What is the orthodox school in Zhang Daoling?
In the sixth year of Yonghe (14 1), he wrote 24 books, calling himself "too clear and too mysterious". Those who follow his way must accept five measures of rice, which is the so-called "Five Mi Dou Way". In the first year of Han 'an (142), Zhang Ling excused the old man from surrendering, granted the "three-day teachings" and named him "Shi Tian". In the same year, he was awarded the titles of "French is the main skill of a subject" and "a great classic of an alliance", emphasizing that "a mage is a real person in three days". In the second year of Emperor Han 'an, he suggested that Taishang Laojun should rule over 24 places (street paving regional organizations): Upper Eight Places, Middle Eight Places and Lower Eight Places, and instructed Zhang Tianshi Daoling to pursue the shop. Zhang Ling treated people with water and spells. He also taught people how to get salt, which was later called "Jing Ling" (boiling salt with salty water). The people benefited from it and regarded it as a heavenly teacher and tens of thousands of disciples. Then set up a wine festival and divide it into households, just like slaughtering and guarding; And establish a system for disciples to take turns to pay for rice, silk and firewood; Rule the country by virtue instead of punishment. Make the sick minister commit crimes by himself, throw calligraphy into the water, make an alliance with the gods, and never commit crimes again, taking life and death as a Covenant.
Zhang Ling took Laozi's Five Thousand Documents and Taipingdong's Extreme Classic as the main classics, and wrote Laozi Sier's Notes, which preached that it would be peaceful for people to govern the country with "Tao and meaning". Governing the people according to "Tao and Meaning". A test of human life span.
After Ling's death, he was passed on to Jpua, and Jpua was called the heir. Weigh death, preach Lu, and call him a teacher.
Zhang Luzi's chess (? A 2 16), in the second year of Chu Ping, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (19 1), Zhang Lu was appointed as the governor of Sima Yi in Yizhou, and another Sima attacked Suzhou Valley, the satrap of Hanzhong. Later, Lu killed, repaired, merged, divided Hanzhong, promoted the five ways, and implemented the unity of politics and religion. "Zhang Lu listens less to ancestral teachings", and voluntary dormitories are set up within its jurisdiction to provide free accommodation for passers-by. Those who break the law are lenient for three times, and those who break the law again will be punished. Take the quiet house as the place where people think, add the method of "three officials praying", write the patient's name and the meaning of confession, and make three links in the book: First, the sky is on the mountain; One of the buried places; One of them is called "Sanguan Calligraphy". And according to the monthly order, it is forbidden to kill in spring and summer; Alcohol is also banned, which is historically called "people enjoy it."
In the 20th year of Jian 'an (2 15), Cao Cao conquered Hanzhong, Zhang Lu avoided Bazhong, and then closed the warehouse and surrendered. In return for Zhang Lu's kindness, Cao Cao "sent an envoy to comfort him", worshipped Zhang Lu as the general of Zhennan, and sealed Langzhong Hou to return to the Central Plains. All the scholars in Zhang Lu were named Hou, and the first one was named Du because of his ambition. Zhang Lu ordered his descendants to preach the Dharma, handed the sword of the seal, and asked, "Where is the ancestor of Longhu Mountain? Its land is illuminated by the stars, the atmosphere is condensed, the gods and people are everywhere, and the secret of the Danzao is hidden in the cave, which is suitable for living in Xuanwu flowers. " Therefore, Taoism in Longhushan has been practiced for a hundred years.
The main sect of early Taoism. Commonly known as "Five Mi Dou Knives", also known as "Shi Tian Knives". Later, it was called "Zheng Yi Dao" or "Zheng Tian Yi Shi Dao". It continues to this day, and it is also called the second Taoist school with Quanzhen Road. Zhang Daoling (that is, Pei Guofeng (now Fengxian County, Jiangsu Province) was born, and the Han Shun Emperor Yonghe founded Shu in the sixth year (14 1). Zhang Ling passed on his news to his son Zhang Heng, and Zhang Heng passed it on to his son Zhang Lu. These three people were called "three pieces" by later Taoism. Later generations called Shao Wei "Zhang Tianshi".
