The history of the Battle of Biden?

The Battle of Baideng is also called the Siege of Pingcheng

The Huns are an ethnic minority in northern my country with a long history. According to "Historical Records: Biography of the Xiongnu", the Xiongnu existed as early as the Xia Dynasty, and it was called Hun porridge at that time. In the Zhou Dynasty, they were called 烋狁, and in the Qin Dynasty, they were called Xiongnu. Their life is mainly nomadic, living in pursuit of water and grass. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Xiongnu ruler Maodun killed his father Touman and established himself as Chanyu. He attacked Donghu in the east and Yuezhi in the west, and merged with the kings of Loufan, Aiyang and Henan in the south. He unified all the Xiongnu tribes and gradually became stronger. . In the early Han Dynasty, due to long-term military fatigue and no time to visit the north, Mao Dun took advantage of his strong army and horses to seize the opportunity to seize a large area of ​​Han Dynasty land north of the Great Wall, directly threatening the Han Dynasty's rule in northern China.

In order to defend against the Xiongnu's southward advance, Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, sent Han Wangxin to sit in Jinyang and guard the land north of Taiyuan. Later, King Xin of Han wrote to Liu Bang and moved the capital of South Korea from Jinyang to Mayi on the grounds that "the country was bordered, the Xiongnu invaded, and Jinyang was far away" ("Historical Records: Biography of Han Xin and Lu Wan"). In the autumn of the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (201 BC), Mao Dun led a large group of soldiers and horses into the Great Wall and fought all the way to Mayi City, besieging Han Wangxin in Mayi City. Han Wangxin was an old aristocrat of Korea during the Warring States Period. He responded to Liu Bang's uprising and led troops to attack Han, and was named King of Han by Liu Bang. But Liu Bang was very worried about him, so he transferred him to a place far away from the capital. King Xin of Han also knew that Liu Bang was suspicious of him, so when the Huns came to the city, he was unwilling to fight with the Huns. He sent envoys several times to negotiate with the Huns and asked for reconciliation, so as to leave a way out for himself. After the reinforcements of the Han Dynasty arrived at Mayi City, they saw that King Xin of Han did not send troops to fight and kept sending people to frequently communicate with the Huns. They suspected that Han Yuxin might rebel, so they reported the news to Liu Bang. In an emergency, in order to prevent the situation from escalating, Liu Bang personally wrote a letter to King Han Xin, affirming his righteousness, advising, blaming and warning him. The letter said: "If you are dedicated to death but not brave, dedicated to life but not responsible, if the bandits attack Mayi, your king is not strong enough to hold on? In a place of safety and danger, I am responsible for these two things to the king" ((Book of Han·Han Xin Zhuan)) Liu Bang's words not only failed to save the situation, but also prompted Han Wangxin to rebel. Seeing Liu Bang's tone, he knew the danger of the situation and was afraid of being executed, so he sacrificed the city of Mayi and surrendered to the Xiongnu. King Xin of Han colluded with the Huns, marched south, entered Yanmen Pass, captured Taiyuan County, and marched straight in, quickly occupying most of Shanxi.

In order to further consolidate the rule of the newly established Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty entered the Han Dynasty in the seventh year of his reign. In the winter of 200 BC, Liu Bang personally led an army of 300,000 to attack the Xiongnu, and at the same time suppressed the rebellion of Han Wangxin. After the Han army entered Shanxi, they won consecutive victories, especially in the battle of Tong (Gese) (today's Qin County). They won a complete victory and caused heavy casualties to Han Wangxin's army. His general Wang Xi was killed by the Han army. After that, Han Wangxin fled to the Huns. After that, Baitu people Manqiuchen, Wang Huang and others supported Zhao Li, a descendant of Zhao during the Warring States period, as king. The defeated generals who collected Han Wangxin regrouped and conspired with the Xiongnu to attack the Han Dynasty again. Maodun sent left and right kings each with more than 10,000 cavalry and Wang Huang and others stationed troops south of Guangwu to Jinyang in an attempt to block the Han army's northward advance. The Han army pursued the victory and defeated the coalition forces of Han Wangxin and the Xiongnu in Jinyang, regained six cities including Jinyang and Lishi, and captured three cities including Loufan. Due to their successive victories, the Han army developed the idea of ​​being paralyzed and underestimating the enemy. After arriving in Jinyang, he heard that Mao Dun had garrisoned troops in Daigu, so he sent people to conduct reconnaissance. Mao Dun deliberately hid his elite troops from the Han army, and placed the old, weak, sick and disabled in front of the formation as a sign of The Han army's reconnaissance personnel went back and forth several times, but they did not see through the Xiongnu's illusion, so they believed it to be true, and reported the reconnaissance situation to Liu Bang truthfully. Liu Bang misjudged the situation, did not see through the Xiongnu's plan, and led blindly. The army headed north. The Han army had just passed Gouzhu Mountain (today's Yanmen Mountain) and met Liu Jing (Lou Jing) who had returned from a mission to the Huns. Liu Jing had doubts about the Xiongnu's defenses and reminded Liu Bang not to advance rashly. . He said: "When two countries are fighting each other, it is better to boast about their strengths. When I go here, I will only see the weak, old and weak. I will try to see my shortcomings and use strange troops to fight for advantage. I fool you to think that the Xiongnu cannot attack" ( "Historical Records: Biography of Liu Jing, Shu Sun Tong"). Liu Bang not only refused to listen to the advice, but instead cursed Liu Jing: You, a slave of the Qi State, have always been promoted by your eloquence, but today you want to talk nonsense and disturb the morale of the army. So, Liu Jing was arrested. He was imprisoned in Guangwu City and prepared to deal with it after the victory. Then, Liu Bang led the cavalry to advance quickly and arrived at Pingcheng without waiting for the infantry to catch up. When Mao Dun saw the Han soldiers coming in large numbers, he set up an ambush at Bai Deng (Note). As soon as he led his troops into the encirclement, Mao Dun immediately commanded an army of 400,000 Huns, intercepted the Han infantry, and trapped Liu Bang's troops in Baideng, causing the Han army to lose contact and unable to rescue each other. Only after Liu Bang found out that he was surrounded did he realize that he had been deceived. Deceived, it was too late to retreat, so he had to organize a breakout. As a result, despite several fierce battles, he could not break out. After that, Mao Dun led the cavalry to attack from all sides: the cavalry in the west were all white horses, and the cavalry in the east were all green horses. , with a black horse to the north and a red horse to the south, trying to disperse the Han army. As a result, both sides suffered heavy losses and remained at a stalemate. then. It was the middle of winter, the weather was freezing and there were still snowflakes. Han soldiers were not used to life in the north. Many people suffer from frostbite, and two or three out of ten of them lose their fingers due to frostbite.

