Please introduce the Qing Dynasty prime ministers Liu Yong and Ji Xiaolan

Liu Yong, whose courtesy name was Chongru and whose name was Shi'an, was from Zhucheng, Shandong Province. He was born in the 59th year of Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1720) and died in the 10th year of Jiaqing reign (1805) at the age of eighty-five. His posthumous title was Qingzheng, the 16th year of Qianlong reign. Jinshi (1751), and served successively as editor of the Hanlin Academy, Anhui academic administration, Jiangning prefect, Taiyuan prefect, Guangxi examiner, Jiangxi salt road, water transport inspector, Hunan governor, official secretary, river governor, Zhili governor, Tiren Pavilion He is a bachelor and the chief master of the study. He is also a poet and calligrapher. He has "Shi'an Poetry Collection" and "Qingai Tang Tie" handed down from generation to generation.

Looking at his life, he was resourceful and upright, and then he was transferred back to Beijing. Later, he did not agree with the gentry but kept to himself. He changed from being upright and upright to being funny and ambiguous. It was impossible to confront the powerful He gentry

Together with Ji Yun and He Shen, they were the three main halls of the Qianlong Dynasty. Liu Yong, Ji Yun and He Shen were very different in age. They were in their thirties, which meant that their twilight years coincided with He Shen's prime years. Even if they rebelled against peace, they did not stand on the front line of the main force. They were at best staff officers and the like. . It is even said that He Huan saved Ji once, so the relationship between the two is not bad.

Liu Yong is the son of the bachelor Liu Tongxun. His early career advancement and disgrace in the officialdom was largely related to his father's misfortune. Liu Tongxun was a trusted minister of Emperor Qianlong, so in general, Qianlong was relatively caring about Liu Yong during this period. Liu Yong was sent to serve as a scholar in Anhui and Jiangsu, and Emperor Qianlong sent poems to him, which shows his concern and expectation. Later, Liu Yong was sentenced to death for the Yangquzhi County Duan Chenggong deficit case. Qianlong also looked at Liu Tongxun's face and gave him a lighter sentence and reinstated him. Of course, as a member of the officialdom, Liu Yong also paid great attention to maintaining a good relationship with Qianlong. In the autumn of the forty-second year of Qianlong's reign, Liu Yong, who was then the academic administrator of Jiangsu Province, petitioned Emperor Qianlong to publish Qianlong's "Imperial New Yuefu" and "Full Rhyme Poems" so that they could be circulated throughout Jiangsu Province. Provincial publication. This suggestion naturally made Emperor Qianlong feel very comfortable. After a period of time, Liu Yong's official position was also promoted rapidly. Before Liu Tongxun's death, Liu Yong had never been able to become an official in Beijing. After his death, Liu Yong entered the court as an official. Although he was repeatedly reprimanded by Emperor Qianlong for being lazy and ambiguous, his official position was relatively stable. It is said that in the 60th year of Qianlong's reign in Jiaqing, there was a "fight for a big treasure". According to a report given to his monarch by a North Korean official who attended the Zen throne ceremony at that time, Emperor Qianlong refused to hand over the seal when he was about to receive congratulations. Liu Yong stopped the officials from congratulating the new emperor and went inside to ask the Supreme Emperor Qianlong for help. Ask for Dabao. "After half a day's hard work, the soldiers came out with the big treasure and began to give congratulatory gifts." If this record is true, it proves that Liu Yong still maintains a "straightforward" style in important matters and is not blindly ambiguous. At the same time, it was also vaguely seen that Liu Yong, who had been the chief master of the study for a long time, seemed to have a closer relationship with Xinjun Jiaqing.

Ji Yun

(1724-1805)

Ji Yun (jì yún), also known as Xiaolan, Chunfan, late name Shiyun, Taoist name No. Guanyi Taoist. He was born in June of the second year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1724) and died in February of the tenth year of Jiaqing (1805). He lived through the Yongzheng, Qianlong and Jiaqing dynasties at the age of 82. Because he was "smart and eager to learn, he could write articles, and he would be wise in politics if taught" (an inscription given by Emperor Jiaqing), so he was given the posthumous title "Wenda" after his death, and was known as Wenda Gong in his hometown.

