Local characteristics of Puxian culture
Seeking truth-the pillar of a famous country
According to Zhu, a great thinker in the Song Dynasty, "Wen" is a saint and "Sacrifice" is a classic. In other words, Putian is a good place to produce sages and articles. Generally speaking, a place can win this honor only if it has a long cultural history and rich cultural accumulation. However, according to research, the cultural history of Putian is not long. Since the development of the late Tang Dynasty, it has only been 1300 years, which is at least 2000 years behind the long-standing Central Plains culture. However, in this backward and barren land full of magical colors, since the middle Tang Dynasty, there have been many literary talents in Putian, and a large number of influential writers such as Huang Tao, Xu Yin, Cai Xiang, Zheng Qiao, Lin Guangchao, Liu Kezhuang, Huang, Ke Weiqi and Lin Zhaoen have emerged in Fujian, the whole country and even the world. What is particularly impressive is that Pu's writing momentum showed a strong momentum from the beginning: 25 in the late Tang Dynasty and 2,632 in the Song Dynasty, among which Huang (1030-1165438) was the author of Selected Poems. The ancestor of Huang, the prototype of life in the four families of A Dream of Red Mansions, came from Fuxi Lane, the ancestor of Qianjun City (that is, the former residence of Huang Taichang Temple at Leishan Lane 1 10 in the west of Putian City still exists). The son of Huang Chong, a Jinshi of Jingliou Dali Temple in the Northern Song Dynasty. Influenced by his father, Huang served as a judge of Dali Temple and Song Jinshi in Baowenge. He studies hard and makes progress diligently. In the fourth year (1052), I was recruited in Fujian, and I won the top prize in Beijing the following year, that is, Huiyuan. Erji Jinshi won the first place, that is, Wan Chuan. In the fourth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1067), Sima Guang and Wen Guogong recommended him as Doctor Taichang, and he was appointed as the magistrate of Shaowu, Guangxi. Later, he was called into the DPRK as Tai Changqing and served as Prime Minister Tai Changyuan, presiding over the compilation and drafting of the etiquette imperial edict of the Temple Fair of the Emperor's Protocol of Life. With Ouyang Xiu, Bao Zheng, Zhao Pin, Wen Yanbo, Wang, Han Qi, etc. He is vigorous and kind by nature. Sima Qian, the Duke of Wen, recommended his talents and sentenced him to Zhejiang. Be generous to officials, break strange prisons, live much more, and Zhejiang people are virtuous. In Japan, the gentry begged to stay and recommended tired officials to Taichang Temple, Shizhong and Privy Council. After Cai Jing did evil, he was demoted to Doctor Tai Chang, resigned and became an official when Yuan You was banned by the Party. Although there were 60 in Yuan Dynasty, it rose to 944 in Ming Dynasty, and there were still 470 in Qing Dynasty. Only in the Sikuquanshu compiled by Qianlong, there are 43 works of Pu with 83 1 volume, and 37 books with 345 volumes. Among so many works, many are masterpieces of the court and handed down from generation to generation. Among them, Cai Xiang's gardening masterpieces such as Tea Story and Litchi Spectrum in the Northern Song Dynasty have been translated into English and French and spread abroad. The 200-volume Annals written by Zheng Qiao in the Southern Song Dynasty is the most influential and oldest encyclopedic masterpiece in Putian since ancient times. Academic circles call the unified examination of literature three links, which enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad. The Complete Works of Mr. Houcun by Liu Kezhuang, a famous writer in the Southern Song Dynasty, is also a literary masterpiece with extensive influence.
The articles and writings of Puxian people occupy a certain position in the cultural history of China, mainly because the word "seeking truth" permeates between the lines of these works, that is to say, the pursuit of truth and science is the highest pursuit of Puxian people with lofty ideals for thousands of years, which makes these works not only famous for a while, but also immortal. One of the most representative figures is Zheng Qiao.
