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He ran 150km in two days and arrived in Siba on September 9th. Although the Spartans agreed to send troops, they claimed that they could only send troops to help when the moon was full. In this way, the task of anti-Persian invasion fell entirely on Athens. On the morning of September 12, the marathon started. Greek infantry occupied favorable terrain. The main force is divided into two wings, and most Persian cavalry have not yet reached the battle site, pretending to attack head-on. By virtue of its military superiority, the Persian army adopted a central breakthrough tactic. The Greek China army retreated while fighting, and the Persian army advanced step by step. The Greek army suddenly launched a two-wing attack, and the phalanx with dense spears was fierce. The Persian army could not resist and retreated hastily. The Greek army pursued the victory, and the Persian army was defeated and retreated to the sea to return home. In this campaign, the Greek army wiped out 6400 enemies, seized many ships and lost less than 200 people. Marathon has become one of the examples in the history of ancient wars. After the Athenians won, they immediately sent Philip Peter back to Athens from the marathon to report the good news. He ran 42 kilometers 195 meters at once. When he arrived in Athens, he was exhausted and only shouted "Cheer up, we won!" He fell to the ground dead. Later generations held a long-distance race in memory of Marathon and Philip Peter, and named it Marathon.
During the following 10 years, the two sides prepared for the war nervously. Persia collected a large number of soldiers and materials, built a large number of ships, erected pontoons and dug canals. In Greece, the Athens government built more than 100 three-layer paddle warships, expanded various fortifications and strengthened naval training. More than 30 city-states formed a military alliance, elected Sparta with a strong army as an ally, and were ready to resist the Persian invasion at any time.
In the spring of 480 BC, Xerxes I, the successor of Darius I, sent about 250,000 men and 1000 warships to Greece. Persian troops marched west along Thrace, occupied northern Greece, forced some city-states to surrender, conquered the hot spring pass in central Greece, and then asked China and Greece to March. The army invaded Athens, wreaking havoc and looting; Its navy bypassed Cape Sunion at the southern tip of Attica Peninsula and entered the narrow Salamis Strait. In late September, the naval battle of Salamis started, and the Persian fleet occupied an absolute advantage in number, showing a siege situation. The Greek fleet hid behind Mount Egareos, formed a two-line battle formation and bravely launched an attack. Greek warships are small in hull and can move freely, so they can attack enemy ships flexibly. The huge Persian warships broke down, were in a passive position, and even collided with each other and sank. Persian navy suffered heavy losses, and Xerxes I, a newly recruited Greek, was afraid that the rear road would be cut off and fled home in panic. Its troops retreated to northern Greece. In August 479 BC, the armies of Zhongdian, Greece and Poland held a decisive battle near Brady. Bossanyi, commander-in-chief of Sparta, led the Greek allied forces with about 654.38+ten thousand men, which severely damaged the Persian army with obvious advantages. The third Persian expedition ended in failure. The Persian expedition to Greece failed, and there were many contradictions within the empire, so they were forced to retreat. Greece, led by Athens, gradually turned to attack and defend, and took the opportunity to expand its maritime power and establish Athens' hegemony in the Aegean Sea. In 478 BC, the Athenian fleet occupied Cestos, an important town on the northern shore of the ancient Heiles Strait, thus taking control of the main road leading to the Black Sea. In the same year (477 years ago), Athens joined a group of Greek city-states to form a maritime alliance, and seized the coastal areas of Thrace, several islands in the Aegean Sea and Byzantium, a strategic place. In 449 BC, the Greek navy hit the Persian army hard near the city of Salamis on the east coast of Cyprus, and the two sides agreed to make peace. Athens sent plenipotentiary Carias to Susa, the capital of Persia, to negotiate and sign the Carias Peace Treaty. According to the peace treaty, Persia renounced its control over the Aegean Sea, Heller and Bosphorus (the mouth of the Black Sea) and recognized the independent status of the Greek city-state on the west coast of Asia Minor. The Greek-Persian war ended here. Persian War is a large-scale long-term war between Asia and Europe. As a result, Greece gained freedom, independence and peace, and Athens became the hegemon of the Aegean region, controlling the main road leading to the Black Sea and seizing a large number of strategic places along the Aegean coast, including Byzantium. Greece dominated the Aegean Sea, plundered coastal countries and gained great benefits. "People seem to be awakened unanimously." They followed the example of Athens, Greece, built large ships and merchant ships, actively developed maritime power, competed for maritime hegemony, dumped goods to coastal countries, opened up markets, and seized economic benefits. Fuller, an Englishman, said in Military History of the Western World: "With this war, we stood on the threshold of the western world. In this world, the wisdom of the Greeks laid the foundation for later countries.
