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Myths and legends, local folk customs, idioms and sayings related to the land

Myths and legends related to land:

1: God of land.

The origin of the earth god: In ancient China, there was a custom of offering earth to the community. The community is the smallest administrative unit of the local area. The annotation of the "Sacrifice" chapter of "Book of Rites" states, "The officials and the lower class include scholars and common people, who live in groups. If there are more than a hundred families, a community can be established." The "Five Elements Chronicles" of "Hanshu" is also called "the old system, twenty-five families were one community". The ancients respected heaven and loved the earth. "The land is vast and cannot be respected everywhere, so the land is sealed as a community and worshiped in order to repay the merits." In order to repay the gift of the earth, earth was sacrificed to the society. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the god of the society was called She Gong or land, and those who called the land even worse. The god of society had no name at first. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, people regarded officials who had done good deeds or were honest during their lifetime as land gods, and thus they had personalities and surnames. The "She Shen Pin" in the Dao Jing "Tao Yao Ling Zhi Shen Gu Pin Jing" once quoted from "Laozi's Catalog of Heaven and Earth Ghosts and Gods" saying, "The Shen Shen of the capital, the official minister of heaven, has yin on the left and yang on the right, and his surname is Huang Ming Chong. This is the calendar of Yangzhou and Jiujiang. Yang people also have the rank of thousands of stones, and they are the masters of famous mountains and gods. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people began to use celebrities as the land of all parties. With the gradual improvement of the grassroots bureaucratic system, the land god also evolved into the lowest level god in the Taoist hierarchy who could only manage the local area. Volume 5 of "Sou Shen Ji" of the Eastern Jin Dynasty stated that Jiang Ziwen, a native of Guangling, died chasing a thief. After Sun Quan came to power, Jiang Ziwen appeared and said: I should be the god of this land to bless the people."

Second, supplementing the Earth God

The Earth God was called the Earth in later generations, and the altar (shetan) for worshiping soil evolved into the Earth Temple. Among the numerous sacred families among Chinese folk, the God of Earth can be regarded as the most popular deity. In the old days, villages in rural China could live without other temples, but they could not live without earth temples. The earth master lives in the earth temple. If the temple is spacious and the supplies are abundant, he will also move the earth grandmother to live with him. The land master is a parent official, and he has to take care of everything on the land, no matter how big or small. Demons, monsters, evil spirits and the like can also be registered in the land, so even Sun Wukong, the Monkey King who caused trouble in the Heavenly Palace, sometimes seeks him. Sun Xingzhe protected the Tang Dynasty monks from going to the west to learn Buddhist scriptures. Whenever he encountered monsters causing trouble in any place he visited, he would first call out the local land to ask what was going on. Origin and formation In general folk beliefs, most gods have clear origins, but the origins of earth gods are many and there are too many legends to mention. Here are two examples.

One theory is: Zhang Fude, an official of the Zhou Dynasty, was born on February 2, the second year of King Wu of Zhou Dynasty. He was smart and filial since he was a child. At the age of thirty-six, he became the chief tax collector of the court. He was an honest and diligent official. The government loved the people until King Mu of the Zhou Dynasty passed away in the third year at the age of 102. There was a poor family who built a stone house surrounded by four big stones to worship. Soon, they turned from poverty to wealth. The people believed in God's blessings and jointly built a temple and built a golden body to worship. , named after it and revered as the "God of Fortune and Righteousness", so businessmen often worship it in order to develop their business.

Another story is: Zhang Mingde (or Zhang Fude), a servant of a high-ranking official in the Zhou Dynasty, went to a distant place to serve as an official, leaving behind a young daughter at home. Zhang Mingde took the daughter to look for her father, but encountered a snowstorm on the way and took off her clothes. To protect the Lord, he froze to death on the way. When he was about to die, nine characters "Nantianmen Daxian Fu Zhengshen" appeared in the air, and he was given the title of a loyal servant. In memory of his loyalty, the superior built a temple to worship him. King Wu of Zhou was moved and said: "A person with such a heart can be called a doctor." Therefore, there are those who wear the prime minister's hat in the land.

3. Jumang

Jumang (or Julong) is a descendant of Shaohao, with a great name, and is Fu Xichen. After death, he became the god of wood (god of spring), responsible for the sprouting and growth of trees.