Ji Yun’s ancestral home is Shangyuan County, Yingtian Prefecture, and his family is said to be Jijiabian. In the second year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1404), he was ordered to "move his family name to Shijifu" (Qianlong's "Xianxian Chronicle"). He moved to Xianxian County and settled in Sijia, Anminli. He lived in Jingcheng Town, ninety miles east of Xianxian County. By the time Ji Xiaolan arrived, he had moved north for fourteen generations. There is evidence to prove that for the seventh generation since Ji Xiaolan, everyone has been a scholar. The great ancestor Ji Kun (1570-1642) was born in Xiang. He failed in many tests and was famous for his poems. He was the author of the collection of poems "The Remaining Manuscripts of Kao Pavilion". His great-grandfather Ji Yu (1632-1716) was a disciple of the doctoral program at the age of seventeen. He later entered the Imperial Academy and was praised by the emperor for his talent and learning. Grandfather Ji Tianshen (1665-1732) was a supervisor and served as county magistrate. His father, Ji Rongshu (1685-1764), was an imperial examination candidate in the 52nd year of Kangxi (1713). He successively served as an official in the Ministry of Household Affairs and the Ministry of Punishment, and was sent to the prefecture of Yao'an in Yunnan Province. He had a virtuous voice in politics. His moral articles were all famous for a while, and he was especially good at textual criticism. He wrote books such as "Tang Yun Kao", "Du Lv Shu", "Yutai Xin Yong Kao Yi" and other books. By the time of Ji Rongshu, the Ji family had declined but was reviving, and they paid more attention to reading. There is also a saying in his legacy: "Poverty should not cut off the fragrance of books." Ji Xiaolan is the second son of Ji Rongshu. He was born into such a scholarly family.

When Ji Xiaolan was a child, he lived in Cuierzhuang, three miles east of Jingcheng. He began to study at the age of four. At the age of eleven, he went to Beijing with his father and studied in Yunjingshe. At the age of twenty-one, he was a scholar. At the age of twenty-four, he took the Shuntianfu Township Examination and was named Jieyuan. Then my mother died, and I mourned at home and studied behind closed doors. He is talented, quick in writing and diligent in learning. Be knowledgeable about the past and the present. As he said, "he writes obscene dialogues, stays up all night to come up with ideas, and communicates with the world with his articles." He is broad-minded, witty and humorous, and often makes surprising and witty remarks, making him famous in the world.

At the age of thirty-one, he passed the Jinshi examination and ranked fourth in the second class. He entered the Hanlin Academy as a Shujishi, was appointed editor, and handled academic affairs. Ding's father was worried when he was sent to Fujian to study politics for a year. After serving the throne, he moved to serve as a reading and lecturer, and was promoted to the right concubine, in charge of the prince's affairs. In the thirty-third year of Qianlong's reign (1768), he was granted the title of magistrate of Duyun, Guizhou Province. Before he could take up the post, he was retained in office with a fourth-grade uniform and promoted to a bachelor's degree. In the same year, he was relegated to Urumqi Sasuke Military Affairs because of the Lu Jian Zeng Yanwu case.

He was summoned back, granted the title of editor, returned to the position of bachelor, and was appointed as the chief compiler of "Sikuquanshu". After 13 years of bleak work, "Sikuquanshu" was completed, with a huge number of chapters, including 3,461 types, 79,309 volumes, divided into The four parts are Jing, Shi, Zi and Ji.

