Nanjing Forbidden City with Palace Architecture
Nanjing Forbidden City, also known as Nanjing Ming Palace and Nanjing Forbidden City, was the imperial palace in the early Ming Dynasty, and now it is the blueprint of Beijing Forbidden City. The Ming Palace Museum is located in the east of Nanjing, covering an area of over 1 million square meters. It was the largest palace in the world in the Middle Ages and was called "the first palace in the world".
the imperial palace in Ming dynasty is magnificent and magnificent, with lofty halls. It was built in the 26th year of Yuan Zhizheng (1366) and was rebuilt in the 1th year of Hongwu in Ming dynasty (1377). It was once the palace of Hongwu, Jianwen and Yongle in Ming Dynasty. It was not until the 19th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1421) that Zhu Di, the founder of Ming Dynasty, moved to Beijing that the mission of Nanjing Forbidden City officially ended, but it was still stationed by the royal family and important officials, and its position was very important.
The Forbidden City in Ming Dynasty has been destroyed repeatedly, and only some ground buildings and underground pillars are left. In 1958, it was listed as a key cultural relic protection unit in Jiangsu Province. In 26, the State Council was approved as a national key cultural relics protection unit.
The Forbidden City in Nanjing was built in the 26th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1366), and its address is in the suburb of outer manchuria, Jiqing City in the Yuan Dynasty (that is, the east of downtown Nanjing). It was originally called the "New Palace of the King of Wu" and later called the Imperial City. Because Zhu Yuanzhang had not proclaimed himself at that time, the scale of the new palace was limited, only the outer court and inner court buildings in the middle road, and no palace was built in the open space on the east and west sides. The new palace is 79 meters wide from east to west and 75 meters long from north to south. It has four gates, namely the Wumen Gate in the south, the Donghuamen Gate in the east, the Xihuamen Gate in the west and the Xuanwu Gate in the north. The entrance to the meridian gate is Fengtian Gate, the main hall is Fengtian Hall, and the front and left of the temple are Wenlou and Wulou. After that, it is the Huagai Hall, where you are honored. The imperial palace has Ganqing Palace and Kunning Palace, as well as six palaces of things.
in the first year of Hongwu (1368), Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, taking Yingtianfu as Nanjing and Kaifeng as Beijing, and built the Middle Capital in Fengyang the following year. As manpower and material resources were all concentrated on the construction of Zhongdu city and palace, the expansion of Nanjing Palace was terminated again. In the following years, only the necessary maintenance of the existing palace was carried out.
In the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), Zhu Yuanzhang abandoned the plan of building Zhongdu and concentrated on building Nanjing. In this construction, two gates at the left and right of the Wumen Gate, east and west corner gates at the left and right of Fengtian Gate, and additional buildings such as Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall were added. In the twenty-fifth year of Hongwu (1392), it was built again, and a palace wall was added outside the imperial city, with the new wall as the imperial city, and the original imperial city was renamed Miyagi. In front of Miyagi, Duanmen, Chengtianmen and Jinshui Bridge were built, forming a T-shaped square, reaching south to Hongwumen built in 1373. On the east side of the square, there are five departments (the punishments are outside the emergency exit in the north of the imperial city), and on the west side, there are five military commanders' offices. [6]
During the construction of the Forbidden City in Nanjing, attention was paid to the problem of geomantic omen, with Fugui Mountain in Zijin Mountain as the backing. However, due to the limitation of site selection, part of the imperial palace was built on the filled Swallow Lake. Although the foundation was strengthened by driving wooden stakes, laying stones and tamping with lime concrete, the problem of foundation sinking still occurred after a long time, and waterlogging was easy to form in the palace, making drainage difficult. At the same time, Miyagi is too close to the outer city, so it is not easy to defend in wartime. [6]
Satellite restoration map of Nanjing Forbidden City
After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, Zhu Yunwen, the grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang, succeeded to the throne, which caused dissatisfaction with Zhu Di, the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang and the prince of Yan, and he invaded Nanjing in the name of going to Beijing to wipe out treacherous officials. After four years' war, in the fourth year of Jianwen (in 142), Zhu Di, the prince of Yan, broke through the capital, resulting in "the capital fell, and the palace was on fire", which burned down the palaces such as Fengtian Hall, and the Jianwen Emperor and his empresses were also burned to death (one said they fled to the south).