There is nothing greater than these two battles in history. They seem to be two Optimus prime, shouldering the responsibility of supporting the whole western history. "Military art has been greatly developed in the Persian War. Greece strategically determined the decisive location and main assault direction of each stage of the war, determined the tactics according to the comparison of the war situation and combat power, and initiated the famous phalanx battle formation in the war, which had a far-reaching impact on the military in Western Europe.
(1) Marathon War
The Battle of Marathon was a fierce battle between Persian troops and Greek allied forces in eastern Greece on September 26th, 2 1 year. Marathon, a competition of the Olympic Games, originated from this sport.
In the 5th century BC, Greece faced its first foreign enemy, the Persian Empire, the largest military power at that time. Persians live in the south of the Iranian Plateau in West Asia. Starting from 546 BC, the Persians expanded and embezzled, and successively conquered Asia Minor Peninsula to the west of Mesopotamia, Babylon and Egypt to the south of the Black Sea. By 525 BC, Persia had become a slave empire including the whole Middle East and the Near East. In 522 BC, Darius succeeded to the throne of Persia. After pacifying the border between the north and the Indus River, he devoted himself to the west. The natural boundary of the western part of Pisces Empire is Aegean Sea, but the Greeks live on both sides of the Aegean Sea. To consolidate the huge Persian empire, the only way is to establish minority frontiers, which requires conquering Greece. In the Greek Peninsula, as early as the 8th to 6th century BC, countries appeared one after another (the unique national form of ancient Greece was called the city-state, that is, the ancient city country). The continuous expansion of the Persian Empire began to threaten the Greek city-states. The invasion of Athens and Sparta, loyal opposition and Persia, the two largest Greek city states. When Persia invaded Miletus, a Greek country in West Asia, Athens also sent warships to help Miletus fight against Persian aggression, which caused the Persian army to suffer heavy losses many times. Darius was very angry and vowed to get back at the Athenians. In order not to forget his determination to destroy Athens, he ordered the servants and guards in the court to shout the slogan "Emperor, remember the Athenians" three times before meals. After finally conquering Miletus, Darius decided to conquer Athens and other Greek city-states.
In 492 AD, Darius ordered an expedition to Greece. Unexpectedly, the Persian fleet was suddenly hit by a hurricane on the way, 300 warships sank into the sea, and more than 20 thousand soldiers were buried in the belly of fish. The first Persian expedition failed.