Zheng Qiao (1104 ~1162), whose real name is Yu Zhong, is called Mr. Jia Kui. I have been trapped in the mountains in the northwest of Putian for almost my whole life. However, it is this poor mountain Confucian who not only contributed a biographical history to China culture after Historical Records, but also made six important contributions to Putian's "famous literary country": First, he completed an epoch-making historical work in Konggu Mountain as a poor mountain Confucian; Second, he is interested in architectural science; The third is to put forward the scientific conclusion that "poetry and books are credible, but you don't have to believe every word", to get rid of superstition and emancipate your mind; Fourth, we urge intellectuals to exchange knowledge with working people; Fifth, the study of translation studies should be emphasized in order to absorb foreign civilizations and spread China culture. It can be said that Zheng Qiao and his chronicle played a decisive role in determining Putian's status as a "famous literary country" and its social identity. Zheng Qiao is a great historian and scientific thinker praised through the ages because his works and academic thoughts are full of "seeking truth". Therefore, "seeking truth" is the vitality of Zheng Qiao, and it is precisely because there are a large number of people with lofty ideals like Zheng Qiao. One side of the soil and water support one side. Therefore, we must see that Zheng Qiao's scientific spirit was in the forefront of the Middle Ages because of Zheng Qiao's special talent and extraordinary wisdom, as well as the humanistic conditions in Putian, Zheng Qiao's hometown. Because Zheng Qiao was a poor man since he was a child, he himself once said, "My family is poor and uneducated, so I work for reading, whether I can or not, I will read it" ("Jia Kui's manuscript, the secret book of Beijing-style poetry for Yu"); "Fu Nianchen firewood is young and lonely, long and poor, and has a clear conscience depending on the leakage of the house. Because there is no fire in Fujian, you can read the world's books (Jia Kui Manuscripts Shangdian's Tongzhi "Table"). It is conceivable that if Putian does not have a particularly rich collection of folk books for Zheng Qiao to borrow for reference, it is difficult for Zheng Qiao to read all the eight paragraphs in the world and write Tongzhi; More importantly, the formation of Zheng Qiao's scientific thought is inseparable from the influence of his followers Zheng Hou, Lin Guangchao and others, who are also full of realistic spirit. In particular, the growth and ideological formation of Zheng Hou and Zheng Qiao have a considerable relationship. Zheng Hou (1100 ~1160), a native of Gong Xi Village, Xinxian Town, Putian County, was not only a good teacher in Zheng Qiao when he was a child, but also a "good teacher of Han Yu" and "a good remonstrator", so there were no wolves in the world. Zheng Qiao also explicitly mentioned that his academic relationship with Zheng Hou was "easy to lose, rare and rare" in "The Secret Letter of Jia Kui and Jing Wei". The firewood is lost, thick and reasonable. Heavy firewood, solid walls; The firewood is coarse and purple. "
Moreover, Zheng Qiao can become the first scientific thinker in history to advocate physical practice to the whole world because he "sticks a spear in the mountains, associates with Tian Ye, gets along with night cranes and monkeys, and doesn't ask about birds and diving plants, all because he wants to examine his sexual characteristics." If there is no Jiakui Mountain, which is rich in resources in Preface to General Records of Insects and Vegetation, Zheng Qiao should be a base for advocating viewing and studying the nature of animals and plants. Therefore, we believe that only in Putian, a fertile soil full of "seeking truth", can a great historian and immortal chronicle like Guan Qiao be bred. "Seeking truth" is not only Optimus Prime of Putian's famous literary state, but also the famous literary state of Putian will lose its vitality. It was and will always be.
