Urgent help please two historical stories about the Yellow River

Banpo Culture

The Yellow River has always been regarded by the Chinese as the birthplace of Chinese civilization. In fact, the civilization in the Yangtze River Basin may have originated earlier than the civilization in the Yellow River Basin, but because it has not been It was passed down directly, so it was forgotten by the world. A large number of ancient cultural sites have been discovered in the Yellow River Basin. On the contrary, not many ancient cultural sites have been discovered in the Yangtze River Basin. This may be related to the high humidity and high temperature climate in the south. The Yellow River Basin is dominated by the painted pottery culture (Yangshao Culture) and the black pottery culture (Longshan Culture), while the Yangtze River Basin and the Pearl River Basin are dominated by the printed pottery culture. The printed pottery culture is closely related to the Baiyue culture in the south, and the two have many identical characteristics. The printed pottery culture is also widely distributed in southern Europe (such as the Balkan Peninsula). In addition, microlithic cultures are also distributed in the northeast, north and northwest regions of my country. Microlithic culture is widely distributed in Central Asia, and Xinjiang, which is adjacent to Central Asia, also belongs to microlithic culture. Therefore, whether there is any connection between the Microlithic culture in Central Asia and the microlithic culture in northwest my country requires further research. The Banpo Culture, which has entered the Neolithic Age (10,000 to 2,000 years ago), was the early stage of the Yangshao Culture and was in a matrilineal clan society at that time. The Neolithic Age is different from the Paleolithic Age (2.5 million to 10,000 years ago) in the following three main points: 1. The shift from hammered stone tools to ground stone tools; 2. The shift from gathering and hunting to planting and animal husbandry; 3. The emergence of pottery ; 4. The emergence of porcelain. Entering the Neolithic Age, productivity was greatly improved, and humans changed from food gatherers to food producers. Gathering and hunting are a wandering life with no fixed abode, while planting and animal husbandry are a settled life, so ancient villages were born. People call this stage of transition from the Paleolithic Age to the Neolithic Age the "Agricultural Revolution." There are three epoch-making revolutions in human history. The first is the use of fire, the second is the agricultural revolution, and the third is the industrial revolution. Banpo Village is located near Xi'an. An ancient village site dating back 5,000 to 6,000 years was excavated from this village. This is an important cultural site in the Yellow River Basin. It was discovered in 1952. The site covers an area of ​​50,000 square meters and is divided into residential area, pottery workshop area and tomb area. More than 40 houses were found in the residential area, including semi-crypt buildings and above-ground buildings, with shapes ranging from round, square and rectangular. The house is supported by pillars, the walls are made of mud, and the walls are painted with grass mixed with mud. The size of the houses ranges from tens to tens of square meters, to hundreds of square meters. There are 6 kiln sites discovered, including vertical cave type and horizontal cave type. The space is small, with a diameter of only about 1 meter. There are children's tombs and adult tombs in the tomb area. Most of them use urns, basins, bowls, etc. as burial tools. There are still small holes in the burial tools, which are probably left for the reincarnation of the soul. A wooden burial set was also found. This is the only wooden burial set, but this form is still used today. The burial methods are mostly single person lying on the back and straight limbs, but there are also a small number of leaning over, bent limbs and secondary burials. The original inhabitants there cultivated crops such as millet, mustard, and cabbage, and raised poultry such as sheep, goats, and pigs. In addition, freshwater fish and game were also their food.

Edit Section 2 of this paragraph Laoguantai Culture and Peiligang Culture

The Laoguantai Culture site was discovered in Huaxian, Shaanxi in 1956 and excavated in 1959. Later, the same type of culture was discovered in Dadiwan, Tai'an, Gansu, so Laoguantai culture was also called Dadiwan culture. Laoguantai culture is mainly distributed in the Weihe River Basin, a tributary of the Yellow River. The Laoguantai culture is in the early Neolithic Age, more than 8,000 years ago, and is dominated by ground stone tools, but there are still a small number of hammered stone tools and fine stone tools. Hammered stone tools are the main symbol of the Paleolithic Age, while ground stone tools mark the arrival of the Neolithic Age. The original residents living here began to grow millet crops, raise pigs and dogs, and used production tools such as stone chisels, bone shovels, and pyramids. The house is a circular semi-crypt-style building, and the tomb is a rectangular earth pit with pottery as burial objects. At that time, the pottery industry was still very primitive, with low firing temperatures and few types of utensils. The painted pottery technology was still in its infancy. The cultural relics unearthed were mainly pottery, and 27 pieces of pottery were unearthed. The types of pottery include coarse red pottery with sand, fine red pottery with fine mud, black pottery with fine mud, and white pottery with fine mud. The decorations include cord patterns, diagonal lines, additional cone patterns, cone thorn patterns, and grooved patterns. The shape of the pots includes three-legged jars. , three-legged bowls, cups, small-mouthed flat-bottomed urns with bulging bellies, etc. The only painted pottery is the three-legged bowl with red broad stripes along the outer stocking. More than 200 pieces of painted pottery were discovered at the Dadiwan ancient cultural site, mostly three-legged bowls. The most eye-catching thing is the more than 10 kinds of symbols on the pottery. They are more than 1,000 years earlier than the inscribed symbols found in the Banpo cultural site. They may also be the earliest prototype of writing. A palace-like building was also found at the site, and the floor of the building was very similar to the current concrete floor. In the same period as Laoguantai Culture and Dadiwan Culture, there were Peiligang Culture, Cishan Culture and Jiahu Culture, all of which are representatives of the Neolithic Age.