Darius did not give up because of this, and immediately ordered the manufacture of new large warships, ready to go to Greece again. In the spring of the following year, Darius sent messengers to the Greek city-states for the first time, asking them to offer "water and soil" to the Persian emperor. In fact, he asked them to give their land unconditionally. Some city-states were afraid of the Persian Empire and immediately offered "earth and water" to show their eyes. But Athens and Sparta, loyal opposition. The Athenians threw the Persian messenger from the mountain into the abyss; The Spartans took the emissary to the well, pointed to the well and said, "There is soil and water in it. Take as much as you want!" " "Say, threw him into the well. When the news reached Persia, Darius flew into a rage, so he sent an experienced veteran Datis to command the army and make a second expedition to Greece. In 490 BC, the powerful Persian fleet crossed the Aegean Sea and landed in the Marathon Plain, 60 kilometers northeast of Athens. At this critical moment related to the survival of the country, Karima Jos, commander-in-chief of Athens, sent Philly Petes, a "long-distance runner", to Sparta for help. The Philippians reached Sparta in two days at an amazing speed of 75 kilometers per day. Unexpectedly, the selfish Spartan rulers did not want to send troops to support Athens, citing the custom since ancient times; "Not now. Only a full moon can send troops to help. "When the Athenians heard the news brought back by the Philippians, they knew that there was no hope of waiting for foreign aid, and they had to rely on their own strength to defend their country. All Athenians were mobilized, and even slaves were incorporated into the army. Under the command of Michatis, they went to the Marathon Plain to fight the Persian army. Michatis is familiar with the tactics of the Persian army. In view of the fact that the Persian army was good at ground operations and accustomed to the breakthrough of the central government, he ordered the troops to occupy a favorable position on the hillside of Marathon, set up camp on the mountain and guard the road leading to Athens. This is a valley surrounded by mountains on three sides, with a steep slope. At a glance, you can see the Persian military camp stationed on the plain. Mithiatus adopted the tactics of feint and flank attack, and divided the powerful heavy infantry of the Athens army into two teams, which were arranged on the two wings, and the troops in the middle were weak. When fighting, the weaker central front-line troops attacked first, lured the Persian army to fight back, and then retreated while fighting. Lure the enemy deep, attack with two wings, and defeat the enemy in one fell swoop. Fierce fighting is about to begin. The Athenian army was only 65,438+million, while the Persian army was 65,438+million. Faced with the disparity between the strong and the weak, Mithyatis said to the soldiers, "It is up to you whether Athens is bound by slaves or free forever!" These shocking words inspired the soldiers' fighting courage. /kloc-On the morning of September, 0/2, the fighting began. Mithiatus ordered the whole army to go down the mountain and go straight to the enemy camp. As he expected, the powerful Persian army soon broke through the central front of the Athenian army. The Athenian army retreated while fighting, and the Persian army advanced step by step. At this moment, suddenly ShaSheng blasting, leading elite troops to charge on both sides, Persian army in flight. Because the Persian army has been chasing the Athenian army for a long time, but now it is attacked on three sides, and it has been neglected from beginning to end. Finally, unable to resist the fierce attack of the Athenian army, they began to retreat across the board and jumped on the boat to escape. The marathon ended in a great victory for the Athenian army. The Persian army lost 6400 bodies in this battle, while the Greek army lost only 192 people. In order to tell the people of Athens the news of victory as soon as possible, Fili Petes, who had just come down from the battlefield, ran from the Marathon Plain to the central square of Athens at the fastest speed, and excitedly shouted to the crowd eager for news ahead: "Happy everyone, we won!" Afterwards, he fell to the ground and died. In order to commemorate the victory of this campaign and Felicity, a hero who runs fast, 1896 created a new race-marathon at the first Olympic Games held in Athens. The athletes set off from the marathon and arrived in Athens along the route that the Philippians passed, with a total distance of 42 kilometers and 200 meters. Later, this distance was carefully measured and determined to be 42km 0 195m. This is the origin of "marathon running".
Marathon is a famous battle. This victory improved the fighting spirit and morale of all Greeks, and also inspired some Greek city-states that had previously surrendered to Darius. They took this opportunity to rise up and declare independence. Uprising broke out in Babylon, Egypt and other areas at the same time. The impact of this campaign, as the famous British strategist General Fuller said, "is the cry of Europe at its birth".
(2) bloody hot spring pass
This is a statue standing at the Demobichon Pass (commonly known as Hot Spring Pass) in Greece to commemorate the Battle of Hot Spring Pass in 480 BC.
The inscription on the lion monument. The battle of Wenquanguan was another confrontation between Persia and Greece after the marathon 10. After the death of Persian King Darius I, his son Xue Xisi succeeded to the throne. In order to realize his father's last wish, Xue Xisi vowed to crush Athens and conquer Greece. To this end, he carefully prepared for four years and mobilized the military power of the entire Persian Empire. The soldiers who participated in the expedition came from 46 countries that surrendered to Persia, 100 nationalities. There are Persians and Medes, who wear colorful robes and scales and hold short swords and spears; Assyrians wear bronze helmets and carry linen shields and sticks; Parthians and spiny mannequins with bows and axes as the main weapons; There are Indians in robes; There's a tight cloak, right
Arabs with long bows on their shoulders; Some Ethiopians wear leopard skin or lion skin and red and white bodies. Their weapons are bows made of palm trees and arrows made of flint and antelope fox skin. Thracians wore bright red cloaks and held javelins and shields; There are also soldiers of all ethnic groups in the Caucasus. Their helmets are decorated with ox ears and they are armed with leather shields and short spears. The Persian army has so many people, so many kinds and so many weapons and equipment that it looks like a big exhibition of armies and armaments of all ethnic groups.
