Russian information
Russian administrative system:
Russian Federation, or Russia (Russian Federation, Russia; Российская Федерация,Россия)
Russia
Land area17,075,400 square kilometers.
Population: about 65438+49 million.
It consists of 89 federal entities:
(1) 21* * Republic: Adige, Altai, cortot, Buryatia, Dagestan and Ingushetia. * * Republic, Republic of Mariel, Republic of Moldova, Republic of Saha, Republic of North Ossetia, Republic of Tatarstan, Republic of Tuva.
(2) Six border areas: Altai, Krasnodar, krasnoyarskiy kray, Primorsky Krai, stavropol and Khabarovsk;
(3)49 states: Amur, Arkhangelsk, astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Volgograd, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Irkutsk, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchatka, Kemerovo and Kirov. Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, omsk, orenburg, Oreol, Penza, Perm, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan, Samara, saratov, Sakhalin, Sverdlovsk, Smolensk, Tampov, Ryazan.
(4) two federally administered municipalities: Moscow and St. Petersburg;
(5) 1 Autonomous Prefecture: Utah Autonomous Prefecture;
(6) There are 65,438+00 ethnic autonomous regions: Agaburyat, KonPilmis Yake, Kreiyak, Nenets, Termel (Dorgan Nenets), Usti-Ordinski Buryat, Hantmansiysk, Chukchi, Ewenki, Yamal Nenets.
Russia is a federal country. So these republics are independent political systems under their jurisdiction! It's just like Hongkong and Macau in China! However, this means that these political entities have their own political rights. For example: the right to appoint the prime minister, the right to vote independently, the right to visit the prime minister, certain military power, legislative power (under the premise of the Russian Federation Constitution, it is not allowed to violate the federal constitution) and so on.
Of course, the Russian government does not want them to become independent sovereign countries in the future! This can be seen from the Russian government's handling of Chechnya! However, in recent years, the Chechen independence movement between China and Russia has been very frequent! Russia is a federal country, a collection of states! Therefore, it is hard to say whether it can become a sovereign country independently in the future! It depends on the political trend of Russia in the future, the stability of Russia, the political ties between Russia and big countries such as Europe and America, and so on. However, from now on, this possibility is very small!
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Russian politics:19931February 12, the Russian Federation held a referendum and adopted the first constitution after Russia's independence. On February 25th of the same year, 12, the new constitution came into effect. This constitution established the Russian presidential federal state system. According to the Constitution, the President of the Russian Federation is the head of state, which is the guarantee of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the rights and freedoms of people and citizens. The President decides the internal and external policies of the country in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws; The president appoints the prime minister, deputy prime ministers and ministers of the federal government and presides over the meetings of the federal government; The president is the supreme commander of the national armed forces and leads the national security conference; The president has the right to dissolve the parliament, and the parliament can impeach the president only after accusing the president of treason or other very serious crimes and being confirmed by the Supreme Court. According to the Constitution, the Parliament of the Russian Federation is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation. The Federal Council consists of the Federal Council (upper house) and the State Duma (lower house). The Federal Council consists of two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation: one from the state representative body and the other from the state executive body. Its main functions are to approve federal laws, change the boundaries of federal subjects, issue presidential orders on state of war and emergency, decide on overseas garrison, presidential election and impeachment, and the relations between the central and local governments. The State Duma is the legislative body of Russia, which consists of 450 members and is elected every four years. Half of the seats are elected by one representative from each of the 225 major constituencies in the country, and the other half is allocated by the electoral parties with more than 5% of the votes. According to the Russian Constitution, any political party that does not cross the "threshold" of 5% of the votes cannot not only participate in the allocation of seats for party elections, but also the representatives elected by the party as independent candidates in local constituencies have no right to form parliamentary groups in the State Duma alone. The State Duma is mainly responsible for drafting and formulating national laws, deliberating the appointment of the Prime Minister by the President, and deciding on the trust in the President. The State Duma has more than 20 committees, including the International Affairs Committee, the Security Committee, the National Defense Committee, the Legislative Committee, the Economic Policy Committee and the Ethnic Affairs Committee. (The State Duma was first established in 1906. In the Russian era, this was an elected legislature. 19 17 was dissolved in March. 199 1 After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia elected the first State Duma in1993+February. However, the decision of the State Duma to initiate legal proceedings and the decision of the Federal Council to dismiss the president must be passed by two thirds of all members of both houses of parliament, and no less than one third of the members of the State Duma must make recommendations. According to the Constitution, the Government of the Russian Federation is the executive organ of the Russian Federation. The federal government consists of the prime minister, deputy prime ministers and federal ministers. The Constitution also stipulates that all federal entities (republics, border areas, states, autonomous prefectures and autonomous regions) have equal rights and status. The status of the subject of the Russian Federation can only be changed after mutual consultation between the Russian Federation and the subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the federal constitution.
