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Seeking Hakka customs.

There are many theories about the origin of Hakka, mainly including Hakka Zhongyuan theory and Hakka mixed-race theory. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka people is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "Hakka * * is the same main body produced by the integration of Han people who moved south and ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is the ancient Vietnamese living in this land, not a few Central Plains people living in this area". Since the Song Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved southward on a large scale, passing through southern Jiangxi and western Fujian to Meizhou, and finally formed a relatively mature and stable Hakka family. Since then, Hakkas, based in Meizhou, have moved abroad in large numbers and moved to the whole country and even the rest of the world. The "three Hakka States" are Jiaying, Ganzhou and Tingzhou.

Hakka

Hakka ancestors living in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi came from the Central Plains. It is because of the large-scale direct migration from the Central Plains in the past dynasties, or moving in, or being an official, relegated, doing business and other reasons. Their ancestors migrated in the following periods: (1) Qin and Han Dynasties unified China, and Central Plains immigrants began to move south.

1, in the twenty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (222 BC), 600,000 people destroyed Chu, the king of all lands in the north, and set up Minzhong County in 22 BC1year, that is, they divided their troops south and entered the mountain from the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, which is now Jieyang Mountain, 150 miles north of Jieyang County, and reached Xingning and Xingning.

2. In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang, 500,000 people guarded the Wuling Mountains, that is, Zhao Tuo "led troops to guard Yue". From this point of view, there are two Qin Jun garrisons on the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, one is the border of Ye Nan and the other is Ling Jie.

3. In the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang, Zhao Tuo built a city in Erli, across the river, controlled Wushui, and built a city of ten thousand people in Zhongshu Mountain. Zhao Tuo built another city in Longchuan. The number of these builders is unknown, but the number of people who moved to the northern border counties in the same period can be tested, ranging from 30 thousand to 50 thousand.

In the thirty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang, it was estimated that the immigrants stationed in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi accounted for more than one third of the local population.

5. In the fifth year of Emperor Ding Yuan (BC 1 15), a large number of soldiers from the Central Plains were stationed in Lingnan in the south, in counties and military strongholds.

6. In the first year of Han and Yuan Dynasties (BC 1 10), all the people from Fujian and Jieyang (Chao Gu and Meigu were Fujian and Vietnam respectively) moved away, leaving only the descendants of immigrants from Qinzhong County. This shows that the residents in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi are mainly immigrants from the Central Plains.

(2) During the period from Jian 'an in the late Han Dynasty to Yongjia in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, people in the Central Plains took refuge, and some people moved to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the people of the Central Plains took refuge in Jiaozhou, which once set off a climax. The southward migration mainly came from the sea. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, when the North and the South confronted each other, the people of the Central Plains moved southward again on a large scale, with a population of about 960,000. Most of them settled on both sides of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, some of them entered the south of Jiangxi, and some of them entered the border counties of Fujian and Guangdong through Ningdu and Shicheng. On the occasion of Yongjia, the gentry of the Central Plains flowed into Fujian.

(3) The Anshi Rebellion and the war disaster in the Tang Dynasty brought great disasters to the people, and a large number of people in the Central Plains fled south.

(4) During the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, a large number of people from the Central Plains fled to Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. For example, the imperial clan Li Meng moved from Chang 'an to Bianliang, and then moved to Gubi Township in Ninghua, Fujian. Gushi people Wang Xu and Wang Chao responded to the Huang Chao Uprising and led 5,000 peasant rebels from Guangzhou and Shouzhou to Jiangxi. From the late Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the population of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces surged.

(5) At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of Central Plains people fled to central Guangdong and the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.

When Jian Yan went south, some officials and scholars moved to Hangzhou, Su Xiu, Suzhou, Changzhou and Taihu Basin. The other part, and most of it, followed Tai Huang along Hongzhou, Jizhou and Ganzhou, and Tai Huang returned to Lin 'an. These scholars could not return to the north according to the conditions of the Queen Mother, so some people crossed the ridge south and entered Nanxiong, Shixing and Shaozhou. Part of it entered Tingzhou from the former state. Some of them are trapped in some counties in southern Jiangxi. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuan Army went south in a big way, and a large number of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Song people fled from Putian to Chaoshan, Guangdong Province, and fled to Hainan Island.

(6) In addition to the large-scale southward migration caused by the above-mentioned war, the people of the Central Plains fled to the south due to drought and flood, and some officials were relegated to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi to do business and study.