The origin of the name "five-door meal" is because early believers have to cook five meals. The name "Tianshidao" comes from the worship of "Shi Tian" (basically Zhang Tianshi). "Zhengyi" means "practicing Buddhism from righteousness". According to Yun Qi's Seven Trillions, "Righteousness" means to cultivate Buddha's righteousness, kill evil and fake, and assist the country and educate the people for three days; "Righteousness and alliance" is an alliance with God. "Righteousness and righteousness" says: "Be upright from the heart, be upright from the heart without losing the spirit, be one with me, and then be fully enlightened, and the five spirits will be one, so you can live and die, so what about evil and difference? So it is the right alliance. "
Under the influence of Taoism, the orthodox school reformed (or absorbed) the belief in witches and ghosts in some primitive religions, and combined with the ancient Yanqi fairy alchemist culture. Respecting Laozi as the "godfather", presenting the Classic of Tao Te Ching, the Classic of Zhengyi School, the Classic of Taiping Cave and the Notes on Laozi's Thought (this book is the pseudonym of Zhang Lu), etc., and expounding the teaching purpose: "Rebirth the Tao, teach humanity and cultivate the truth." Heavy fasting, Zuo Fu, belonging to Zuo Fu School; In the later development, the new law, which absorbed and integrated other Taoist theories, such as etiquette, Neidan and so on, had a great influence on Zen and Confucianism. It is primitive Taoism, and it is a Taoist school that has been passed down to this day. The word "Zhengyi" is sometimes even used as a synonym for Taoism.
Taoist priests can do housework or become monks, and there are no special restrictions.
1, according to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, there are few entrepreneurial deeds in Zhang Ling? "Biography of Zhang Lu", "Were"? According to historical records such as Biography of Ada, Zhang Ling entered Shu when he was in Shun Di, and studied Taoism, calligraphy and preaching in Hemingshan (now Dayi County, Sichuan Province). By the way, at that time, the official called it "rice thief". Only Zhang Heng was mentioned, while the deeds of Zhang Xiu and Zhang Lu were more detailed.
Reflection? "Biography of Zhang Lu" quoted fish's Dian lue as saying: "In Guanghe period (A.D. 178- 184), Zhang Xiu was built in Hanzhong, and the method was slightly the same as that of Jiao Tong (note: teaching patients to hold their heads and drink water), and scarly room was added for patients to think indoors. Let people drink for rape orders. The wine-offering master used 5,000 articles of Laozi for everyone to learn, and the title was "Making a traitor a ghost official". The Lord prays for the patient, writes the patient's name, convinces the guilty, and does three links. One is on the mountain, the other is buried in the ground, and the other is submerged in the water, which is called three official calligraphy, which makes the patient's home out of rice and five buckets, also known as five buckets.
Zhang is the leader of Wudou Rice Road in Hanzhong. During the "Yellow Scarf Uprising", he led Taoists to respond. Later, the third generation of Lu attacked and killed and took over Hanzhong. Because people believed in Zhang Xiu's way, they added decorations to it. Teach the enlightened people to be "righteous houses" and put rice and meat for pedestrians. He also taught me to hide myself, and if I miss something, I will treat it as a road (that is, building a road) and be punished. According to the monthly order, killing and alcohol are forbidden in spring and summer. "
Zhang Lu claimed to be a master. The first time he came to learn Taoism, he was called Ghost Soldier. After studying for a long time, he was called Wine Offering. Most of them were called Head Curing and Wine Offering. Zhang Lu implements the system of integration of politics and religion in Hanzhong. After nearly 30 years of occupation of Bahan, the people have a good time. In the 20th year of Jian 'an (AD 2 15), he surrendered to Cao Cao, and Wudou Midao also spread to the northern part of the Central Plains.