The sun rises from Fusang every morning. The sacred tree Fusang belongs to Jumangguan, and the area where the sun rises also belongs to Jumangguan. Jumang was very important in ancient times and was part of the annual spring festival. His original appearance was that of a bird - with the body of a bird and the face of a human, riding on two dragons, but later he had no influence at all. However, we can see him in sacrificial ceremonies and New Year paintings: he turns into a shepherd boy riding a bull in spring, with a double bun on his head and a willow whip in his hand, also known as Mang Boy.

What is Jumang’s image like? According to the data, the original image of Jumang, the god of spring, was a bird with a human face. "The Classic of Mountains and Seas·Haiwaidong Jing" says: "Eastern Jumang has a bird body and a human face, riding two dragons." Jumang's bird body and human face shows that the Dabaigao tribe living in the east was originally a people who believed in birds as their totem. tribe, and Jumang God may be the totem god of the tribe. Is Jumang, the god of spring, female or male? There is no material to explain.

But the mythical Dabaigao tribe is already a patriarchal tribal society. There is also information that the face of God Jumang is square. Later generations of Jumang pictures were influenced by the historicization of mythology and the patriarchal society. Except for some hairs called "mangs" still retained on the top of the head, they almost completely changed into the image of an ancient courtier.

4. Houtu

The earliest earth god was Houtu. The original meaning of "hou" is the king, so Houtu means the leader of the land and the king of the land. In fact, it is not the name of the land god, but just a general name for the land god. It is said that the first person to hold the post of Houtu or the God of the Earth was Julong, the son of Jianggong. Jiangong was a human body with the body of a dragon. As the God of the Earth, Julong naturally also had the body of a dragon. Yu also served as the God of Hou Tu. Yu controlled the floods and brought peace to the nine states. Yu was actually the founder of the earth. His role as the God of Hou Tu was well deserved.

Houtu was originally just a general name for the god of earth, but after being used too much, it gradually evolved into the name of the god of earth. However, the gods of Houtu such as Julong and Yu were forgotten, so Houtu became Evolved into a concrete god. Because in the concept of the ancients, the sky belongs to Yang and the earth belongs to Yin, and Yang is male and Yin is female, Houtu gradually became female. The people called her the Queen of Houtu, and the statue in Houtu Temple was also Female statue.

Since people are buried in the earth after death, the God of the land is responsible for the affairs of the underworld. Therefore, Hou Tu has been responsible for managing the underworld since ancient times. Later, the earth gods and earth gods in various places still inherited this Function, so after a person dies, he must first go to the Tu Tu Temple to report to the temple, because the soul of the deceased is allowed to report to the Tu Tu God and Tu Tu Gong.

Chengtian followed the example of Hou Tu Huang Di Zhi, who is the fourth god among the "Four Imperial Gods" of Taoism. He is referred to as "Hou Tu" and is commonly known as "Hou Tu Empress". Coupled with the Jade Emperor who presides over the heaven, she is a female deity who dominates the earth, mountains and rivers.

Houtu belief originated from the worship of land in ancient China. "Book of Rites: Du Te Sheng" says: "The earth carries all things, and the sky hangs down like it. The materials are taken from the earth, and the laws are taken from the sky. This is to respect the sky and be close to the earth. Therefore, we teach the people good things and repay them." In ancient times, people's lives depended on Therefore, they were "close to the earth" and "beautifully rewarded and offered sacrifices", so there was the worship of "Houtu", which probably began in the Spring and Autumn Period.

5. City God (this should be classified as related)

Chinese folk and Taoists believe in the god who protects the city, "Shuowen Jiezi" says:

"The city is to prosper the people" and "the emperor is the city. If there is water, it is called a pool, and if there is no water, it is called the emperor." ① "The Book of Changes" also has the words "the city is restored to the emperor, do not use teachers" ② The word "city emperor" is used together , first seen in Ban Gu's "Preface to Liangdu Fu": "The capital built palaces and dredged the city god." ③ The ancients said that the worship of the city god began with Yao, the Han, and the Three Kingdoms. However, the evidence is insufficient and cannot be relied upon. . Those who have history can be found in the "Book of Northern Qi·Biography of Murong Yan" recorded in the Southern and Northern Dynasties: In the sixth year of Emperor Wenxuan of the Northern Qi Dynasty (555), Murong Yan was guarding Yingcheng and was surrounded by Liang Jun of the Southern Dynasty. Liang Jun cut off the water supply with Di flood, and the situation was critical.

