Central historical view of Central Plains
On the surface, she is a regional culture. At a deeper level, she is not an ordinary regional culture, but the root and backbone of China traditional culture, which occupies a prominent position in the history of China cultural development. Specifically, it includes the following items 17.
1, prehistoric culture The prehistoric culture in the Central Plains has a long history, rich contents and extensive fields. About 8000 years ago, Peiligang culture unearthed hundreds of ground stone tools and pottery at Peiligang site in Xinzheng. At the Jiahu site in Wuyang, 53 Neolithic houses, 370 caves, 13 pottery kilns, ash pits, tombs and urn coffins were unearthed, and nearly 5,000 cultural relics were unearthed, especially the oldest and best-preserved human bones in the world. Unearthed wine-making cultural relics, copied American recipes, and produced ancient wine 9,000 years ago, which caused a sensation in the world.
A large number of painted pottery and polished stone tools were unearthed in Yangshao culture 7000 years ago, which fully reflected the production and living conditions of ancestors in Neolithic Age. During the Longshan culture period 5,000 years ago, Henan also found quite rich pottery animal reliefs and cultural relics, such as ding, cans and pots.
It can be seen that prehistoric culture has been discovered in more than one place in Henan, not just a few historical relics in several places, but a continuous and large-scale historical relic. All these fully show that Henan is in a leading position in the whole prehistoric civilization period, and it is enough to show that the Central Plains is one of the earliest places where Chinese national civilization started.
2. Dragon culture is a symbol of wisdom, courage, auspiciousness and dignity. Henan is the hometown of dragons.
Taihao Fuxi, known as the ancestor of mankind, created a dragon totem in Huaiyang, Zhoukou today, realizing the first great integration of many ancient tribes. The Yellow Emperor, known as another ancestor of mankind, used dragons as the totem of new tribes in Xinzheng today in order to unite the thoughts and spirits of the tribes in the Yellow River Basin. Today, China people are called "descendants of the Chinese people" and "descendants of dragons", which is why they came. Judging from the unearthed cultural relics, the dragon cultural relics discovered in our province not only have a long history, but also are the most authentic.
Long Bang in Puyang, 6400 years ago, is the earliest dragon image in China, and it is praised as "a dragon in China" by the archaeological community. The large turquoise dragon found in Erlitou site of Yanshi, the first capital of China, was named "Dragon" by scholars at least 3700 years ago, and so on. These dragon objects come down in one continuous line from Xia, Shang, Zhou, Han, Tang, Ming and Qing dynasties, and they are the source of the dragon totem of the Chinese nation, which can be said to be the ancestors of various dragon statues in the Forbidden City in Beijing.
Many folk customs in the Central Plains and all over the country are also related to dragons, such as dancing dragon lanterns on festive days, offering sacrifices to the dragon king on the second day of the second lunar month, eating Longxu Noodles and racing dragon boats on the Dragon Boat Festival. These cultures are not only spread and passed down in China, but also brought to all parts of the world by overseas Chinese. In residential areas of China or in China, dragons are the most conspicuous decorations in the world.
The dragon image, which originated in the Central Plains, has become the symbol of the Chinese nation, the spiritual core of Chinese civilization, the bond and spiritual pillar of unity of the Chinese nation. 3. In the political and cultural history, the Central Plains has long been a big stage for political competition, regime change and regime evolution. Numerous major political events and activities have taken place, accumulated a lot of political wisdom and experience, and formed a very rich political culture.
Huangdi is recognized as the ancestor, who created the initial regime and established the embryonic form of state governance. From Yao Shunyu's abdication system to Xia, Shang and Zhou's hereditary system, the tribal alliance was transformed into a slave country.
After that, political behaviors such as disputes, exchanges and alliances between countries constantly promoted the development of political power, opened the precedent of feudal society and formed a relatively perfect feudal system. For more than 3,000 years from the summer to the Song Dynasty, Henan has always been the political, economic and cultural center of our country, and more than 200 emperors have established or moved their capitals here, forming several peaks and glories of political civilization.