In the spring of 480 BC, the Persian army gathered in Little Athadis, claiming to be 5 million, but in fact there were about 300,000-500,000 people, who were divided into land and sea and headed for Greece. Persian troops went to Heller's Banghai (now called Da Daniil Strait), and Xue Xisi ordered the construction of the bridge. The bridge will be built soon. These are two cable bridges, one is Egyptian and the other is Filipino. The bridge that has just been repaired
Well, suddenly a strong wind blew the bridge down. Xue Xisi was furious. He not only killed the craftsman who built the bridge, but also ordered to throw the chain into the sea, saying that he would lock the sea. He also ordered someone to whip the sea 300 times to punish the sea for stopping him. His pretensions and arrogance can be seen from this. Of course, the bridge was finally built. But it changed from a cable bridge to a pontoon bridge. The craftsmen neatly arranged 360 warships and connected them with thick ropes. There are two roads paved with planks on the ship, one is walked by people and the other is walked by mules and horses. Railings were installed on both sides of the pontoon bridge to prevent people from falling into the sea. Maybe you don't believe it, it took the Persian army seven days and seven nights to cross the channel. One of them saw it with his own eyes
The local people said in horror, "Zeus, why did you become a Persian and change your name to Xue Xisi to lead all mankind to destroy Greece?"
In the face of the menacing enemy, the Greek city-states, which have always liked internal struggles, organized unprecedented joint actions. More than 30 city-states formed an anti-Persian alliance, which was chaired by King Leonidas of Sparta.
After crossing the Hellers Strait, Persian troops quickly swept across the northern part of Greece, and arrived at the Demobile Pass in July and August. This pass is the "gateway" of China and Greece, which is surrounded by mountains and seas. There are two sulfur hot springs in front of the pass, so it is also called "Hot Spring Pass". The mountain pass is extremely narrow and can only accommodate one chariot. It is the only passage from northern Greece to the south. At this time, the Greeks are holding the Olympic Games, but in Greece, the Olympic Games are above everything else, and fighting is forbidden during the competition. So the Greeks only deployed a few thousand troops at the gates. When the Persians approached, Spartan King Leonidas brought only 300 men to reinforce him.
After the Persian army camped on the plain not far from Wenquan Pass, Xue Xisi first launched a psychological offensive. He sent a message.
For the Greek defenders, it is said that there are countless Persian soldiers, and just shooting arrows can cover the sky. The brave Spartans laughed in horror and said, "Great, we can kill ourselves in the shade." .
Two days later, Xue Xisi sent someone to inquire about the movement of the Greeks. It was reported that the Greeks piled weapons aside, some combed their hair, some did exercises, and there was no sign of war. Xue Xisi was surprised, and asked the insider to know that it was the habit of Spartans to comb their hair before the war, which meant a bloody battle. Xue Xisi waited patiently for another four days. Seeing that the Greeks guarding the customs showed no signs of surrendering, he ordered the ungrateful Greeks to be captured alive by force.
According to the dangerous terrain of Wenquanguan and the narrow mountain road, the troops could not take action, and the cavalry and cars were useless, Xue Xisi adopted the storm tactics of sending heavy infantry to attack in turn, in an attempt to defeat the Spartans by numerical superiority. However, the Spartans took advantage of the geographical advantage of the hot spring pass, saying that "one person can keep it, but ten thousand people can't force it", and they were condescending and stabbed the enemy with sharp spears and Persian knives. The Persians fell one after another and attacked day after day, but failed to advance. Xi Xue
Helpless, he had to take out the most elite 10 thousand guards to fight, but he couldn't attack except leaving a lot of bodies. Seeing this, Xue Xisi stood up from his throne three times, frowning, shaking his beard and shouting wildly. Just when Xue Xisi was at his wit's end, a local farmer named Ebie Arthus came to report that there was a path leading to the back of the pass. Xue Xisi was overjoyed and immediately ordered the Greek traitor to lead the body-guard along the thorns.