Ji Bing personally wrote the "Summary of the General Catalog of Sikuquanshu", which consists of 200 volumes. Each book summarizes the general contents, summarizes the pros and cons, reviews them carefully, and discusses the main purpose and origin of each book. Examining the pros and cons and identifying characters is a masterpiece that represents the achievements of bibliography in the Qing Dynasty. "Summary of the General Catalog of Sikuquanshu" is actually an academic history, which introduces each book, its origin, value, etc. It became an entry point for later scholars to study these ancient books. Many great scholars admit that they started their studies from the "Summary of the General Catalog of the Complete Library Siku". At the same time, he was also ordered to strive for excellence on the basis of the "Summary of the General Catalog of the Complete Library Siku" and compile twenty volumes of the "Concise Catalog of the Complete Collection of the Four Repositories". Book. The completion of the "Sikuquanshu" is undoubtedly a major contribution to the collection and arrangement of ancient books, preservation and promotion of historical and cultural heritage. Ji Xiaolan devoted all his energy to this, so there are few other works. "Sikuquanshu" and "Sikuquanshu General Catalog" are undoubtedly the crystallization of collective wisdom, but Ji Yun's key role in them cannot be ignored at all. As far as the "General Catalog" is concerned, the writing style of the whole book is consistent and the ideological themes are coherent, which all demonstrate the important role of Ji Yun's "consistency in writing". Zhu Gui, the chief reader of the Siku Library, wrote in Ji Yun's epitaph: "In the Gongguan Bookstore, the pen was sharpened and assessed, and it was deleted and designated as the "General Catalog of the Whole Book"." Zhang Weiping's "Listening to Songlu Wenchao" said: "It may be said that Ji Wenda Why didn’t Gong (Yun) write a book after reading all the books? Yu said: Wen Da’s whole life’s energy can be seen in the “Summary of Sikuquanshu”, so why bother writing more books? "Editing the General Catalog" or Ji Yun's "lifetime energy is concentrated in the book "Summary", all show that Ji Yun's devotion to the "General Catalog" has been recognized by his time and later generations. In this sense, the "General Catalog" reflects Ji Yun's academic and cultural thoughts to the greatest extent, so it is not a tree without roots. As Huang Yunmei said: "From a formal point of view, "Summary" seems to be the product of many people's efforts. In fact, the book has been added, deleted, edited and neatly drawn. The will of many people is no longer visible. What is visible is It is just the opinion of one person named Ji." Since the publication of the "Sikuquanshu" compiled by Ji Yun and the "Zongmu" edited by himself, it has been highly praised by scholars of all ages. Ruan Yuan said: "Emperor Gaozongchun ordered the Sikuquanshu to be compiled, and Gong (Ji Yun) summarized its completion. All the gains and losses of the annotations of the Six Classics, the similarities and differences in historical records, the branches and sects of the collections, the outline of the outline, and the tracing back to the source There are more than 10,000 types of "General Catalog" compiled, and archeology must seek for them to be fair and fair. "Jiang Fan pointed out: "The "Sikuquanshu Synopsis" and "Concise Catalog" are both published. Hands, a large collection of classics and history, as well as medical divination, poetry and music. His comments are profound and profound, his words are clear and logical, and his knowledge is superior to Wang Zhongbao and Ruan Xiaoxu. He can be said to be a master of Confucianism. "It has obvious academic value. The cultural impact of this masterpiece is lasting. In the late Qing Dynasty, Zhang Zhidong said to the scholars: "Now I will give you a good teacher. If you read "Summary of the Complete Collection of Four Treasures", you will know a little about the way of learning." Yu Jiaxi, who has studied the book in depth, said : "The "Summary" is an unprecedented work, and it can serve as a gateway to reading. Scholars have nothing to do with it." He also talked about the emergence of Confucian scholars in large numbers after Jiandao in the Qing Dynasty. "The merit is great, and the application is also great." He criticized the shortcomings of the "General Catalog", but he also admitted that he "knows a little bit about academic methods and is really blessed by the "General Catalog"."