Kindness-the soul of a famous country
Putian has a developed culture, which is the input from the original culture. Therefore, like all parts of the country, Putian's regional culture is also deeply influenced by Confucian culture. Confucian culture and Confucianism have been dominant in Putian's regional culture since three brothers Lu came to give poems and books in the Southern Dynasties. However, since China has long been a society where Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism coexist, the cultures of Taoism and Buddhism have deeply influenced the cultural life and spiritual life of Putian people, and even in people's daily life, they are permeated with the factors of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Therefore, on the one hand, Putian scholars inherit the Confucian thoughts of "benevolence", self-improvement, honesty, harmony, mutual accommodation, loyalty and forgiveness, sincerity and self-cultivation, on the other hand, they absorb the essence of Buddhism and Taoism from different angles and enrich their own theories. Buddhism and Taoism are also preaching morality to people in their own unique religious forms, emphasizing the concept of accumulating good and eliminating evil, which is deeply loved by the general public. Therefore, the enlightenment of Buddhism and Taoism has also had a certain function on the ethical and moral order of Putian civil society, thus showing a strong code of conduct and a belief pillar with "goodness" as the core in folk culture, resulting in a kind of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Due to the above reasons, with the development of society, Putian, a famous literary country, has formed two cultural phenomena of "being good": one is a specific folk culture naturally formed from the folk in the Song Dynasty-Mazu culture; One is the theory of "three religions in one" founded by Lin Zhaoen, a famous scholar in Ming Dynasty. Although the manifestations of these two cultural phenomena are different, their core idea is exactly the same, that is, "doing good." Lin Zhaoen (15 17 ~ 1598),No. Longjiang, was born in Putian. At the beginning of his "three religions in one" theory, it developed rapidly in Putian hometown, a land of "goodness". After that, his "three religions in one" not only took root in Putian, but also spread overseas. Today, there are nearly a thousand churches in Malaysia alone. According to incomplete statistics, there are still more than one million people who believe in the Trinity in China and Southeast Asia. With the development of society, Mazu culture has formed a unique folk culture, which is more influential in the world.
Mazu was originally named Moline, also known as Moline Niang. Born in the early Northern Song Dynasty, she is the daughter of an ordinary official on the Meizhou Bay in Putian. She only lived for 28 short years. However, her compassion and kindness before her death, her ability to save the world, her efforts to eliminate disasters and solve problems, and especially her courage to rescue shipwrecks, made her deeply respected and loved by people. After her "appearance", Putian people believed in her and worshipped her, so they remembered her and deified her as a bodhisattva and goddess to protect the ocean, thus producing Mazu culture with considerable influence and distinctive characteristics of Putian literature. As soon as this unique Mazu culture was formed, it not only permeated Putian, but also became the soul of the people handed down from generation to generation, and was also recognized and titled by the imperial courts in previous dynasties. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, the imperial court has sealed Maureen, from "Lady Chong Fu" to "Tian Fei", "Queen of Heaven" and "Mother of Heaven" to protect the country and people. The temples commemorating her are now spread all over five continents, and there are more than 1000 temples in Taiwan Province Province alone, with hundreds of millions of followers at home and abroad! Mazu culture has therefore become the most beautiful cultural landscape in Putian, a famous hometown of literature.
It can be seen that only Putian, a fertile soil filled with a strong atmosphere of "being good", can produce a folk religious and cultural spectacle that transcends national boundaries like Mazu culture. Kindness is not so much the root of Putian Mazu culture as the soul of Putian, a famous literary country. It is precisely because of this soul that the literary state of Putian is praised by hundreds of millions of people at home and abroad with unparalleled cultural color.
Re-education-a family heirloom of a famous country
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Putian has formed a stronger atmosphere of emphasizing education and promoting learning than other cities, thus laying a solid foundation for the particularly prosperous Putian culture. Song Dynasty was a period when Putian attached great importance to education and advocated learning. Since Xianping in the Northern Song Dynasty (998 ~ 1002), Putian has formed a fairly perfect "Trinity" education system, making Putian a rare and important education center in China today, thus creating another beautiful cultural landscape of Putian's famous literary country-the wonders of imperial examinations.