There is a ballad that says: "It's hard work even under a flat city! If you don't eat for seven days, you can't make a crossbow" ("Hanshu Biography of the Huns"), which shows how difficult this war was! Under the unfavorable situation, in order to reverse the defeat, Liu Bang took advantage of Baideng's condescending terrain and commanded the Han army to strengthen defense day and night. The Huns besieged Baideng for seven days and seven nights, but did not capture Baideng. In the end, how did the Han army break out? There is no clear record in the history books, but it is said that Liu Bang adopted Chen Ping's secret plan to get out of the siege. What is Chen Ping’s secret plan? "His plan is so secret that no one in the world can hear it" ("Historical Records: The Family of Prime Minister Chen"). Some people say that Chen Ping asked an artist to draw a portrait of a beautiful woman, sent someone to give it to Chanyu's wife, Yanshi, and said to Yanshi: There was a beauty in the Han Dynasty who looked as beautiful as the painting. Now that the emperor was under siege, the Han Dynasty was prepared to sacrifice her to Maodun as a condition for relief from the siege. The Yan family was very jealous. She was afraid that she would fall out of favor if Maodun got the beauty, so she persuaded Shanyu to withdraw his troops. This statement is not necessarily reliable, but Liu Bang did send people to negotiate with the Xiongnu and sent a batch of generous gifts to the Yan family. After receiving the gifts, the Yan family said to Shanyu: A long-term siege and a long-term battle without a decision will not be successful. Not a solution. Even if they occupied Han territory, they would not be a place where the Xiongnu could live for a long time. The Xiongnu were accustomed to fighting quickly. Mao Dun originally planned to end the war with an ambush. As a result, they were indecisive and consumed a lot of troops, which made Mao Dun's determination waver. In addition, Mao Dun made an agreement with Wang Huang and Zhao Li, the generals of King Xin of Han. , Mao Zedong jointly attacked the Han army in Baideng. After that, the date had passed, but Han Wangxin's army did not arrive. Therefore, Mao Dun was a little suspicious, fearing that King Xin of Han would unite with Liu Bang again and be attacked from both sides, so he gradually relaxed the siege of the Han army and prepared to withdraw. However, it happened that there was a heavy fog and it was impossible to fight. Mao Dun withdrew his troops and horses and took the initiative to get out of the encirclement. In the corner of the city, Liu Bang took advantage of the heavy fog and ordered his soldiers to hold powerful crossbows and fill their bows. They rushed out of the encirclement that the Xiongnu had released and smoothly entered Pingcheng to join the main force. When Mao Dun saw the Han army breaking through, he also led The army retreated and left.

After Liu Bang led his troops back to Guangwu, he thought of Liu Jing again and regretted not listening to Liu Jing's advice and falling into siege. Therefore, he pardoned Liu Jing and made Liu Jing the Marquis of Guannei and the Marquis of Jianxin. At the same time, he executed several other groups of scouts. In order to recuperate and consolidate his rule, Liu Bang adopted Liu Jing's marriage policy and lived in peace with the Huns. From then on, until Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, although the Xiongnu harassed the Han Dynasty slightly, there was basically no major war between them. The peaceful and stable environment led to the prosperity of the "Government of Wen and Jing" in the Han Dynasty.

Note: Baideng, one refers to Baidengtai, and the other refers to Baideng Mountain, in Mapu Mountain in the northeast of today's Datong City. Pingcheng at that time was located in the area of ​​Donggucheng Village in today's Datong City. "History of Liao" mistakenly believed that Baideng Village in Yanggao County was Baideng in the Han Dynasty, and "History of Jin" followed the mistake of "History of Liao". In fact, when the Northern Wei Dynasty established its capital in Pingcheng (today's Datong City), a large-scale Luyuan was built, and Rideng was built in the east, which shows that Baideng was still in the Pingcheng area at that time. Later, because people were prohibited from living in Luyuan, Baideng residents moved to Baideng Village in today's Yanggao County. Therefore, Baideng Village in Yanggao today is Baideng after the Northern Wei Dynasty, not Baideng in the Han Dynasty.