Ji Yun spent ten years studying in Sikuguan, "from beginning to end, without a single breath." His hard work is self-evident, but it was also a fruitful decade in his life. He was pleased with the historical opportunity that "the king's affairs are suitable for me", and he was also proud of the realization of his wish to "expect things to be helpful in the world". Just as he said in the poem "Self-titled Collation of Siku Shu Inkstone": "More than a hundred thousand toothpicks have been checked, and the jade toad is thirsty for the drop of water. History has a white head and a smile on each other. I have read books that have never been seen in the world." "Have read "There are no books in the world" is just an appearance. The monument established by Ji Yun and his colleagues for Chinese academic culture is invisible and eternal! While editing the "Sikuquanshu", Ji Xiaolan was promoted from a bachelor's degree student to a bachelor's degree in the cabinet. He was once appointed as the minister of the Ministry of War. Then he was promoted to the censor of Zuodu. When the Sikuquanshu was completed, it was moved to the Ministry of Rites to serve as a lecturer for the Sutra Banquet. Emperor Qianlong was particularly gracious and gave him the gift of riding a horse in the Forbidden City. In the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803), Ji Xiaolan celebrated his eightieth birthday. The emperor sent people to congratulate him and gave him treasures. Soon, he became the co-organizer of the bachelor's degree, was given the title of Prince Shaobao, and was also the supervisor of the Imperial Academy.

In his life, Ji Xiaolan did two things the most. One was to preside over the imperial examinations, and the other was to lead the editing. He was an examiner for the rural examination twice and the examiner for the civil and military examination six times. Therefore, he had many corporals and had great influence in the scholarly community. He has presided over editing more times, and has successively served as editor of Wuying Palace, editor of Santong Library, chief compiler of Meritorious Officials Library, chief compiler of National History Museum, chief editor of Fanglue Library, and chief compiler of Sikuquanshu Library. , Chief Compiler of the Excerpts of the Martyrs of the Victorious Heroes, President of the Official List of Officials, President of the Eight Banners Tongzhi Hall, Vice President of the Record Hall, Vice President of the Huidian Hall, etc. It is not an exaggeration to say that he was a momentary generosity. In his later years, Ji Xiaolan once composed his own elegiac couplet: "The ups and downs of officialdom are like gulls and birds; the collection of books on life and death is like silverfish", which can be regarded as a true portrayal of his life. After he turned sixty, he served as the governor of the capital five times and the minister of rites three times. After Ji Xiaolan died, he built a tomb in Beicun, five miles south of Cuierzhuang.

Special officials from the imperial court went to Beicun to offer sacrifices at Linxue, and Emperor Jiaqing personally wrote an inscription for him, which was a moment of great honor and sorrow.