According to records, the feudal society of China was from Sui Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty. There are only 18 in Jinshi County all over the country, including 4 in Fujian Province. However, there are as many Jinshi in Putian County as 1433, ranking first in Jinshi County of Fujian Province, followed by Jinjiang, Min County (now Fuzhou) and Jian 'an (now Nanping City). It has also been recorded that one in every 42 people among the Jinshi in the Song Dynasty was Pu Xian. Moreover, only in the Song Dynasty, the number of people who won the first prize, the second prize, the flower exploration, the first prize and the first prize in other trials in Pu Xian also ranked first in Fujian. Among them, Mu Chen, Fang Tianruo, Cai Dian, Li Zongshi, Chen Junqing and Huang Ai won the first prize. Li Zhaoyuan has 1 person to explore flowers; There are six people, namely, Zheng Hou, Lin Bu, Wu Zhuchou, Zheng and Ye, who are endowed with the world. Lin Yu and Lin won the first place in other test sites, which is the most romantic imperial examination in the world. What is even more peculiar is that the people of Putian not only created miracles in the history of imperial examinations in China, but also left many Hakka stories that are still widely circulated today. Huang, the ancestor of the military city, founded two famous Buyun academies in Xinghua County of Meilan, Fuxi Lane of Yiqian Street and Songyang. The book Puyang says that Huang, a military town, is known as "four generations with eight sons and eight generations with sixteen sons". The folks in Taiwan Province Province praised Huang's aristocratic family for studying "having both civil and military skills, two top scholars in the two sessions, one second prize, two explorers in flowers, three scholars and four prime ministers". Huang Zai's residence in Fuxi Lane, Xinghua County (now the former residence of Leishan Lane 1 10 in the west of Putian City, Fujian Province) was passed down by his military school, and was called "Yan Military Academy", which was the crown of the eight generations of champions. There are also "Nine Prizes for One Family" (descendants of Lin Pi in Tang Dynasty, with nine officials as secretariat), "Bachelor of the First Five-Year Plan (Huangpu in Tang Dynasty was a scholar, and his four sons were also listed in the library", "Two top scholars in one subject" (1076, the top scholars in civil and military affairs were obtained by Putian Xuduo and Xianyou respectively) and "Kuiya is on the same list" (65438+) It is precisely because of Putian's amazing achievements in imperial examinations, academic prosperity and numerous works that as early as the Song Dynasty, Putian was famous for its "land of literature" (Song Zan), "land of Fujian and Vietnam, and land of Zou and Lu" (Song Zhenzan). The reason why Putian has such brilliant imperial examinations and academic achievements (praise Wang Song An Shi) and "Putian Ren Jie" (praise Song Zhuxi) is because. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Fang Xiang, a famous Confucian in Putian, vividly said when analyzing the reasons for the abnormal prosperity of Confucianism in his hometown: "Fujian people have no assets, relying on the living and learning from the ears." Chen Junqing, a famous figure in the Southern Song Dynasty, said when he won the second prize in the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138) that "pine and cypress are sparsely planted in the ground and poor children are educated at home", which revealed the internal reasons why Putian, as a small town in the southeast, can become a world-famous "Wenzhou". Therefore, this famous saying has naturally become a family motto handed down from generation to generation by Putian people for thousands of years.
It can be seen that emphasizing education and promoting learning is not only the root of Puxian culture, but also the most distinctive heirloom of Putian's "famous literary country". With this family heirloom, Putian, a famous literary town, will surely usher in a more brilliant tomorrow.
Chongde-the style of a famous country
In addition to the above three glittering cultural landscapes of truth-seeking, kindness and education, Putian's "famous literary country" also has an extremely beautiful cultural landscape-the spectacle of moral fashion.
The spectacle of Putian's moral demeanor is manifested in its different moral landscapes created by two different social groups: one is a historical landscape written by scholars who would rather die than surrender, be upright and upright, and die in the line of duty; One is the moral landscape created by the struggle between ordinary people and nature to transform nature. Although the spirits of these two landscapes are different, they have both illuminated for a thousand years. Among them, Xu Yin, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty and the first scholar in Fujian, praised the literary world of the Tang Dynasty with the lofty spirit of "I would rather have no official than change taxes". Chen, the champion of the Southern Song Dynasty, was a national hero who sang "Never heard of the martyr tree lowering the flag" and insisted on resisting Yuan to the end. Lin Zexu praised his "fame" with Wen Tianxiang.