Peligang and its affiliated cultures

The Peiligang cultural site was discovered in Xinzheng, Henan in 1977. The buildings, cemeteries and pottery in the site are very similar to the Laoguantai culture. It is more than 8,000 years old now. There are more ground stone tools than hammered stone tools, including footed grinding discs, grinding rods, toothed stone sickles, double-curved stone shovels, etc. Bone tools include bone arrows, bone needles, etc., and wooden bows are also needed. The pottery is mainly made of clay red pottery and sand-filled red pottery. The shapes of the pots include bowls, bowls, tripods, pots, cups, jars, urns, spoons, steamers, basins, etc. Among them, the three-legged tripod and the double-eared pot are the most representative ones. sex.

In addition, there are also clay spinning wheels. There are also deed symbols on the pottery at the site, which is also a kind of primitive writing. The Cishan Culture was discovered in Wu'an, Hebei Province in 1972. It is slightly later than the Peiligan Culture and dates back more than 7,000 years. Its architecture, stone tools and pottery are all similar to those of the Peiligan Culture. Its pottery began to transition to painted pottery. Crops such as millet, walnuts and poultry were also found in the site. The Jiahu Cultural Site is located in Wuyang, Henan Province, dating back more than 8,000 years. It also belongs to the Peiligang Culture type. Turtle shells with deed symbols were found in the ruins, which are more than 4,000 years earlier than the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin Ruins, and more than 1,000 years earlier than the ancient Egyptian papyrus writings. Bone flutes and wine vessels were also discovered, which are of great significance to the study of music and wine culture.

