall as the two wings, which are the main places for the exercise of government affairs.

The inner court consists of Qianqingguan, Jiaotai Hall, Kunning Palace and the East and West Sixth Palace. It is the living area of ​​the royal family. Calculated according to the tradition that four pillars constitute a room, there are nearly 10,000 rooms in the palace, with a construction area of ​​about 150,000 square meters.

The palace complex is surrounded by the Forbidden City, which is 10 meters high and surrounded by a 52-meter-wide moat. The whole city has four gates, east, west, north and south. The south gate is the Meridian Gate, the north gate is the Xuan (Shen) Wu Gate, the east gate is the Donghua Gate, and the west gate is the Xihua Gate. There is a turret at each of the four corners of the city. Each turret has nine beams, eighteen columns, and seventy-two ridges. It has a complex structure and unique style. It is a rare masterpiece in ancient architecture. Regarding the construction of the turret, there is also a legend that Lu Ban used straw to weave a grasshopper cage as a model demonstration. The architectural layout of the entire Forbidden City is strict and regular, with order of priority and order, and the use of shape changes and ups and downs to make the space rich and varied.

The Meridian Gate is the main entrance of the Forbidden City. There is a group of buildings built on the piers of the city wall. In the center is the main hall with a verandah and double eaves that is nine rooms wide. There are pavilions with connected eaves and ridges extending out on both sides. There is a tall corner pavilion at each corner. This group of buildings is called Wufeng Tower, which is majestic and powerful. Enter the Meridian Gate, pass through a large courtyard, then cross the Jinshui Bridge and enter the Taihe Gate, which are the three main halls of the outer dynasty. Taihe is in the front, Zhonghe is in the middle, and Baohe is in the back. They are built in a tall I-shaped hall. On the abutment. The base platform is 8.13 meters high, divided into three floors, and made of white marble. There are stone carvings on each floor, and the sides are decorated with railings, pillars and dragon heads. According to statistics, there are 1,414 open-carved railings, 1,460 pillars engraved with patterns of clouds and dragons flying in the wind, and 1,138 faucets. These stone carvings reflect the unique decorative art of traditional Chinese architecture. At the same time, it also plays the role of drainage in terms of structural function. There are small holes carved under the railings and in the mouth of the dragon head protruding from the school. Whenever it rains, water flows out from the faucet, just like thousands of dragons spraying water, which is a spectacular sight.

The Hall of Supreme Harmony, also known as the Jinluan Hall, is the place where the emperor issues decrees and holds grand ceremonies. The hall is 35.05 meters high, 63.96 meters wide and 37.20 meters deep. It is the largest building in the Forbidden City and the largest existing wooden building in the country. Its structure embodies the characteristics of traditional Chinese wooden architecture. That is, wooden columns are first erected on bolt foundations, large beams are set up on the columns, small dwarf columns (melon columns) are erected on the beams, and then a layer of shorter beams is erected; from the large beams upwards, several layers of beams can be overlapped by small columns, and the height can be increased layer by layer. , the beams on each floor are shortened layer by layer to form double eaves; a spine melon column is erected on the uppermost layer, and purlins and squares are placed horizontally between the two sets of frames; wooden rafters are laid on the purlins, and wooden boards (watch boards) are laid on the rafters. Thatch gray back porcelain tiles; as the beams are raised layer by layer and the beams are shortened layer by layer, a sloped roof is formed; the overhanging eaves are supported by brackets, which can not only bear the load but also add decorative effect, which is another characteristic of traditional Chinese architecture. A great feature. The Hall of Supreme Harmony adopts this structure, using 73 large wooden columns to support the beams to form a verandah-style roof with double eaves. The upper eaves and brackets are single-warped, three-fold and nine-foot high, and the lower eaves are single-warped and seven-foot high. The whole building is solemn, majestic and magnificent, and has the effect of showing the supreme power of the emperor.

It is obviously different from the outer dynasty that requires grandeur and open courtyards. The inner courtyard, which is the living area of ​​the emperor and empress, presents the characteristics of a deep courtyard. The six east and west palaces are integrated and arranged neatly. There is also the imperial garden in the back garden, which is beautiful and quiet, and can be used for recreation.

The layout of the entire Forbidden City is symmetrically arranged with the Meridian Gate to the Shenwu Gate as the central axis. The central axis extends to Tiananmen in the south and Jingshan in the north, coinciding with the central axis of the ancient city of Beijing. Climb up Jingshan Mountain and look out at the Forbidden City. With overlapping eaves and continuous glazing, it is magnificent and magnificent. It is a treasure of traditional Chinese architecture.

Answer: Anonymous 11-25 10:54

Wedge

Answer: Lawyer Yu Pengyao - Manager Level 4 11-25 10:58< /p>

Looking forward to the correct answer to this question! What a great question!

Answer: a8792271 - Assistant Level 2 11-25 11:11

There are nails

Answer: Violent Dinosaur - Scholar Level 3 11-25 12 :15

I think nails have appeared very early, but the material is not necessarily iron.

A blacksmith or metal smelting craftsman should not be unable to make simple nails. Moreover, the mortise and tenon technique mentioned by LZ also sometimes requires the use of long nails for fixation.

Moreover, in ancient times, buildings with all-wooden structures were basically used by the upper class. Ordinary families still mainly lived in thatched houses or houses with civil structures. Bamboo sticks can meet most people's needs.

Most of the weapons of the army and martial arts practitioners are stored on special wooden racks, and the ones hanging on the walls are basically decorations. (Unless your Qinggong is very good and you can run to the wall instantly)

Nails have also appeared in some operas, such as "The Case of the Nine Heads", which is about the Ming Dynasty, including A man died after his wife drove an iron nail into the door above her head.

In general, nails should have been around a long time ago. But these are all my speculations. It is really troublesome to find ancient records. I recommend "Mengxi Bi Tan" and "Lu Ban Jing".

The former is all-inclusive, while the latter is specialized in architecture. I hope LZ can find the final answer~~~~