And stand side by side ",and" a piece of loose soil is opposite, and the sun and the moon shine on Kun "; Zhu Jizhuo, a senior minister of Nanjing Ritual Department in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, insisted on resisting Qing Dynasty and died unyielding, leaving a tragic page, which can be compared with Shi Kefa. Jiang Chunlin, an imperial envoy in the late Qing Dynasty, hated the fb authorities, strongly criticized the treacherous court official and powerful people, and shocked the ruling and opposition parties. These people with lofty ideals have created a glorious moral landscape for Putian, a famous literary country, with their lofty virtues. Qian Siniang, a folk woman in the Northern Song Dynasty, led Putian, a famous literary country, to attract worldwide attention.
According to reports, Xinghua Plain (also known as the North-South Ocean Plain) was still a saline-alkali land with only cattail in the early Song Dynasty. If you want to turn this barren land into fertile land, you can only build a big pond on Mulan River. Therefore, since the Tang Dynasty, Putian people have been eagerly looking forward to the early completion of Mulan Back. Therefore, during the Jiayou period of the Northern Song Dynasty, the people here still suffered from drought and flood, and lived a life of hunger, cold and displacement. Because of drought and poverty, the development of Putian's economy, culture and education is seriously restricted. Qian Siniang was originally a folk woman in Changle County. Her ancestors were descendants of Yue royal family in Zhejiang, and moved to Changle in the early Song Dynasty. So in Qian Siniang's generation, her family is still a rich family. Changle is more than 200 miles away from Putian. According to the general view, whether the Putian Mulan monument is built or not has nothing to do with Qian Siniang. However, in order to save a city in Putian from drought and flood and benefit the people, as a young woman, she bravely undertook the heavy responsibility of building Mulan skin. In order to build the Mulan Monument as soon as possible, she resolutely spent all her possessions in Changle's hometown of 65,438+20,000 silver (equivalent to 65,438+20,000 silver) and brought them to Putian to build it. In the process of creating a vicious circle for three years, she led the broad masses of working people to overcome hardships, work hard, forget their personal interests and give up their lives until they gave up their young lives. Although the Mulan monument built by Qian Siniang was destroyed by the sudden flood just after it was built, her great spirit deeply infected the people of Lin Congshi, Li Hong, Feng Zhiri and Putian. Therefore, after two failures, Putian Mulan Monument was successfully built in the eighth year of Yuanfeng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1083). It was with Mulan that Xinghua Plain became the "land of plenty" and Putian's economy developed in an all-round way. It is precisely because of the cultural education in Mulan North and Putian that rapid development has been achieved. Strictly speaking, Putian's "famous literary country" was really recognized by the society after the completion of Mulan Skin. Therefore, Qian Siniang not only built a large-scale water conservancy irrigation project Mulan monument for Putian people, but also built a monument for Putian, a famous literary country, with her young life. Therefore, from the Northern Song Dynasty to the present, Putian people in all previous dynasties regarded Qian Siniang, the first heroine in China history, as the best son and daughter of Putian, and regarded her as "Qian Fei" and "Qian Yuan". Scholars of all ages praised Si Qian's good performance and moral demeanor, even far exceeding the praise of Putian Mazu. In A.D. 1962, Guo Moruo, vice chairman of the National People's Congress, wrote a poem in praise of Qian Siniang's "Qingqing Xi Mulan Skin", which was circulated for thousands of years. Who founded the public and forgot the private? So far, human nature is Qian Wei. "
It can be seen that Qian Siniang has set a lofty moral demeanor for Putian's famous document country, which not only makes Putian's famous document country stand in front of the world with a more distinctive face, but also will continue to inspire 3 million Xinghua children to work hard to build Putian's famous document country into a better one!