Judging from the above historical data, Hakka ancestors mainly came from the Han nationality in the Central Plains. In the process of the formation of Hakka clans, the southern minorities such as She, Yao, Dan and woodcut have been continuously melted and absorbed, and the Hakka team has grown.

Hakka custom is a popular and recurring behavior of a nation in production, clothing, diet, residence, marriage, funeral, festivals, entertainment, etiquette, beliefs and other material and cultural life. This kind of behavior is people's conscious preference, ethos, habits and taboos. It is widely circulated among the people and consciously passed down by the public. Han culture has a long history and customs have a long history, stretching for five thousand years. This historical advantage is unmatched by any nation in the world, which makes the customs of the Han nationality, no matter what kind or type, particularly rich and charming.

Hakka customs are cohesive. As a branch of the Han nationality, how did the Hakkas come together? There are many reasons, but the cohesion of Hakka customs is undoubtedly an important reason. Although Hakka customs are colorful, ever-changing and regional, the basic connotation of Hakka customs is the same or the same. For example, we eat zongzi on the Dragon Boat Festival, moon cakes on the Mid-Autumn Festival and dumplings on the Lantern Festival. No matter which province or region, the Hakkas in Chinese mainland, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, or even the descendants of Hakkas who have gone abroad and are surrounded by western nations, are no exception.

Hakka earth building (residential building), also known as Fujian Round Building, is a pearl of Chinese civilization and a unique mythical mountain village residential building in the world. He Ziyuan's former residence, the site of Xinhai, a Hakka residential building, is a wonderful work of ancient Chinese architecture because of its long history, unique style, large scale and exquisite structure.

Tulou is a collective building built with soil as the wall, which is round, semi-circular, square, quadrilateral, pentagonal, chair-shaped and dustpan-shaped. , and has its own characteristics. Tulou was square at first, with palace style, mansion style and different postures. It is not only strange, but also full of mystery, solid and firm. Accumulate food and raise livestock in the building; If there is a well and you need to guard against the enemy, you just need to close the gate and keep a few young people guarding it. Tulou is like a solid fortress, and women, children, old and young can sit back and relax. Because the square earth building is directional, the corner is dark, and the ventilation and lighting are different, Hakka people have designed a round earth building with good ventilation and lighting, which has no beginning and no end. Among the existing earth buildings, the round one is the most striking, which is called round building or round village by local people, followed by quadrangular buildings, such as the former residence of He Ziyuan, a veteran of the Revolution of 1911, the founder of modern education in China and the main ally of Jiaying House of the League.

The beautiful earth building of Hakka residence is a kind of collective building, and its biggest feature is its large shape. No matter from a distance or in front of us, the earth building is shocking with its huge single building, and its volume is the largest among the residential buildings. The most common round building in the earth building we visited is about 50 meters in diameter and three or four stories high. There are more than 100 houses, which can accommodate 30 to 40 families and 200 to 300 people. The Dayuan Building can reach 70-80 meters in diameter, with five or six floors and four or five hundred houses, which can accommodate seven or eight hundred people. Earth buildings and residential buildings reflect the folk customs of Hakka people living in compact communities.

From the research of history and architecture, the architectural style of tulou is a self-defense living style for national security. At that time, under the situation of Japanese invasion and civil war every year, Hakkas who moved their families traveled thousands of miles to other places and chose an architectural way conducive to family reunion and defense against war. Descendants of the same ancestor form an independent society in a tulou, with honor and disgrace. Therefore, restraint from the outside and cohesion from the inside are probably the most appropriate induction of tulou.

The wall of tulou is thicker under the wall and thinner on the top, and some of them are as high as 1.5 meters. When tamping, first dig a deep and large wall ditch at the foundation of the wall, tamp it, bury it with stones as the foundation, and then build it with stones and mortar. Then tamp the wall with sandwich panels. The raw material of the earth wall is mainly local clay red soil, mixed with appropriate amount of pebbles and lime, repeatedly pounded and stirred evenly to make the so-called "cooked soil". Some key parts should be mixed with appropriate amount of glutinous rice and brown sugar to increase their viscosity. When tamping, Chinese fir branches or bamboo pieces should be buried in the middle of the earth wall as "wall bones" to increase its tension. In this way, after repeated ramming, a steel-concrete earth wall was built, and a layer of lime was coated outside to prevent wind and rain erosion, so it was strong and abnormal, with good wind and earthquake resistance. According to Yongding County Records, a major earthquake occurred in 19 18, which rattled for 20 minutes during the day and continued to vibrate at night, but the earth building was intact.