This road goes all the way to the back hill. They crossed canyons, streams and climbed cliffs. At dawn, I walked through an oak forest and approached the top of the mountain. It turns out that Leonidas has laid more than 1000 defenders from the city-state of Foces on the mountain beside the road. When there is no war, they let their guard down, and only when there are noisy footsteps in the silent darkness do they rush into battle. The Persians came, arrows rained down and the fox was defeated. The Persians did not chase, and went straight to the hot springs.
When Leonidas, king of Sparta, learned that the Persian army was circuitous behind him, he knew that the tide was over. In order to save his strength, he transferred the troops of other city-states without fighting spirit to the rear, leaving only 300 soldiers with him to fight. Because according to Spartan tradition, soldiers can never give up their positions. 700 soldiers from the city-state of Cesbia volunteered to stay and fight alongside the Spartans. The stranded Persians rushed to the pass like a flood, and the Spartans fought bravely between Scylla and Charybdis. They stab people with spears,
The spear was broken, and then the sword was drawn and cut. The sword broke and the Persians pushed up. Spartan repelled the enemy's four attacks and defended his commander-in-chief to the death. Their number is getting less and less, and they are gradually compressed into a small hill. Kill the red-eyed Persians, surround the remaining Spartans, and drop javelins on them at the sound of commands until the last one falls. At this point, the hot spring pass was finally captured. For Xue Xisi, the bloody battle in the hot springs was like a nightmare, which claimed the lives of 20,000 Persian soldiers. At the thought of Spartan who would rather die than surrender in a bloody battle, he asked with trepidation, "Are all Spartans like this?"
It is said that the Persians only found 298 bodies of Spartans when cleaning the battlefield. It turns out that two Spartans didn't take part in the battle. One is because of eye disease, and the other is because of being ordered to go out. After the war, they returned to Sparta, and people in their hometown despised them and ignored them. One of them couldn't stand the humiliation and committed suicide. The other died in the later battle, but the Spartans refused to bury him in the cemetery of the glorious victims.
At about the same time that the Greek defenders were fighting to the death in the hot springs, the navies of both sides fought fiercely on the water near Alte milian.
Hurt each other. Soon the Greek navy learned that the hot springs had fallen, so it withdrew from the battlefield and retreated to Salami Bay near Kotika in the south. middle
Greece's land and sea gateway was wide open, the first battle of the Greek Coalition forces was frustrated, and Athens was in jeopardy.
(3) Salami naval battle
After the capture of the hot spring pass, the Persian army marched straight into Athens. However, the city of Athens is empty and there is nothing. Xue Xisi, king of Persia, was furious and ordered the largest and richest city in Greece to be set on fire.
So, where did the residents of Athens go?
It turned out that in Greece at that time, there was always the prophecy of the sun god: the fate of Greece could only be saved by wooden walls! According to this prediction, some people advocate evacuating residents to mountainous areas. However, Timmy stokely, the outstanding naval commander in Athens, has his own understanding of this ancient prophecy. He said that the future of Greece lies in the sea, and the wooden wall mentioned by the sun god refers to the big ship. Therefore, he suggested that all women and children go to Trossing in Argos and Salamis Island in their own country by boat, and all men take warships and concentrate on Salamis Bay. People in Athens and other city-states accepted his suggestion.
Just as the Persian army was heading straight for Athens, the Persian navy also bypassed Ubia Island, skimmed Attica and came to Piraeus, the outer port of Athens. They echoed land and water, swallowed mountains and rivers and leveled Greece.
In the face of the amphibious attack of Persian army, the Greek joint fleet concentrated in Salami Bay south of Athens was shaken. No one has confidence that the Persian army can be defeated by this strength alone. Some city-states intend to leave the bay and defend their hometown. At this critical moment, Timmy stokely stepped forward and suggested a military meeting to discuss operational strategies. At the meeting, Timmy stokely boasted that warships must be concentrated in Salami Bay to fight the Persian navy.