2. After the Wudou Rice Road moved northward, Zhang Sheng (the fourth generation), the son of Zhang Lu, was not influenced by Cao Weijue. The Yuan Shi Lao Zhi Shi recorded that "a teacher is a heavenly teacher, starting from Han and Zhang Daoling. After four generations, I came to live in Longhushan, Zhangzhou. " Still living in Longhushan, Jiangxi Province, he opened "Zhengyi altar" and respected Zhang Daoling as "Zhengyi division"; Shi Tian's descendants lived in the mountains all their lives, so it became the spreading center of Taoism in Shi Tian, and gradually became known as "Stone Heaven". Later, with the unification of Jin, it spread to the southeast coast and spread all over the country.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty, a folk Taoist group headed by Chen Rui appeared in Bashu. According to "Comrade Huayang Guozhi", in the third year of Xianning (277), Chen Rui was killed by Yizhou Taishi for "confusing people with ghosts", believing everything from prefect to civilians. Chen Ruijiao, similar to Taoism in Shi Tian, belongs to the extreme branch of Taoism in Shi Tian and is called "Ghost Road".
In the eighth year of Emperor Yuan Kang of Jinhui (296), he moved northward with Zhang Lu. The leader of the ethnic group (southwest ethnic minority, word "upper clan and lower north") returned to Shu with a group of refugees and was attacked by the new Yizhou secretariat and Taoist priest Zhao. The word (Words in the Shell of Ill Words). The two hit it off, Zhao in the first year of Yongkang (300)? According to Shu rebellion, because of mutual suspicion, Zhao? Te Li drove him out of Chengdu and was killed by his men. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Te Li was also driven out of Chengdu by officers and men.
Te Li engaged in this business again in the first year of Taian (302). In February of the following year (303), Te Li was defeated and killed. His brother Li Liu and his son Li Xiong continued to fight with the help of Fan Xian's family, a big landlord in the middle of Shu. After Li Liu died in September, Li Xiong took over as the leader, and entered Chengdu in December, and Li Xiong in October of the first year of Jin Yongxing (304). In 308, I worshipped the model of Fan Xian's son. In the third year of Yonghe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (347), he died when he became a Han. After the model, he continued to fight, and it was not until the fifth year of Jin Yonghe (349 years) that he was pacified.
The most famous Wudoumi Daoism organization in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was founded by the Wudoumi family Qiantang Du. Later, it was called "Du Zigong Taoist Group" in the History of Taoism in China edited by Mr. Ren, and its founder was Du Zigong. The magic and system of Daotuan are roughly the same as Wudou Mi Dao. At that time, "Oriental local tyrants and their families were aristocratic families and became disciples". Du Zigong died in the last years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (reigned from 373 to 396) and was succeeded by the Sun Tai family.
At the end of the Jin Dynasty, Sun Tai and Sun En (who worked in Daodaowumen) led a Taoist uprising in the second year of Long 'an (398), defeated Sun Tai and were killed. Believers think it is cicada slough and live forever. The following year (399), Sun En conquered Huiji (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), calling his disciples "immortals", and eight counties in eastern Zhejiang gathered.
The activities of Taoism in Shi Tian in the late Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties also directly contributed to or indirectly influenced the emergence of other early Taoist schools. For example, during the Three Kingdoms period, Lijiadao was widely spread in Wu, and its Taoism was very similar to that of Shi Tian. For example, the later Qingshui Road, whose method is called creating slaves in Zhang Tianshi, can be said to be the tribe of Shitian Road; There are also many Taoist sects with few historical biographies, which are believed to be related to Taoism in Shi Tian. These sects either disappeared or merged into Shi Tian Taoism.
3. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, some early Taoist schools, such as "Taiping Dao" and "Yu Jun Dao", declined due to the attack of the rulers, while new sects, such as "Lingbao School" and "Shangqing School", were in the initial stage of development; Although there are some immortal Taoist priests, such as Zhong Zhang and Wang Jia, they are just a loose Taoist group, learning from each other and accepting each other. In the name of Taoist advice, people all over the world instantly used the name "Li Hong". At this time, Taoism in Shi Tian is still a banner of Taoism, which is basically another name of Taoism.