"There was a shrine in the city, commonly known as the City God, where people prayed for both public and private matters. Therefore, in compliance with the wishes of the soldiers, they prayed together, hoping to receive blessings from the underworld. After a while, the strong wind blew up, The stormy waves surged and broke the flood waters."④ This is the earliest record of the appearance of the City God to protect the city.

Worshiping the City God has become more popular in the Tang Dynasty. "Taiping Guangji" Volume 333 "Xuanzhou Division" The "Hu" article quoted from "Jiwen" said that in the Tang Dynasty, "Wu customs were afraid of ghosts, and every state and county must have a city god." ⑤ In the Tang Dynasty, many local governors wrote articles about city god sacrifices and offered sacrifices to the city god. In the fifth year of Kaiyuan (717), Zhang Shuo first wrote the "Essay on Sacrifice to the City God", followed by Zhang Jiuling, Xu Yuan, Han Yu, Du Mu, Li Shangyin and others. Li Yangbing, Duan Quanwei, Lu Shu and others wrote "The Story of the City God Temple", Du Fu and Yang Shi'e wrote "Poems about the City God"

Belief in the City God God became a custom in the Tang Dynasty, so that "you must pray for floods, droughts and epidemics" ⑥During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the city god had been given a title.

According to Volume 34 of "Cefu Yuangui", "Emperor Ministry Chongsi III": In the first year of Qingtai (934), the emperor of the late Tang Dynasty ordered the Huguo Temple in Hangzhou to be renamed King Chongde, and the city god was renamed King Baoning of Shunyi. The City God of Huzhou conferred the title of King Fusu Ancheng, and the City God of Yuezhou conferred the title of King Xingdebaojun. In the third year of Qianyou (950), Emperor Yin of the Han Dynasty, pirates attacked Mengzhou. The people of the state prayed to the gods and the city was not captured. Therefore, the city god of Mengzhou was named the King of Inspiration

In the Song Dynasty, the belief in the city god was incorporated into the state. Sacrifice ceremony. According to "History of the Song Dynasty·Book of Rites VIII": Since Kaibao and Huangyou, all those who are famous in the world, whose merits have contributed to the livelihood of the people, who have palaces, mausoleums and temples, famous mountains and rivers, who can make clouds and rains rise, have been decorated with honors and added to the list. There are sacrificial rituals, state and county town gods, prayers and responses, and there are so many blessings that it is impossible to list them all. "Bin Tui Lu" of the Song Dynasty and Zhao Yu Dynasty said that the city god of the Song Dynasty was: "Today he has been worshiped several times all over the world. The court may grant him a temple title or confer a title. Those who have not ordered him may take the name of a neighboring county or inherit the name of the county according to the customs. Different counties are different." 7 Zhao Yushi also listed dozens of city gods who had temples and titles.

With tens of millions of mountains gnawing at them, the Hui Han people on both sides of the Yellow River can only live a life of slash-and-burn farming on the tops of the mountains and at the bottom of the ditches.

At that time, Ningxia was not a flat plain, but was covered with overlapping green mountains and criss-crossing ravines. There was no flat field, and no field could be filled with water from the Yellow River.

Legend has it that there are several households of Hui and Han people living on Niushou Mountain. Several generations of them carry water at the bottom of the mountain and farm on the top of the mountain. The old and the young are busy all the time, but they don't have enough to eat or wear. No one can bear this torture for a long time.

One year, an old man named De, who was over seventy years old, opened a melon orchard on the mountain and planted some cucumbers. He got up early every day and went to the Yellow River to water the cucumbers. His shoulders were swollen and the soles of his feet were peeling. He carefully cultivated the cucumbers, and they grew tender and sweet.

The old man De was tired that day and fell asleep lying on the vegetable garden door.

As soon as he fell asleep, he dreamed of a white cloud floating in the sky. Gradually, the white cloud turned into a white-bearded imam, trembling his silver beard, and said to Mr. De: "Today there is an imam." You should pay attention to the two strong winds. There is a yellow wind at noon, which can make cucumbers wither; and there is a black wind in the afternoon, which can make cucumbers fall off. >

When the old man woke up, he saw that the white-bearded imam was no longer there. Instead, he saw that the yellow wind from the north was blowing all over the sky and came to Niushou Mountain. I felt very sad that a year's hard work had been wasted, but when I thought of the white-bearded imam's words, I didn't move.