Of the eight ancient capitals in China, four are in Henan: Kaifeng, Luoyang, Anyang and Zhengzhou. China's "competing for the Central Plains", "winning the Central Plains" and "winning the Central Plains will win the world" came from this.
4. Sage culture has different cultural backgrounds and worship among the four ancient civilizations in the world. India worships animals, Greece and Egypt worship gods, and China worships sages very much. As an important birthplace of Chinese culture, many cultural saints have emerged in the Central Plains, and they are very famous.
Such as Jiang Taigong, Laozi, Mozi, Fan Li, Zhang Zhongjing, Zhang Heng, Xu Shen, Du Fu, Wu Daozi and Zhu Zaipan. They are not only admired by people for their great personality, but also created a large number of classic works with their rich knowledge and profound thoughts, which have become immortal monuments in the history of China's cultural development. The Tao Te Ching, written by Laozi, a thinker in the Spring and Autumn Period, explains the evolution of everything in the universe with Tao and expounds a large number of simple dialectical views, which has had a far-reaching impact on China's ideological and cultural development for more than 2,000 years, and its circulation in the world is second only to that of the Bible.
Mozi's view of "loving each other and bringing out the best in each other", Zhuangzi's view of "heaven and earth are with me, and everything is with me", and Han Feizi's ruling thought, which is centered on "law" and integrates "law, technique and potential", has been paid attention to by rulers of all dynasties and has had a great influence on ordinary people. 5. Ideology and Culture The ideology and culture of the Central Plains is the core of the Chinese nation's ideology and culture, and it is also a master of a hundred schools of thought.
Confucius is a pioneer of Confucianism. Although he was born in Shandong, his ancestral home was in Henan, and the main activity area of Confucius' lecture lobbying was in the Central Plains. Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty initiated by Luoyang people Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi pushed Confucianism to a new ideological peak and became the dominant thought since Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Laozi, the ancestor of Taoism, was born in Luyi, Henan. He has lived in Henan for a long time, and the Tao Te Ching was written in Henan. Han Feizi, the main representative of Legalism, is also from Henan.
Generally speaking, the Central Plains ideology and culture conveys a vigorous, self-reliant, moderate and harmonious philosophy of life, and not only implies "innovation and progress".
2. The customs, history and culture of the Central Plains The Central Plains is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and is one of the birthplaces of ancient civilization in China. At the latest, 500 thousand years ago, human beings lived and multiplied here. Seven or eight thousand years ago, during the Peiligang cultural period, handicrafts such as agriculture, animal husbandry and pottery were already produced here; By the middle and late period of Longshan culture more than 4,000 years ago, the Central Plains had entered the era of using stones and bronzes, and private ownership and class sprouted, and then the Xia Dynasty, the first slave country in China's history, appeared. Since then, Xibe and Yin He, the capitals of Shang Dynasty, have been in Henan. Oracle Bone Inscriptions discovered in Anyang Yin Ruins is the earliest written and historical document in the world. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, many famous politicians and philosophers emerged in the political, ideological and cultural fields. After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Sanchuan, Nanyang, Yingchuan, Hanoi, Dong Jun and Chenjun were established in today's Henan. After the Han Dynasty, Henan's economy and culture were still in the forefront of the country. Luoyang was the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Henan became the national political, economic and cultural center. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the three countries formed a three-legged situation, and Henan was the place of four wars. During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were years of wars, and agricultural and handicraft production was seriously damaged. It was not until the early 7th century that a unified national political power was re-established-after the Tang Dynasty-that the Central Plains got rid of the situation of long-term war.