Edit Section 3 of this paragraph Yangshao Culture and Longshan Culture

Yangshao Village is located in Mianchi County, Henan Province, and many artifacts have been discovered from the ancient ruins there. The artifacts include stone tools, bone tools, and pottery. Stone tools include knives, axes, pestles, arrowheads, and stone spinning wheels, bone tools include bone needles, and pottery includes bowls, tripods, rough pottery, and painted pottery. A large number of stone axes and bone hoes were found at the Yangshao Cultural Site, indicating the development of agriculture at that time. In addition, a clay pot containing millet was found in the tomb, indicating that millet was the main crop at that time. The appearance of bone awls, bone needles and ancient wheels shows that the primitive residents at that time mastered preliminary sewing and textile technologies. Many bones of pigs, cows, and horses were found, indicating that animal husbandry already existed at that time. The appearance of stone and bone arrowheads indicates that bows and arrows were widely used at that time, and also indicates that hunting life had transitioned to primitive animal husbandry and agriculture. In the tombs at various sites in Gansu, many polished jade pieces, jade ornaments, sea shells, etc. were also found, which shows that the most primitive exchange relationship may have existed at that time. Xinjiang is rich in jade, so the jade may have come from Xinjiang. But Gansu is far away from the sea, so how the seashells were transported there is worth exploring. The Yangshao Culture in the late Neolithic Age is also called the painted pottery culture. The painted pottery is fired in kilns, but the pottery wheel has not yet been used. The surface has red or black geometric patterns. The utensils are of different sizes and shapes. This kind of The technology may have been introduced from Gansu in the northwest. The Yangshao culture spreads across Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi and other regions and provinces in the northwest, and also covers North China and the Central Plains. There are many types of Yangshao culture, including the Banpo type in Mianchi County, Henan (early Yangshao culture), the Miaodigou type in Shaanxian County, Henan, the Hougang type and Dasikong Village type in Anyang County, Henan, and the Dahe Village type (middle and late Yangshao Culture). ). The color of Miaodigou type painted pottery is more black than red, and there is no Banpo type round bottom bowl. The Hougang type and Dasikong type painted pottery are mainly gray pottery, with mostly red decorations. Dahe Village type painted pottery is mostly white pottery. It is speculated that the Yangshao culture is probably the culture of the Huangdi tribe. The Yangshao culture lasted from 5,000 years ago to about 2,500 years ago, and then merged with other cultures in the late Neolithic Age to form the later Xia and Shang culture. The origin of ancient culture in the Yangtze River Basin may be earlier than that in the Yellow River Basin, but they were later interrupted and disappeared. The orderly inheritance of culture in the Yellow River Basin has never been interrupted, from Yangshao Culture, Longshan Culture to Xia, Shang and Zhou Culture to the present day. Recently, a site belonging to the Yangshao Culture was discovered in Xipo Village, Lingbao City, Henan Province. A palace was discovered in the site. It is speculated that it is likely to be the palace of the Yellow Emperor. Archaeologists also discovered a capital city with a population of more than 200,000 people around it. It should have been the settlement of the tribal alliance at that time. The site of Longshan Culture is located in Longshan Town, Zhangqiu County, Shandong Province. It was discovered in 1928. The production tools they use include stone axes, stone knives, stone sickles, etc. In addition, they also need clam sickles and double-toothed wooden sledges for digging. They raise pigs, dogs, cows, sheep, chickens, horses, etc. The Longshan Culture is also called the black pottery culture. The black pottery products have fine texture and beautiful shapes. They are processed with a pottery wheel and fired at high temperature (1000℃) in the kiln. The mastery of this high-temperature technology prepared the world for the arrival of the Bronze Age. Longshan culture is mainly divided into three types: Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong. Whether it is the painted pottery culture or the black pottery culture, they should have originated in China. There is no inheritance relationship with the ceramics in the Mesopotamia (Euphrates and Tigris Rivers) civilizations and Indian civilizations. Bronze vessels also appeared in the late Longshan Culture sites, which shows that the Longshan Culture began to transition to the Bronze Culture (Xia and Shang Culture). The fine pottery of this period is also very similar to that of the Shang Dynasty. In 1931, an ancient cultural site was discovered in a place called Hougang in Anyang City, Henan Province, in the form of a "three-layer" structure. Its upper layer is the white pottery culture Xiaotun culture, the middle layer is the black pottery culture that is Longshan culture, and the lower layer is the painted pottery culture that is Yangshao culture. Some people think that the painted pottery culture here is the Yandi culture, the black pottery culture is the Xia culture, and the white pottery culture is the Shang culture.

Edit Section 4 of this paragraph Dawenkou Culture and Majiayao Culture

The Beixin Cultural Site is located in Tengzhou, Shandong Province, across the river from the Longshan Culture. It belongs to the middle Neolithic period and is the source of Dawenkou culture. It is slightly later than the Peiligan culture, and its stone tools, pottery, etc. are similar to those found in Peiligan. The Dawenkou Culture is in the middle to late Neolithic Age, and its early pottery, stone tools and architecture are similar to those of the Peiligan Culture. The graphic symbols on its late pottery are different from the geometric symbols in the Yangshao culture. They are probably the originators of oracle bone inscriptions. The Majiayao Culture is the continuation of the westward development of the Yangshao Culture and was discovered in Linzhao, Gansu Province in 1923. Its painted pottery is very developed and inherits the Miaodigou type style of Yangshao culture.

Its early painted pottery was mainly black. In the middle period, there were black and red patterns. In the later period, black and red colors were mostly used together. A bronze knife was also found in the site, which marked the transition from stone culture to bronze culture, an era when both gold and stone were used. At the same time and place as Majiayao was the Xindian culture, which dates back more than 3,000 years. It has a lot of painted pottery, and the main shapes are pots. Judging from the basic characteristics of Xindian culture, it has basically entered the bronze culture. The pre-Qin period in my country can be roughly divided into three eras, one is the Stone Age (2.5 million to 3,000 years ago), the second is the Bronze Age (Xia, Shang and Zhou), and the third is the Iron Age (Spring and Autumn and Warring States). As our mother river, there are many human cultural sites in the Yellow River Basin, the most well-known of which is the Banpo site, which is an early type of Yangshao culture. Lantian ape-man culture is also very famous. Among them, Gongwangling ape-man is 1 million to 1.15 million years ago, and Chenjiawo ape-man is 500,000 to 590,000 years ago. It is the ape-man culture of the Late Paleolithic Age.

In addition, there are: Xihoudu ape-man culture, 1.5 million to 1.8 million years ago, which is the early Paleolithic ape-man culture in northern China; Dali ape-man culture, which is nearly 300,000 to 500,000 years ago, is the late ape-man culture ; Dingcun ancient culture, dating back 70,000 to 90,000 years ago, belongs to the middle Paleolithic culture, and is early Homo sapiens; Hetao New Man culture, about 30,000 years ago, is late Homo sapiens; microlithic culture, Neolithic culture, Bronze culture, iron culture