At noon, a black wind passed by, shaking the mountains and shaking the leaves, and dropped a layer of leaves. Another layer. The old man saw that the cucumber was about to fall to the ground. He was so angry that he picked off a small and wilted cucumber and threw it into the Yellow River. It was like a god cutting it with a knife. Chu Di saw the bottom of the river. When the old man swooped down, the river suddenly closed up again. The old man was tired and hungry. He sat on the river bank, blinking, and the golden flowers were dancing, feeling dizzy. I don’t know anymore.

At this time, the old man De heard the white-bearded imam say again, "This cucumber is the key to conquering the Yellow River. It can stop the Yellow River from flowing, and it can also make the Yellow River listen to others. But now the Yellow River is tormenting the two Iblis, Huang Feng and Black Wind. You cannot be impatient, you must be patient, and you must work harder. Next year, you plant another garden of cucumbers. When the cucumbers are ripe, you pick the biggest one and throw it into the Yellow River. At that time, you walked into the cave at the bottom of the river. You could pick out the jewelry, get the grain, and have a sword that could slay dragons and demons, and tame the Yellow River. Wherever you pointed, the Yellow River water would flow. ”

The next year, the industrious old man from Germany planted another garden of cucumbers. He was not afraid of the long journey and did not hesitate to sweat, carrying water from the Yellow River to water the melons. The hard work paid off, and in the end, the garden There was a three-foot-long cucumber inside, which looked like a key. The old man happily slept in the melon garden day and night until the melon was ripe.

On this day, the weather was so clear that there was no cloud. The old man picked off the three-foot-long cucumber, said "Tasmi", and threw it into the Yellow River. At this time, he heard a roar from the Yellow River, and a long crack was opened, and the stones on the bottom of the river could be clearly seen. Chu. The old man went down to the bottom of the river and saw a hole near the river bank. There were all kinds of pearls and agates in the hole. When he just walked out, he heard a strong wind roaring and waves rolling on the river. Pass a wave.

The old man De picked up his sword and slashed dozens of swords at the black whirlwind and yellow whirlwind left and right. After a while, the black wind and yellow wind blew out of the sky.

At this time, the broken seams of the Yellow River gradually closed. The old man De remembered the white-bearded imam's instructions that this sword could conquer the Yellow River. He became enlightened and thought: I will let the Yellow River fill the trenches and silt the mountain ridges. The old man held two swords and slashed down the Yellow River. The water of the Yellow River stopped flowing immediately, as if there was a Great Wall in front of it, but it was getting higher and higher. It looked really scary from a distance.

Three days later, from Liupan Mountain in the south to Helan Mountain in the west, there was water everywhere, leaving only a few mountain peaks. Only then did the old man De draw his sword and let the water of the Yellow River flow forward.

From then on, Ningxia, a mountainous country with deep mountains and deep ravines, turned into a smooth river. The Hui Han people living on both sides of the Yellow River relied on their hard-working hands to dig canals and cultivate fields, and lived a happy life.

Myths and legends:

When Dayu governed the Yellow River, he had three treasures: the first was a river map; the second was a mountain-opening ax; and the third was a water-avoiding sword. Legend has it that the River Map was given to Dayu by He Bo, the god of water in the Yellow River.

In ancient times, there was a man named Feng Yi in Tong Township, Huayin. He was restless in farming and wanted to become an immortal. He heard that if a person drinks the juice of daffodils for a hundred days, he can transform into a fairy body. So I looked for daffodils everywhere.

Before Dayu regulated the Yellow River, the Yellow River had no fixed channel and flowed everywhere, often causing disasters. The ground is full of streams, ditches and forks, all filled with Yellow River water. Feng Yi ran around looking for daffodils, often crossing, crossing, and crossing the Yellow River, and often dealing with the Yellow River. Ninety-nine days later, he found a daffodil and sucked its juice for a day, and he became an immortal. Feng Yi was very proud and crossed the Yellow River to a small village to find daffodils. The water here was not deep, so Feng Yi waded across the river. When he reached the middle of the river, the water suddenly rose. He panicked, slipped, fell into the Yellow River, and drowned alive.