From the establishment of the Tang Dynasty to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, Henan's economy and culture reached its peak. At the end of Sui Dynasty, Luoyang was established as the eastern capital, and the Grand Canal was dug around Luoyang to communicate with the north and south until the Northern Song Dynasty, which promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south. In the Tang Dynasty, Henan was still a place where talents gathered. Because of Henan's important position and relatively developed economy, the five dynasties all established their capitals in Henan. However, in the later period, the war north of the Yangtze River continued, and the people of the Central Plains suffered greatly. It was not until the unified state power of the Northern Song Dynasty was re-established in Zhao Kuangyin that the people of the Central Plains lived a peaceful life again. Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, once again became the political, economic and cultural center of the country. At that time, Kaifeng, with a population of over 1 10,000, was the largest city in China, accounting for half of the country's commercial trade volume, and it was extremely prosperous in all aspects, which can be said to be the golden age of Henan's history in the Middle Ages. After the Southern Song Dynasty, it was the mid-term decline period of Henan's social and historical development. The provincial system implemented in the Yuan Dynasty represented the prosperity of the Song Dynasty, which was inherited by the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The territory of Henan Province is roughly the same as that of today's Henan Province. During this period, Henan's economy and culture lagged behind Jiangnan and other northern provinces and regions.
After entering modern times, with China gradually reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, the social contradictions in Henan became increasingly intensified. /kloc-In the 1950s and 1960s of 0/9, peasant uprisings were ignited everywhere in the north and south of the Yangtze River, and they merged into a massive Nianjun uprising. In addition, the Taiping Army entered and exited Henan many times, which formed a large-scale peasant anti-feudalism, and Henan became the center of peasant uprising in Huanghuai River Basin. After the failure of the uprising, under the joint oppression and exploitation of feudalism and imperialism, Henan's agriculture declined and its social economy went from bad to worse. At that time, the cultural and ideological circles in Henan were still dominated by Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that the new economy of state capitalism broke ground, but it was still very young and weak. At this time, ethnic contradictions and class contradictions in Henan region intensified rapidly, and various forms of peasants' anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggles went hand in hand. At the same time, some bourgeois elements or enlightened gentry transformed into bourgeois also stepped onto the political stage, and successively launched campaigns to contain American goods, recover Jiaozuo coal mine, oppose imperialism's plundering of Henan railway construction rights, and demand constitutional monarchy. The bourgeois democratic revolutionaries took advantage of the upsurge of the revolutionary situation to actively carry out the propaganda and organization of the bourgeois national democratic revolution. They set up a bourgeois revolutionary party, the Henan branch of the League, and contacted social parties and farmers in various places to try to arm the uprising. Encouraged by the victory of Wuchang Uprising, Henan revolutionaries immediately instigated a new army in Kaifeng, the provincial capital, and organized armed uprisings in other counties, but all failed, and Henan became one of the few provinces that did not gain "independence".
3. The origin of the Central Plains In a broad sense, the Central Plains is centered on the six ancient capital groups of the Central Plains (Luoyang, Kaifeng, Shangqiu, Anyang, Zhengzhou and Nanyang) and radiates the vast plains in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The narrow sense of the Central Plains refers to the middle of heaven and earth and Zhongzhou Henan.
The word "Central Plains" has changed from the meaning of Yuan Ye, which had no special meaning in the past, to the Henan area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. According to historical records, from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it developed from the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties. At first, the word Zhongyuan sometimes refers to Yuanye, and sometimes refers to the Central Plains. In the later period, it always refers to Henan. The word Central Plains has become a proper regional noun.
At first, the word "Central Plains" meant Yuan Ye. The Book of Songs Xiaoya Jiri says: "Looking at the Central Plains, there is uniformity and holes." The "Central Plains" here refers to the "native China". The Book of Songs Xiaoya Xiaowan says: "There are cymbals in the Central Plains, and Shu Ren adopted them." It's about bean pickers in vilen.
