What are the archaeological excavation tools?
1, Luoyang shovel, also known as exploratory shovel, the shovel handle can be lengthened. When in use, the ground is poked vertically downwards, the underground soil is taken out with a semi-cylindrical shovel head, and a deep well with a diameter of more than ten centimeters is gradually dug out to detect the soil quality of the underground soil layer and understand the underlying information.
2, hand shovel. Divided into square head and pointed head, etc. , used to scrape the surface and delimit the soil boundary.
3, brush, used to clean the surface of cultural relics.
4. Portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer: measure the types and contents of elements in substances.
5, watering can, keep the soil moist.
6. Total station: ElectronicTotalStation, a high-tech measuring instrument integrating optics, machinery and electricity. It is a measuring instrument system which integrates the functions of collecting water, measuring vertical angle, distance (oblique distance and horizontal distance) and height difference.
7. Drawing tool series.
8. UAV, shooting at high altitude and recording image data.
Archaeological excavation steps
1, collecting data
Archaeology studies ancient ruins and relics. Before archaeology, we should know how to collect the physical data of various relics and relics. The main means of collecting physical data are field investigation and excavation.
2. Archaeological investigation
Investigation is the preparation for excavation. Only after investigation can we choose the place and object of excavation and decide what method to use for excavation. After arriving at the site, pay attention to the terrain and carefully observe the ground phenomenon; We should make full use of ravines, roadsides, cliffs and other areas to find the outcrops of relics and relics.
3. Clear formation
When excavating, archaeologists must abide by the principles of stratigraphy and use various techniques and means to expose the history of residential sites in an orderly manner from the complicated horizon relationship, and cannot be confused or inverted. This requires archaeologists to have a meticulous and cautious working attitude and adopt strict and appropriate excavation methods.
4. Specific excavation
The specific mining method depends on the mining object. Generally speaking, it can be divided into two categories: excavation of residential sites and excavation of tombs. In the excavation of residential areas, excavation (or trench exploration) is generally adopted, and the excavation (or trench exploration) must be numbered uniformly, so that the excavated remains and relics can be merged into the overall record in an orderly manner. For all kinds of relics, it is necessary to find out where they are and the relationship between them. Besides marking the horizon, remember the coordinates for future reference. When excavating the mound part of a tomb, we should adopt the "quartering method" or "slicing method", and its principle is similar to excavation or trench when excavating residential address. When excavating a tomb, we should carefully clean up the funerary utensils, bones, funerary objects and their traces. No matter what kind of remains are excavated, we can't let go of any subtle signs; Such as pestle marks in rammed soil, shovel marks on pit walls, column holes in houses, ruts on roads, footprints in fields, etc. Should be cleaned up one by one.
Step 5 record
Records should be kept during all excavations. Recording methods are mainly divided into text, drawing and photography, and models should be made when necessary. The principle of archaeological excavation is to restore the original state of the residence or tomb before excavation according to these recorded and collected artifacts.