After Feng Yi died, he was full of grievances and resentment. He hated the Yellow River with gnashing of teeth, and went to the Jade Emperor to complain about the Yellow River. The Jade Emperor was also very angry when he heard that no one was controlling the Yellow River, and it was flowing wildly everywhere, endangering the people. Seeing that Feng Yi had sucked the juice of the ninety-nine-day narcissus flower and was about to become an immortal, he asked Feng Yi if he would like to become the Yellow River Water God and regulate the Yellow River. Feng Yi was overjoyed. Full of agreement. This way, he can fulfill his wish to become an immortal, and secondly, he can avenge himself for being drowned.

Feng Yi became the water god of the Yellow River and was known as He Bo. He had never had to control floods before, so he suddenly took on the task of regulating the Yellow River. He was helpless and worried. What to do? Since I was not very knowledgeable and had no magical skills, I had no choice but to ask the Jade Emperor for advice. The Jade Emperor told him that in order to manage the Yellow River well, we must first understand the water conditions of the Yellow River and draw a river map. With the water conditions and river map of the Yellow River as a basis, it will be much easier to manage the Yellow River.

He Bo followed the Jade Emperor's instructions and wanted to draw a map of the river. He first went to his hometown and wanted to ask the villagers for help. The villagers all hated him for being idle and indolent, and no one paid him any attention. He went to the old man in the village and told him about his ambition to control the Yellow River. Later, when the old man saw that he had become an immortal and wanted to do something good for the people, he agreed to help him. From then on, Hebo and Hou Laohan traveled through mountains and rivers in all weathers to observe the water conditions of the Yellow River. The two of them ran away for several years, which finally made the old man sick from exhaustion. Later, the old man had no choice but to go back, leaving He Bo to continue observing the water conditions along the Yellow River. When we parted, the old man Hou repeatedly told He Bo that he should work hard to the end and not give up halfway. He would start regulating the Yellow River after drawing the map. There were not enough manpower, so he persuaded the villagers to help.

Checking water conditions and drawing river maps is a chore. By the time He Bo finished drawing the river, he was already old and weak. He Bo looked at the river map and clearly drew where the Yellow River is deep and where it is shallow; where it is easy to break the embankment and where it is easy to burst; where it should be dug and where it should be blocked; where the water can be cut off and where the flood can be drained. I can only lament that I don’t have the strength to regulate the Yellow River according to the plan, which is very sad. He Bo thought that one day there would be a capable person to manage the Yellow River. At that time, granting him the river map would mean that he had not worried in vain.

He Bo spent his remaining years peacefully under the Yellow River and never appeared again. Unexpectedly, the Yellow River continued to rise and flooded frequently. The people knew that the Jade Emperor sent He Bo to control the water, but they did not see his face. They all scolded He Bo for not fulfilling his duties and not caring about the lives of the people.

The old man looked forward to Hebo every day in his hospital bed, and they didn't see him for several years. He was worried about the management of the Yellow River and wanted to find He Bo. His son's name was Yi, and he was a master of archery. No matter what the old man said, Yi would not let him go to He Bo. Later, the old man refused to listen to his son's dissuasion. As a result, he encountered a burst in the Yellow River and was washed away and drowned. Even his body was not found.

Hou Yi hated He Bo very much and said through gritted teeth that he would shoot He Bo to death sooner or later.

Later, when Dayu came out to control the floods, Hebo decided to give him the Yellow River map.

On this day, Hebo heard that Dayu came to the Yellow River with a mountain-opening ax and a water-avoiding sword, so he came out from the bottom of the water with the river map to look for Dayu. He Bo and Dayu had never met before, and they did not recognize each other. He Bo walked for a long time and was so tired that he wanted to take a rest when he saw a young man walking on the other side of the river. This young man was brave and majestic, he must be Dayu, so He Bo shouted and asked: "Hey, who are you?"

The young man on the other side was not Dayu, but Hou Yi. He looked up and saw an immortal old man shouting from the other side of the river, and asked: "Who are you?"