In the Spring and Autumn Period. According to "Guoyu Yue Shang", when the siege of Huiji was lifted, Gou Jian, the king of Yue, apologized to the people and said, "I don't know that my strength is insufficient, but I am guilty of fighting a big country and exposing the bones of the people in the Central Plains. Please be more careful. " Explain that in the Spring and Autumn Period, the word Zhongyuan also had the meaning of vilen. According to the twenty-third year of Zuo Zhuan Gong, the son of the State of Jin was exiled to the State of Chu and was well treated by King Chu. When asked how to repay Chu, Zhong Er replied: "If you use the spirit of the monarch, you will win the battle with the State of Jin. When you meet the Central Plains, you will have three houses for your monarch. Don't die, I will slap you with my left hand and hit you with my right hand to deal with you. " The Central Plains here has a regional meaning. It shows that in the Spring and Autumn Period, the word Zhongyuan began to have the meaning of Zhongyuan. . "Guoyu III" records that on the question of whether to accept Jin Jun, some people advocated killing him. The public said, "No, a man who humiliated a great country was in the Central Plains, and he killed his monarch to pay more attention to it. My son wants to avenge his father, and my minister wants to avenge your monarch. Although it is slightly Qin, what is the problem in the world? " The Central Plains here refers to the vassal states of the Central Plains. In 482 AD, after Fu Cha, the king of Wu, and Jin, Lu, and Zhou were in the Huangchi League, the king gained the hegemony of the vassal state, and the king ordered that "the king's son and dog should complain to Zhou", including the saying that "the former Chu people were wrong and did not undertake the king's affairs". Away from my brotherly country. My late king couldn't bear to close the door, so he took a sword with him, and he was quite arrogant, in order to drive drugs in the Central Plains with King Zhao Chu. God's will has died, and the king of Qi returned to China after his defeat. As for Ying. "Going back to the Central Plains as mentioned in the deeds of ancestors refers to today's Henan Province.
In the Han Dynasty, the word "Central Plains" mostly referred to Henan. In the chaos of the Seven Kingdoms that occurred during the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, Zhu commented: "However, you can't be a bird in the original Chinese book because' the virtue of the previous dynasty has not failed, and the people who are happy have no foreign aid'. (Historical Records Biography of Ping Jin Hou) The Central Plains here refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. When Xu Le wrote to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he mentioned the Central Plains when explaining "disintegration." What is metamorphosis? Wu, Chu, Qi and Zhao are also. The Seven Kingdoms conspire against the Great Rebellion, all of which are called Wan Cheng Wang and A few hundred thousand. Prestige is enough to strictly control its territory, and wealth is enough to convince its gentry. However, it is impossible to rush headlong into action. As a bird of the Central Plains, what is the reason? Non-forces are lighter than ordinary people, and soldiers are weaker than Chen She. At that time, the virtue of the first emperor was not declining, and he lived and worked in peace and contentment, and the princes were helpless. This is called disintegration. Therefore, the suffering of the world has not collapsed. "(Han Xu Lechuan) It is said that the king of Wu Chu was captured in the Central Plains. But after the Han Dynasty, the word "Central Plains" still exists in vilen's history books. For example, when Sima Xiangru was sent to the southwest, he said: In order to spread the land to future generations and make it known to future generations, "it is a sage and gentleman who paints the Central Plains with his liver and brain and does not hesitate to moisten weeds with cream." (Biography of Historical Records and Sima Xiangru)
In the Jin Dynasty, especially in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains as a geographical concept began to be widely accepted by people. According to incomplete statistics, the word "Central Plains" appeared 92 times in the 55-volume Book of Jin, with the highest frequency in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and most of it was related to the ambition of the Jin Dynasty to restore the Central Plains. Later, the Song, Qi, Liang and Chen dynasties who lived in the south of the Yangtze River all followed the geographical concept of the Central Plains since the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
4. The Central Plains in the history of China refers to those places where the ancients often used "China" and "Zhongzhou" as synonyms of the Central Plains.
It is generally believed that the ancient Central Plains refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, with ancient Yuzhou as the center and Chinese tribes concentrated. With the great integration of the Chinese nation, Chinese culture, or Zhou Wenhua, has expanded and spread.
Living in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, Chinese people with advanced culture regard themselves as civilized and call themselves Huaxia, which is what distinguishes them from Siyi. With the spread of Chinese culture, some surrounding areas that were barbarians in Xia and Shang Dynasties were also included in the Central Plains Cultural Zone.
In fact, apart from Henan Province, the Central Plains in two weeks mainly includes parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei and Shandong provinces. In a narrow sense, it refers to Henan area.