Literature

Ji Xiaolan was gifted and talented. He was known as a memorizer at an early age, but his profound knowledge was mainly the result of tireless mechanics. Before he was thirty years old, he devoted himself to the study of textual research. "Where he sat, he was surrounded by classics like a Daji. After thirty years, he kept up with the world with his articles, drew yellow dialogues, and kept thinking all night long. After fifty years, he studied secret books. ", and it is about textual research" (preface to "Guwang Tingzhi"). In addition, he studies hard and has a strong memory of extensive knowledge, so he implements Confucian books and bypasses hundreds of schools of thought. His academic work "mainly focused on distinguishing the rights and wrongs of Confucianism in the Han and Song Dynasties, and analyzing the orthodoxy of poetry schools" (Ji Weijiu, "Ji Xiaolan"). He presided over the Fenghui and became a respected figure in the world. He was indeed a leader in the literary world at that time. Ji Xiaolan's writing style advocates simplicity, simplicity, naturalness and beauty; in content, it advocates not mixing personal grudges and not conforming to social customs. It can be seen that he attaches great importance to the artistic effect of literary works. Apart from his class limitations, his ideas on writing style and ethics still retain their reference value today. Ji Yun's criticism of literature is mainly found in the "General Catalog of Sikuquanshu" and several book prefaces (such as "Preface to the Collection of Aidingtang Relics", "Preface to Xiangting Manuscripts", "Preface to Yunlin Poetry Notes", "Tian Hou Songyan"). "Preface to Poems", "Preface to the Collected Poems of Yilvxuan", "Preface to the Poems of Four Hundred and Thirty-Two Peaks", etc.), as well as reviews of "Wen Xin Diao Long" and "Li Yishan's Collected Poems". Although his literary criticism standards still adhere to the traditional Confucian view of "motivating emotions and ending with etiquette and justice", they are not very rigid and are relatively accessible. Acknowledging that "the rhythm of articles changes with the times" and "poems change with each passing day", he believes that the evolution of literature depends on "luck" and "fads", and emphasizes that the literature of future generations should have both "proposals" and "proposals" for the literature of the previous generation. "change". In terms of artistic style, we affirm "schools" and oppose "schools" and the clique's habit of "fighting for victory over right and wrong". When Ji Yun presided over the imperial examination in his later years, he proposed a topic based on the content of literary history and literary criticism, which was truly innovative. Ji Xiaolan is famous for his talent and is known as the "talented scholar in the river". But he devoted his whole life to "Sikuquanshu". Only the notebook novel "Yuewei Cottage Notes" and one "Ji Wenda Gong's Collection" have been handed down to the world, ten volumes "Comments on Wen Xin Diao Long", sixty-three volumes "Official Official List of Past Dynasties", four volumes "Shi Tong Cut Fan" and three Sixteen volumes of "Heyuan Jiluo", "Ten Types of Jingyantang", "Jifu Tongzhi", "Shen's Four Tones" Er Zheng, "Tang Dynasty Poetry Rhythm Theory" one volume, "Cai Tiao Ji", "Ying Kui Lv Xu" "Comments", "Poems of Li Yishan", "Collected Notes of Chen Houshan" in twenty-one volumes, "Pictures of Zhang's Host and Guest", "Shi's Fengya Yiyin", "Collection of Gengchen" in five volumes, "Jingcheng Ji's Genealogy", etc. He also participated in the compilation, selection and review of other books, as well as the compilation of other official books. . "Yuewei Thatched Cottage Notes" has five types and twenty-four volumes, including six volumes of "Luanyang Xiaoxia Lu", four volumes of "So I Heard", four volumes of "Huaixi Magazine", and four volumes of "Guwan Tingzhi". The six volumes of "Luanyang Xulu" were written successively from the fifty-fourth year of Qianlong (1789) to the third year of Jiaqing (1798). In the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), it was jointly published by his disciple Sheng Shiyan. This book is rich in content, including medicine, divination, astrology, and three religions and nine streams. It is very informative, the language is simple and elegant, and the style is both solemn and humorous. It is very interesting to read. Although the content contains some bad aspects such as propaganda about karma and retribution, in many chapters it sharply exposes the social contradictions at that time, exposes the hypocrisy of moralists, sympathizes with the people's misery, and praises the people's diligence and wisdom. , boldly expressed his own views and opinions on the many unsympathetic opinions that were common in society at that time. In terms of art, the writing style is simple and concise, neither redundant nor stagnant. The narrative is tortuous and thoughtful, and the explanations are clear and thorough. Some stories can be called It is a short piece with a meaningful meaning; its shortcoming is that there are many comments and sometimes it is not appropriate. In addition, there are many more accessible insights and reference materials for commenting on poetry, discussing textual research, recording anecdotes, and describing styles. It can be regarded as a book with high ideological and academic value. At that time, every draft was widely circulated and copied in the society, and it was popular at home and abroad along with Cao Xueqin's "Dream of Red Mansions" and Pu Songling's "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio". It has endured for a long time and still has a large number of readers. Mr. Lu Xun spoke highly of the artistic style of Ji Xiaolan's notebook novels, saying, "Ji Yun's writing style is long, he is often seen as a secretary, and he has a broad mind. Therefore, he can detect the moods of ghosts and gods, reveal the subtleties of the human world, and ask fox ghosts to Those who express their own opinions are full of interesting thoughts and witty words, and they are full of explanations and insights. ." ("A Brief History of Chinese Novels"). His "Collection of Ji Wendagong's Relics" is a collection of Ji Xiaolan's poems and essays, including sixteen volumes of poems and essays, as well as epitaphs, inscriptions, memorial texts, prefaces and postscripts, and postscripts written for others. In addition, it also includes the "Collection of My Laws" poems for the imperial examinations for descendants. In short, most of them are for entertainment. In addition, before the age of 20, he studied textual research in Beijing, read all the historical books and summarized them, and wrote several volumes of "Shi Tong Ke Fan", which provided convenience for scholars to master and familiarize themselves with Chinese historical classics.