However, due to the political turmoil, the division of forces in the world, the total number of believers and the lack of prestigious descendants from Zhang Tianshi, the Tianshidao headquarters located in Longhu Mountain, Jiangxi Province is beyond the reach of its subordinate "governance" and Taoist officials. The internal organization of Tianshi Taoism is seriously chaotic, and the old gentleman's "Reciting the Commandments" says that "Taoist officials are stupid to offer wine", which makes some people with low quality become wine offering Taoist officials. What's more, some of them also "govern themselves, attack the wrong classics and confuse the Muslim religion", which leads to "breaking the law and discipline, bullying the city"; Some misinterpret Shi Tian's Taoist theory, such as "house art", so that "lewdness prevails and Taoism is humiliated"; Moreover, the lower Taoist priests used Taoist organizations many times to launch uprisings in the names of Li Hong (the old gentleman's pseudonym) and Liu Ju, which were passed down from generation to generation, making Taoism closely watched by the ruling forces and dynasties.
In view of this, many high-ranking sages are determined to reform and rectify Taoism, among which Kou in the Northern Dynasty and Lu in the Southern Dynasty are the representatives. Their contribution to Taoism is actually no less than that of Zhang Daoling before and Wang Zhongyang after:
Kou Qian-zhi (365-448) made a resolute reform of Taoism in Shi Tian, and comprehensively reformed the teachings and systems of early Taoism with "Chanting New Classics by Clouds" (also known as "Chanting New Classics by Old Mister" and "Recording the True Classics by Lao Zi's Great-grandson Li Puwen"). He attached great importance to Taoist rituals and added many rituals and ceremonies to Taoism, which laid the foundation for later Taoist rituals. After Kou's reform, Taoism not only won the support of the lower believers, but also met the needs of the ruling class at that time. At that time, the haze was swept away, and there were countless followers in the ruling and opposition parties. After Kou's political reform, it was called "New Road" or "Northern Road".
Lu (406-477) traveled all over the world. He compiled his long-term collection of Taoist classics into a school magazine and compiled the earliest Taoist general catalogue, the Three Cave Classics Catalogue. Shi Tian Taoism has been thoroughly combed: namely, reforming Taoist organizations, collecting and sorting out Taoist classics, and establishing and perfecting fasting ceremonies. Because of his prayers and contributions to saving the world, he was widely welcomed, and because he enriched and sorted out many theories of Taoist classics, which inspired later Taoist new sects more or less, so both the "Shangqing School" and the "Lingbao School" regarded him as one of the masters. After Lu's rectification, Taoism was called "Southern Taoism".
During this period, the title of "Five Mi Dou Roads" was basically replaced by "Stone Heaven Road". Influenced by Kou, more importantly, after Lufeng Fuhe sorted out the theory of ancient books, Lingbao School and Shangqing School began to rise and spread rapidly throughout the country, thus initially forming three major schools of Zhengyi School.
4. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Taoism reached its peak in an all-round way, which was fully reflected in the construction of Taoist temples, the perfection of fasting ceremonies and the belief of civil courts. The religious power of Taoism has been greatly expanded. The Taoist school is becoming more and more prosperous. Compared with the abnormal prosperity of Louguan, Lingbao, Shangqing, Dante Taoism and philosophical metaphysics, Shi Tian Taoism has few influential figures. Born in Zhang Tianshi, there are not many theoretical and ideological works.