Russian history:
It is generally believed that the history of Russia should be traced back to the establishment of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. But in Russia, human beings have existed since ancient times.
In the 6th century, Eastern Slavs gradually migrated to Europe and other parts of Russia. In 862, the Valencia led by Ulrik conquered the Eastern Slavs and established the Ulrik dynasty. In 882, Kiev Ross was founded. /kloc-split into several independent principalities in the 0/2nd century. 1237 Mongolian troops invaded and established the Khincha khanate.
Ivan iv Moscow was built in 1 147, Vladimir's grand duke Yuri? Dolgoruki is its founder. In the square in front of the Moscow city government in the middle of Tver Street in the center of Moscow, there has always been a memorial statue of him. He wears a helmet and armor, holds a shield in his left hand and straddles a horse. 1547, Ivan IV, the Grand Duke of Moscow, was crowned czar and built the Kremlin. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually developed into the political, economic, cultural and religious center of Russia in the northeast of China, leading other vassal countries to get rid of the rule of Mongolian Tatars and making Russia an independent country.
In the history of Russia 1000 years, apart from the 240-year Tatar rule, there are only two dynasties. The first dynasty was the Liulik dynasty, which was built in the 9th century. The above-mentioned Kiev Ross period was the beginning of the Lyulik dynasty. 1598 After the death of fedor, the son of Ivan IV (Reddy), the Liulik dynasty perished, and so did the Liulik dynasty, which ruled Russia for more than 700 years.
Romanovi
1605, Godunov died suddenly, and the Russian world was in chaos and entered a "chaotic era". It was not until Minen and Bo Zalsky of Nizhny Novgorod led the militia to drive the Polish invaders out of Moscow that this turbulent period finally ended. 16 13 The nobles elected Mikhail, a relative of Ivan IV, 16 years old. Romanov established the Romanov dynasty as the new czar. This dynasty experienced the rule of 18 czars, and the last czar Nicholas II was overthrown in the Russian February Revolution in 19 17.
Russian Empire
During Peter the Great17th century, many European countries developed rapidly, while Russian serfdom still prevailed. In order to emulate the West, Peter I sent a mission to Western Europe in 1697, and he also visited with the delegation under a pseudonym. After returning to China, a series of reforms, known as the Peter I Reform, were implemented, which enhanced Russia's political, military, economic, scientific, technological and cultural strength. 172 1 year, Peter I declared Russia an empire.
During the period of Catherine II, the territory expanded unprecedentedly, which was called "the golden age of empire".
Russian Republic
After the bourgeois revolution in February, under the control of kerensky and other social revolutionaries and constitutional Democrats, the Russian interim government was established. The government was supported by the original royalists who supported the Tsar, Lenin and Lyon. Trotsky was attacked by the * * * production party on both sides, and the government adopted a severe repression policy against the opposition forces on both sides. During the government's rule, administrative corruption, economic collapse, and participation in the imperialist World War I made it unpopular. Finally, in 19 17 10, kerensky was overthrown by the October Revolution, and some leaders were arrested or fled, while others became leaders of anti-Soviet armed rebellion. After the Russian civil war, the Bolsheviks came to power.
Soviet-era rule
19 17 After the October Revolution, the Soviet * * * Production Party came to power, implemented the * * * production policy, and absorbed other small countries to join, naming the country the Soviet Union. At the beginning of the establishment of the government, there was a civil war between the Red Army and the White Army, and the Red Army won. After Lenin's death, Stalin took the leadership and practiced dictatorship. In addition, successive Soviet leaders include Khrushchev, Brezhnev, andropov, Chekanenko and Gorbachev. In the 1950s and 1970s, the Cold War broke out in western capitalist countries such as the Soviet Union and the United States. In the 1990s, countries that joined the Soviet Union became independent one after another, and the Soviet regime disintegrated on 199 1.
Modern Russia
After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the name of Russia was "Russian Federation", and capitalism and presidential system were implemented. Yeltsin was the first president and Putin was the second (and current) president. The Russian Federation has strengthened its cooperation with the West, but the Chechen issue remains unresolved.