To win. He said that although there are many Persian warships, the hull is heavy, and the narrow and shallow Salami Bay can fully limit its advantages. Persian sailors are not familiar with the water conditions and routes of the Gulf; The Greeks, small in size and flexible, were suitable for fighting in this narrow repulse bay. In addition, sailors are familiar with water conditions and routes and can give full play to their strength when fighting in their own Gulf. Therefore, Timmy stokely asserted: "Our fleet can fight in narrow waters, and we can win more with fewer. If you withdraw from Salami Bay and fight a decisive battle on the open water, the whole of Greece will perish together. " Although what Timmy stokely said was very reasonable, and the military conference was held twice, people still didn't listen.
Timmy stokely was anxious about the prospect of losing his fighter plane. Suddenly, he had a brainwave and came up with a wonderful plan: why not ask the Persians for help? So he called one of his personal guards and gave him a secret letter, asking him to tell the king of Persia that the Greek navy was floating, afraid to fight, and everyone wanted to escape from the Gulf. Xue Xisi was very happy to see this secret letter, and immediately ordered a tight blockade of the bay, and no ships were allowed to pass.
In the early morning of September 23, the Persian fleet completed the siege of the Greek fleet. At the west exit of the Gulf, 200 Egyptian warships pressed in.
Arriving at the designated position blocked the retreat of the Greek fleet; At the east exit of the Gulf, more than 800 Persian warships lined up in three rows and rolled over the sea.
The surface is tightly sealed. Xue Xisi intends to win, and gives the command to Admiral aramis on the sea of Salamis.
A tent was set up on a hill near the bay to watch the war leisurely. At his side, stood a historian with a pen and paper, also doing things such as.
Record the brilliant victory of the Persian navy.
Just as the Greeks were arguing about whether to fight or flee, a general who opposed Timmy stokely suddenly appeared.
Break in from the door and shout, "Stop arguing and get ready to fight!" " The Persians have completely surrounded us. "Everyone can see things.
At this point, I was determined to obey Timmy stokely's orders and fight the Persian navy in Salami Bay.
The desperate Greek joint fleet, under the command of Timmy stokely, quickly formed a formation: Corinthian fleet.
The west mouth of the bay resisted the impact of the Egyptians; The main fleet is divided into three teams, left, middle and right, concentrated in the east entrance of the Gulf to compete with the Persian main force.
Maybe God is going to help the Greeks, too. It turned out that the Greek navy had only 358 warships, while the huge Persian navy had 1 207 warships. However, before the start of the campaign, due to unfamiliar weather and navigation conditions, the Persian navy suffered two hurricanes in the siege operation, and 600 warships were shattered with the wind, losing half of their combat effectiveness.
After the start of the battle, the performance advantages and disadvantages of the warships of both sides also quickly emerged. The new three-tier battleship in Athens is 40-45 meters long, and the upper, middle and lower decks are fixed 170 paddlers respectively. Small size, high speed, strong maneuverability and waterline. Persian old-fashioned sail-hanging warships are bulky, slow, poor in maneuverability and deep in water. Timmy stokely gave full play to the advantages of his small and fast ship, and tactfully commanded the Athenian warships to obliquely impact the Persian warships. He cut off the enemy's long oars with a copper-plated crossbar about 5 meters long at the bow, then turned the bow and violently hit the abdomen of the Persian warship with the bow with copper sleeves. In this way, the enemy ships were sunk one by one. After a fierce battle, the Persian vanguard fleet could not resist and was forced to retreat. Persian warships, which are being reinforced behind, don't know the situation, and the flutes and drums are blowing loudly and rushing forward. Due to the downwind, the backup warships full of sails rushed into the bay and collided head-on with the retreating ships. The scene was in chaos. When Timmy stokely saw this, he took the opportunity to command the whole army to attack in all directions. The Persian fleet was in a dilemma and was beaten to pieces, with no strength to fight back. The commander-in-chief of the navy, Arakhsha, saw that the defeat had been decided and had to retreat in a panic.