Zhu Di still lived in the Forbidden City in Nanjing after he ascended the throne, but at the same time he ordered Beiping (now Beijing) to move the capital. In the 18th year of Yongle (142), the Forbidden City in Beijing was completed, and Zhu Di moved the capital to Beijing the following year. Since then, the Forbidden City in Nanjing is no longer used, but it is still used as a residence palace, and it is managed by the royal family and internal ministers. After hundreds of years, the wind and rain hit, and the natural damage was also very serious. For example, in the 14th year of Ming Yingzong orthodoxy (1449), there was a thunderstorm in summer and June, and the halls of Shenshen and Huagai were hit by lightning and caught fire. In May of the 21st year of Xianzong Chenghua (1485), "Nanjing gale uprooted the ancestral temple tree, destroying the animal kisses in the Great Temple and the imperial city". In the first year of Sejong Jiajing (1522), "autumn and July, storms, river overflows, and the walls of suburban tombs are all bad." In 1644, Li Zicheng led the peasant uprising army to capture Beijing, and Zhu Yousong, the younger brother of Emperor Chongzhen, fled to Nanjing, which delayed the establishment of the Southern Ming Dynasty. The Ming Palace was so dilapidated that Zhu Yousong could only be in Nanjing, that is, the emperor was located in Wuying Hall, because the Golden Jubilee Hall was gone.
in the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Fu Wang Zhu Yousong ascended the throne here, and once established the Nanming regime. At this time, most of the temples in the Ming Palace have collapsed, and the ancestral temple in Nanjing has already been burned. Zhu Yousong has carried out some restoration work and built buildings such as Fengtianmen and Cixi Hall.
After the Qing Dynasty destroyed Nanming, Nanjing was changed to Jiangning, the imperial city of Ming Dynasty was changed to the garrison city of Eight Banners, the generals and the second yamen of Du Tong were set up in the Ming Palace, and the walls from Taiping Gate to Tongji Gate were added to isolate it, which caused great damage to the buildings of the Ming Palace.
Nanjing Palace Museum model (exhibited in Nanjing Museum)
During the Kangxi period, the Putuo Mountain Temple was built with stone carvings from the Ming Palace Museum. In 1684, Emperor Kangxi made his first southern tour and arrived in Jiangning (Nanjing). He was deeply moved to see the dilapidated "Forbidden City in the Ming Dynasty" and wrote in the article "On Crossing Jinling": "The Forbidden City is full of Jing Zhen, and the phoenix in the past is majestic, but now it is ruined! ..... After passing through the city, the old concept has not been changed, and there is no one in the palace. Seeing this, I can't sigh with the flowers and plants of the Wu Palace and the clothes of the Jin Dynasty! " It can be seen that the Forbidden City in Ming Dynasty is quite desolate at this time.
After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom captured Nanjing, it did not use the Ming Palace as the base of the palace, but chose a new site in the city to build a new palace, during which a large number of stones and bricks were demolished from the Ming Palace. By the time the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom perished, the palaces and walls of the Forbidden City in Ming Dynasty had basically disappeared. [6]
During the reign of Xianfeng and Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, due to the battle movement between Taiping Army and Qing Army, the Ming Palace suffered another great damage, except for the stone component foundation buried underground, only a piece of rubble, snakes and rats were left. In 1911, Fares, an Englishman, removed seven stone carvings and three pairs of stone lions from the ruins of the Ming Palace and transported them to the Yangzi Hotel in Xiaguan for decoration.
During the Republic of China, it was planned to take the Ming Palace as the central administrative region, but due to financial resources and war reasons, the plan was not fully realized. Only the China Kuomintang Central Supervision Committee and the China Kuomintang Central Party History Information Exhibition Hall were built within the ruins of the Ming Palace. In 1929, in order to welcome Dr. Sun Yat-sen's coffin to be buried in Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum, the newly-built Zhongshan East Road passed through the ruins of the Ming Palace and divided it into two parts: the north and the south. By the late Republic of China, the Forbidden City in Ming Dynasty had become a small airport.
As soon as Nanjing was liberated in p>1949, Liu Bocheng, Chen Yi and other comrades invited relevant experts and scholars to have a discussion and ask for protection opinions. Participants agreed that this is an important site of the Ming Dynasty Palace in China history and should be protected, so they decided to bury about 35 stone pillars in situ and bury them in the central axis on the north side of the road and its two sides. About 6, square meters of land on the north side of Zhongshan East Road will be turned into a training ground for the Nanjing Military Region for protection; And the stone carvings that were robbed to Xiaguan Yangzi Hotel by British Fares were transported back to the site to be renovated.
In October p>1956, the site of the Ming Palace Museum was announced as a key cultural relic protection unit in Jiangsu Province. In 1991, the Ming Palace Ruins Park was officially opened to the public; In 2, the Provincial Grand Theatre was relocated and built separately. After the park was rebuilt, the first batch of free parks in Nanjing were reopened. In 26, the site of the Ming Palace Museum was officially upgraded to a national key cultural relics protection unit.
after p>211, the Nanjing municipal government has planned and demonstrated a new scheme to protect and utilize the ruins of the Ming Palace, and turned it into a national-level ruins park.