During this period, all factions attached importance to the teaching of classics, precepts and laws, and the atmosphere of the teaching of classics, precepts and laws followed the original tradition of "Five Mi Dou Daoism". Basically, at the initial stage of these teachings, they must accept the correct precepts and teachings of Taoism in Shi Tian. In other words, the way to peddle Taoism generally goes through Shi Tian Taoism, and then practice step by step, in order to finally become a senior mage of Lingbao and Shangqing. It can be seen from here that Taoism in Shi Tian is still the foundation of Taoism. 5. Enter the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. The forces of Taoism developed rapidly and reached its peak, and emerging Taoism and traditional factions brought out the best in each other. At that time, the northern Jin Dynasty formed three new sects, namely "Great Taoism", "Taiyi Religion" and "Quanzhen Religion", among which "Quanzhen Religion" is one of the two major schools of Taoism that have been passed down to this day. New sects, such as "then Taoism" and "Jingming Taoism", also appeared in the southern Song Dynasty. Before and after entering the Yuan Dynasty, Shi Tian Taoism interacted with the traditional Lingbao School, Shangqing School and the emerging Daoist schools such as Taiyi Road, Quanzhen Road, Jindan Road, Jingming Road, Wei Qing School, Shen Xiao School, Donghua School, Tianxin School and Wutang School, which brought great opportunities for the reform and development of Shi Tian Taoism's teachings, teaching system and cultivation methods, and established its position as the first Taoist school.
Descendants of Zhang Tianshi descent were favored by the upper class during this period: in the ninth year of the auspicious symbol of Dazhong in northern Song Zhenzong (AD 10 16), Zhang Zhengsui, the 26th generation of Shi Tian, was summoned and called "loyal to the world"; Zhang Shouzhen, the 32nd generation Shi Tian, entered Beijing in the 29th year of Shaoxing, Song Gaozong (A.D. 1 159), and his prayers were valid. In the third year of Jiaxi in Song Lizong (A.D. 1239), Zhang Keda, a Shi Tian of the 35th generation, was ordered to raise the symbol of three mountains (namely, Dragon and Tiger Mountain on Shitian Road, Maoshan Mountain on Shangqing Road and jujube hill on Lingbao Road) and concurrently served as an imperial court official. Since then, Shi Tianlu has been the leader of Shangqing, Lingbao and other symbols of Jiangnan. Yuan Shizu also ordered the 36th generation Tianshi Zhang Zongyan to "lead the Taoist affairs in the south of the Yangtze River". In the 15th year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1278), Zhang Zongyan's disciple Zhang Liusun named him "Master Jiao Xuan" and established Jiao Xuan.
In the eighth year of Dade in Yuan Chengzong (A.D. 1304), the thirty-eighth generation of Shi Tian Zhang Yucai was named "the orthodox school, the leader of the three mountains", and all schools of Taoism in the south of the Yangtze River were collectively called "the orthodox school" Taoism, represented by the orthodox school teachers in Longhushan.
During this period, Taoism in Shi Tian absorbed and integrated the symbols and cultivation methods of other Taoist schools, among which Zhang Jixian, the 30th generation of Shi Tian, was the most prominent, and he was the outstanding figure among Shi Tian in past dynasties. He is good at practicing magic thunder method and inner alchemy, puts forward that "mind" is the teaching of all laws, discusses the relationship between mind, innocence and Buddhism, and holds that human beings have the three treasures of "essence, qi and yuan god", saying that as long as they grasp their own yuan god, they can reach heaven and abandon other methods, that is, "breaking magic". He wrote a lot of thoughts and put forward some new ideas, which greatly enriched the cultivation content of Tianshi Tao and curse magic. Dong Chuqian and Wu Xianxian studied Lin Lingbao's Donghua Method, Dong Chuqian spread Donghua Method to the thirty-ninth generation of Yicheng, and also learned Quanzhen Neidan, and Zhao, the fourth ancestor of Jingmingdao, also learned Zhengyi, and so on.
In a word, Taoism in Shi Tian absorbed the essence of various schools of Taoism and established its leading position among schools in the south of the Yangtze River. It is called two major Taoist schools together with Quanzhen religion, which is newly emerging in the north. Since then, later generations have been accustomed to refer to all Fuan schools represented by "Shi Tiandao" as "Zhengyi School".
6. After the integration in the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, Taoism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was formally shaped, and it was mainly divided into two schools: the orthodox school with Fuyong magic as the main part and the Quanzhen school with Neidan cultivation as the main part. However, this is also an era when Taoism gradually declined.