King Xue Xisi of Persia witnessed the beginning and end of the naval battle on the mountain and watched the Persian warships and captured warships sink. After eight hours of fierce fighting, 200 Persian warships were sunk and 50 were captured. Xue Xisi never imagined that he had failed so badly, and he couldn't help crying and regretting.
Faced with the reality of failure, Xue Xisi had to start thinking about the future of the whole expeditionary force. First, the navy was defeated, and the army's basic logistics supplies were not guaranteed; Secondly, the Greek navy may attack the Hellers Strait (that is, the Da Daniil Strait) and cut off his way home. So he sighed and ordered the rest of the warships to evacuate to the Hellers Strait quickly. A few days later, Xue Xisi left an army to continue fighting in central Greece, and led the rest of the troops back to Asia Minor.
The Battle of Salami Bay was the most important battle in the Persian War, which turned the whole war around. In the second year, the Greek Coalition forces wiped out Xue Xisi's troops left in Greece in Platia, and at the same time wiped out the remaining Persian navy at Little amilcar. In 449 BC, the Greek army completely defeated Persia on the island of Cyprus, and the two sides signed a peace treaty, ending the Greek-Persian war that lasted for about half a century.
(4) Battle of Brady
In the spring of 479 BC, Persian general Madoni, who was entrenched in Saglia, sent an envoy to Athens in an attempt to buy Athens and divide the Greek allies. The Spartan government was afraid that Athens would compromise with the Persians, so it quickly sent people to Athens. So the Athens government received envoys from both sides at the same time. Persian emissaries pre-emptively announced the conditions of seduction and surrender: as long as Athens allied with Persia, the Persian king was willing to return Athens' losses, rebuild Athens' temples and forgive Athens' sins, and Athens was free to choose its own land. The Spartan emissary went on to say that as long as Athens continued to fight, the Allies promised to raise all Athenian families who could not fight. Finally, the Athens authorities showed their attitude, claiming: "There is not so much gold in the world that can buy us off ... As long as there is an Athenian alive, we will never reach an agreement with Xerxes. But asked the Allies to send troops quickly! Because the enemy's plot failed, they will attack us at once. " K.+/K After Madoni and Russia lured him to fail, they led the troops to attack Athens. The Athenians couldn't see the reinforcements of Sparta, so they had to quit Athens again and retreat to Salami. Spartan authorities were afraid of an alliance at the gates of Athens, so they sent troops to Athens. The Persian army had to abandon the north and set fire to Athens. Greek allies have been chasing and fortifying in the suburbs of Brady. Russian Madoni, seeing the continuous arrival of Greek reinforcements, was forced to pre-empt and demand a decisive battle because of the difficulties in its canteen. b
It is said that this evening, a man rode a horse to the Greek military camp and secretly told the Athenian general, "I am the king of Macedonia." Although I am with the Persians, my grandfather is Greek ... I tell you that Madoni and Russia have decided to go to war tomorrow, so don't be caught off guard. " Say that finish, whip flew back to Persian barracks. When the Greek army got the news, it immediately took action and prepared for the battle. 2ro
At dawn the next day, Persian cavalry really attacked. They concentrated on archery first, then charged on horseback, disrupting the formation of the Greek army. But the Greek army quickly conquered the chaos. They use shields to protect their bodies and are determined to keep their position. They rushed to kill with flying arrows and shining swords. As soon as the person in front fell, the person behind rushed up, and the battle was extremely fierce. In the scuffle, they killed Madoni, commander-in-chief of the Persian army. As soon as the news of Madoni's death came out, the Persian army was greatly depressed and soon collapsed. At this time, the Greek army attacked and almost all the Persian troops were wiped out.
Even before the battle of Brady began, the Greek navy marched eastward. They went all the way to Cape mickal, and with the help of Ionia, they captured and burned a large number of Persian warships. The two movements took place on the same day. As a result, many islands originally under Persian rule joined the Greek Union.
The victory of the Battle of Brady completely liberated Greece from the ravages of Persia. At this time, the Persian empire ran out of financial resources and troops, and it was no longer possible to organize forces to invade the West. Since then, all Greek allies have held a general meeting in Brady every year1early February to celebrate their "Liberation Day".