In the pre-Qin period, it was said that Luoyi (now Luoyang) and Tao Tao (now Dingtao County, Shandong Province) were the centers of the world. With the migration of the Chinese nation to the surrounding areas and the expansion of its activities, ancient Yuzhou was regarded as the center of the world. In the fourteenth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty: "Fu Weijing, south of the Central Plains."
Broadly speaking, it refers to a large area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, or refers to the Yellow River basin. Biography of Li Gang in Song Dynasty: "Since ancient times, the Lord of Zhongxing started in the northwest, so it is enough to have the southeast according to the Central Plains". The Central Plains refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and Zhuge Liang's "example": "When the prize rate is 3,000, the Central Plains is located in the north" refers to the Yellow River basin.
5. An article about the history and culture of the Central Plains 600 words The Central Plains is the birthplace of Chinese civilization and was regarded as the center of the world by the Chinese nation in ancient times. Xia and Shang Dynasties established capitals in Shangqiu, Anyang and Zhengzhou in the Central Plains. Since the Han Dynasty, Luoyang, Nanyang and Kaifeng have become the places where governors will build their capitals. In a broad sense, the Central Plains is centered on the six ancient capital groups of the Central Plains (Luoyang, Kaifeng, Shangqiu, Anyang, Zhengzhou and Nanyang) and radiates the vast plain areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The narrow sense of the Central Plains refers to the middle of heaven and earth and Zhongzhou Henan.
General knowledge of basic culture in China
Scope:
From Taiqing Palace in Luyi County, the ancestral home of Laozi in Li Er,
West to Hangu Pass, old Gigi Lai entered the Pass,
It reaches the Yellow River in the north and the Yangtze River in the south.
Common sense of China culture
Common sense of cultural attribution
national historical and cultural city
Central plains meaning
The origin of the Central Plains
The origin of hundred surnames
translate freely
The Formation of the Concept of Central Plains Region
Zhongyuan fengshui
Zhongyuan culture 1, prehistoric culture
2. Dragon culture
3. Saint culture
4. Ideology and culture
5. Celebrity culture
6. Hero culture
7. Farming culture
8. Business culture
9, science and technology culture
10, Chinese medicine culture
1 1, Chinese character culture
12, poetry culture
13, religious culture
14, folk culture
15, Wushu culture
16, surname culture
17, food culture
18, political culture
1 Ethnic Integration in the Central Plains during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
2. Tang and Five Dynasties
3. Song Liao Jin Yuan
Central plains today
Zhongyuan celebrity
6. The origin of competing in the Central Plains
Pronunciation zhng yuá n zhú lê
Interpretation of the Central Plains: China's Central Plains; One by one: chasing; Deer: a metaphor for the object of political power or struggle. Refers to the rise of the group and compete for the world.
Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records and Huaiyin Hou in the Western Han Dynasty: "Qin lost its deer, and the world chased it."
The formal use of law; As subject and object; Include praise
Take Guo's "The Recovery of Shaanxi" as an example: "At the time of ~, heroes will follow the dragon."
Synonyms compete for the Central Plains.
Lantern riddle Huaxia plum blossom
Therefore, during the Jin Dynasty, Zhao Wangshile was very talented in the sixteen northern countries of Wuhu, but he was self-righteous. He once asked Guangxu, the minister, which emperor in history he could compare with. Guangxu replied: "Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu." . He laughed and said that he could only be Liu Bang's subordinate, but he fought in the Central Plains with Liu Xiu, and then he didn't know who would die.