He Bo said loudly: "I am He Bo. You are Dayu." When Hou Yi heard that it was He Bo, he immediately became angry and sneered, saying, "I am Dayu." As he spoke, he drew his bow and drew an arrow, "whoosh". The arrow hit He Bo's left eye. He Bo pulled out the arrow and covered his eyes, sweating from the pain. He cursed in his heart: "Damn Dayu, you are so unreasonable!" The more he thought about it, the angrier he became, and he went to tear up the water map. At this moment, there was a sudden shout: "He Bo! Don't tear up the picture." He Bo reluctantly looked with his right eye and saw a man wearing a bamboo hat on the other side, stopping Hou Yi. This man was Dayu. He knew that He Bo had drawn a map of the Yellow River and was about to ask He Bo for advice. Hou Yi pushed Dayu away and stretched his bow again. Dayu grabbed him tightly and told He Bo about the difficulties of drawing pictures. Hou Yi regretted his rashness and shot He Bo out of his left eye.

Hou Yi waded across the river with Dayu. Hou Yi admitted his fault to He Bo. Hebo knew that Hou Yi was the son of Hou Laohan, so he didn't blame him much. Dayu said to He Bo: "I am Dayu, and I came to you specifically to ask for advice on how to regulate the Yellow River."

He Bo said: "My efforts and methods of regulating the river are all on this map. , I will grant it to you now."

When Dayu showed the picture, he saw that the picture was densely packed with circles, clearly depicting the water conditions up and down, left and right of the Yellow River. Dayu was very happy. He wanted to thank He Bo, but when he raised his head, He Bo jumped into the Yellow River and disappeared.

Dayu obtained a map of the water conditions of the Yellow River and worked day and night. According to the instructions on the map, he finally controlled the Yellow River

The Yuan Dynasty poet Sadura's "Crossing the Ancient Yellow River Embankment": "The Yellow River has been in ancient times, but now it is cultivated land. The roads are connected to Tianjin, and the sea turns into dust."

It is said that a long time ago, the ancient Yellow River was a wild horse that was difficult to tame. It ran at will, like a wild horse. The grinning monster roared day and night, devouring thousands of hectares of fertile land. With millions of mountains gnawing at them, the Hui Han people on both sides of the Yellow River can only live a life of slash-and-burn farming on the tops of the mountains and at the bottom of the ditches.

At that time, Ningxia was not a flat plain, but was covered with overlapping green mountains and crisscrossing ravines. There was no flat field, and no field could be filled with water from the Yellow River.

Legend has it that there are several households of Hui and Han people living on Niushou Mountain. Several generations of them carry water at the bottom of the mountain and farm on the top of the mountain. The old and the young are busy all the time, but they don't have enough to eat and don't have enough clothes to wear. No one can bear this torture for a long time.

The old man De was tired that day and fell asleep lying on the garden door.

Nostalgic feeling

Nostalgia; Tu: Homeland, hometown. The feeling of missing one’s hometown.

Source: "Wu Shu" by Han Banbiao. The words of death cut off the love for the earth, the name of Gao Sihao, the love that cut the skin. ”

Mountain Tai does not exclude soil

Mountain Tai does not exclude small soil and rocks, so it can be so high. It is a metaphor for people who are big and can tolerate different things.

Source "Historical Records·Li Siwu Biography": "This is because Mount Tai does not allow soil, so it can grow as big as possible; rivers and seas do not accept small streams, so they can grow as deep as possible.

"...

Underground revision

According to Jin Wangyin's "Book of Jin", Zhongmu ordered Su Shao to appear after his death and told his cousin Su Jie that Yan Yuan and Bu Shang Now he is the underground Xiu Wen Lang; all eight Xiu Wen Lang are the saints of ghosts. /p>

The Landlord's Rituals

See "The Landlord's Friendship"

The Landlord's Friendship

"Zuo Zhuan·Twelve Years of Duke Ai": " Zifu Jingbo said to Zicai: "The meeting of the princes has been completed. The princes have paid tribute, and the landowners have returned to pay their respects." ’” Du Xuan’s note: “Uncle Hou pays homage as a courtesy. Landlord, the owner of the meeting. Yuck, creature. "Kong Yingda Shu said: "To give courtesy to guests should be said to be done with courtesy, or to provide food and drinks for them. Later, "the friendship of the landlord" was used to refer to the courtesy and food gifts given by local hosts to visitors.

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