In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of Ming Dynasty, divided Taoism into orthodox school and quanzhen school. He believes that Quanzhen Taoism is his own, and Zhengyi can benefit the customs of human relations. Therefore, from the early days of Hongwu in Ming Taizu, the Ming Dynasty ordered Zhengyi School to be in charge of Taoist affairs in the world, and among Zhengyi School, Shi Tian School has always been the main school. Throughout the Ming dynasty, emperors of all dynasties basically respected the orthodox school, and the orthodox school was especially favored by the upper class. Until the early Qing dynasty, the old examples of the Ming dynasty were still used. After Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, the whole Taoism gradually declined in form-especially the orthodox school.
During this period, Zhengyi also had a far-reaching discussion. For example, Zhang Pingchang, the 42nd generation of Shi Tian, is famous for his water-rich skills. For example, the 43rd generation Shi Tian Zhang Yuchu, known as the master of Confucianism, prayed for rain in the 10th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1385), and it was realized immediately. He is one of the most knowledgeable scholars in the past dynasties, and he is also the only talented teacher in the 1930s. He was ordered to edit Taoist scriptures, and many works were left behind. Zhang Yuchu's Taoist theory can be roughly summarized as: 1, affirming the origin of Taoism and climbing the pre-Qin Taoism; 2, internal training is the foundation, and life is double-cultivation; 3. The life theory of the homology of the three religions and the integration of Buddhism and Taoism; 4. Fasting method based on internal refining; 5. Inherit and learn from Quanzhen teaching style and clean up the rules and regulations. During the reign of Sejong in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1522- 1620), scholar Shao prayed for dignitaries with a symbol, but did not write much. In the Qing Dynasty, Lou Jinyuan, a Taoist priest who was a righteous teacher, was also famous for a while. Unfortunately, he didn't elaborate his own Taoism in Wisdom Fofo Agbo, and in order to cater to Yongzheng's Zen thought, he called Taoism "the art of making a living for evil people".
Although Zhang Yuchu is determined to revive Taoism, it is a pity that more Zhang Tianshi people are mediocre and even "illegally sit-in". For example, Zhang Yuanji and Shi Tian, the 46th generation, were driven out of the army because they were "fierce and stubborn", taking good care of their children, taking people's property, killing people. For example, the 48th generation of Shi Tian bribed officials. In the 14th year of Chongzhen (A.D. 164 1), Zhang Yingjing, a Shi Tian of the fifty-second generation, was called into the palace to pray for blessings, and Zhang Tianshi was asked to add the titles of three official gods to the above table, which was not allowed. All these have aroused the dissatisfaction of courtiers, hit the religious enthusiasm of believers, and seriously affected the image of Zhengdiandao and even the whole Taoism, which made the status of Taoism decline in people's minds.
During this period, Zheng He didn't have any more theoretical contents, such as internal corruption, external competition for territory by other folk religions, and criticism of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Zheng He and even Taoism as a whole are going downhill. When it is dry, it will become the "capital of poetry and painting". He has an imperial poem: "How can the tides rise and fall? The second family can mourn for themselves today. Why should I keep painting landscapes and poetry materials to ward off evil spirits?
7. In modern times, there are still schools such as Maoshan, Lingbao, Wei Qing and Jingming. , but it is still represented by Shitian Road. Traditionally, Shitian Road is also called Justice Road. Zongtan Jiangxi Longhu Mountain. The three mountains in Fu You are Longhu Mountain, Maoshan Mountain and Ge jujube hill.
Main references:
Just one, one, one, one
The Seven Signs of Yun Qi
Reflection? Biography of Zhang Lu,
"Once"? Biography of Ada,
Mingshi
Ten commandments of the door
The old gentleman recited the commandments.
Taoist dictionary
Cihai 1999
Huayang guozhi
Jin Shu
Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government
History of Taoism in China, edited by Qing Xitai.
He was the editor-in-chief of History of Taoism in China.