7. The Central Plains in history refers to the Central Plains of China, which means "Yuan Ye in the world". It refers to the vast area with Henan as the core and extending to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. This area is the birthplace of Chinese civilization and is regarded as the center of the world by the ancient Chinese nation. The ancients often used "China", "Middle Earth" and "Zhongzhou" as synonyms of the Central Plains. It is generally believed that the Central Plains, located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, is the birthplace of ancient Chinese people, which is today's Henan Province. With the great integration of the Chinese nation and the expansion of the Central Plains civilization, the Central Plains region has spread. Chinese people with advanced culture call themselves Huaxia to distinguish them from Siyi. With the spread of Central Plains culture, some areas around Henan in Xia and Shang Dynasties were also included in the Central Plains Cultural Zone. The Central Plains is "joining the Party in the north, Hongnong in the west of Sizhou, Huainan in Yangzhou in the east, Xincai and Anfeng in the middle." This scope mainly includes Henan now, and also includes some places in southern Shanxi, western Jiangsu and northwestern Anhui.
"The source of Hakka dialect is in the whole ancient Central Plains, specifically the vast area south of the Great Wall and north of the Yangtze River." In this way, the Central Plains mentioned above is a "small plain". In the three great migrations of more than 900 years, Hakka ancestors "passed through other vast areas except Heluo area". Influenced by Qin Long culture, Zhao Yan culture, Zhao Jin culture, Qilu culture, Jingchu culture and Wuyue culture. "Visible" ancient central plains "area.
8. Why is Henan the center of the Central Plains? The definition of Central Plains is very vague. The narrow sense of the Central Plains refers to the area around Henan Province today. The Central Plains in a broad sense refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River or the whole Yellow River basin.
The Central Plains is "joining the Party in the north, Hongnong in the west of Sizhou, Huainan in Yangzhou in the east, Xincai and Anfeng in the middle." This scope mainly includes Henan now, and also includes some places in southern Shanxi, western Jiangsu and northwestern Anhui.
"The source of Hakka dialect is in the whole ancient Central Plains, specifically the vast area south of the Great Wall and north of the Yangtze River." In this way, the Central Plains mentioned above is a "small plain". In the three great migrations of more than 900 years, Hakka ancestors "passed through other vast areas except Heluo area". Influenced by Qin Long culture, Zhao Yan culture, Zhao Jin culture, Qilu culture, Jingchu culture and Wuyue culture. "Visible" ancient central plains "area.
Because the ancient * * * soil was not as big as it is now, it was mainly concentrated in Henan, Shaanxi, Shaanxi, Anhui, Shandong and other banks of the Yellow River. For people in the south of the Central Plains, that is, ancient people, it was called pretty; The north of the Great Wall is called barbarians, which is the origin of barbarians.
The ancient Central Plains is the birthplace of China culture, where the ancient sages Confucius and Laozi all came from, and the Chinese ancestor Emperor Yanhuang was also here.
Geographically, Henan is now the center of the ancient Central Plains. From a historical perspective, Luoyang is also the cultural center of China. If Henan is the center of the Central Plains, it is more appropriate to say that Luoyang is the center of the Central Plains.
9. In the history of China, the Central Plains refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River with Luoyang to Kaifeng as the center. In a narrow sense, it refers to today's Henan Province. Corresponding to foreign countries, the Central Plains also refers to China.
The Central Plains, which originally meant "Yuan Ye under heaven", is the birthplace of Chinese civilization and Chinese civilization, the cradle of the Chinese nation and regarded as the center of the world. With the great integration of the Chinese nation and the expansion of the Central Plains civilization, the Central Plains region gradually spread outward, expanding the communication between the Han nationality and all ethnic groups with the Central Plains culture as the core. The reason why the Chinese nation with relatively advanced culture is called China is because it is different from overflowing.
The Central Plains is the region with the largest number of dynasties, the longest history and the largest number of ancient capitals in China, including Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Xuanhan, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Hou Zhao, Yan Qian, Eastern Wei, Northern Qi, Sui, Tang, Wu Zhou, Hou Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin and Later Liang. Among the eight ancient capitals of China with historical records or archaeological evidence, the Central Plains accounts for four, namely, Luoyang in the 13th Dynasty, Kaifeng in the 8th Dynasty, Anyang in the 7th Dynasty, Zhengzhou in the Xia Dynasty, and Shangqiu, Nanyang, Puyang, Xuchang, Dengfeng, Xiayi, Yanshi, Yucheng, Huaiyang and Xinzheng.