Politics

In politics, Ji Xiaolan is also very insightful, but it is a pity that his literary name hides it. He believed that "the way to educate the people is easy if it is based on its momentum, but it is difficult if it is not controlled by its momentum." It advocates "taking into account the situation" and seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages. That is to say, we should make the best use of the situation according to the actual situation. The purpose was to avoid a situation like the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty due to the intensification of conflicts that would lead to a showdown. Ji Xiaolan's family experienced severe setbacks and blows during the turmoil in the late Ming Dynasty.

Ji Xiaolan's proposition of attaching importance to people's sentiments and taking advantage of the situation cannot but be said to be based on experience. At the same time, it also shows that he had a sharper view of various social contradictions under the cover of the "prosperous age" at that time. It is precisely because of this that he is more concerned about the suffering of the people. In the summer of the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong's reign (1792), severe floods occurred near Beijing. Thieves appeared in droves. A large number of hungry people rushed into the capital to eat. The order was very chaotic, and there was a lot of firewood and fire. Seeing this situation, Ji Xiaolan hurriedly expressed his feelings to the emperor, analyzed the pros and cons, and petitioned to withhold ten thousand shi of food from Nancao officials and set up porridge in the disaster area to provide relief. The hungry people in the capital retreated without being driven away, and social order stabilized. Although subjectively it was to maintain the rule of the imperial court, objectively it helped the victims survive the famine, which cannot but be said to be good governance.

In politics, we advocate "taking into account the situation of the situation" and taking advantage of the situation. In theory, we have to criticize the rigorous observation of Song Confucianism. Since the Confucianism of the Song Dynasty put forward the slogan of "preserving the principles of nature and destroying human desires", feudal ethics such as the persecution of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Three Cardinal Guidelines and the Five Constant Rules have been raised to frightening heights, and Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism has become a soft knife that kills people without blood. Some Taoists only talk about morality, rationality and destiny, and when they encounter practical problems, they feel as if they are in a fog. What follows are some hypocrites who talk about benevolence, righteousness and morality, but are full of men stealing and women prostitutes. Ji Xiaolan hates the pedantry and hypocrisy of Taoists very much. He is sarcastic, but when given the opportunity, he is ready to explode and his words are quite harsh. In a story in "Yuewei Thatched Cottage Notes", he even used the words of Pluto to shout to the society: "Since the Song Dynasty, he is the only one who stubbornly insists on one reason and does not consider the interests of the situation!" When he was ten years old, he stood up and challenged Cheng and Zhu Neo-Confucianism on the issue of the category of martyrs. Some officials stipulate that women who are killed for resisting are regarded as martyrs and will be given a warning; but those who are "tied and defiled and refuse to submit to death" are not regarded as martyrs and will not be given a warning. Ji was very dissatisfied with this, thinking it was purely an unsympathetic comment made by a Taoist. He openly and solemnly stated: "The ambition of defending a sword and sacrificing one's life is no different from that of a person who was killed in resistance. For example, if a loyal minister or martyr swears not to be a thief, even if he binds an envoy to kneel down and worship him, can he be said to be a thief of the imperial court?" After his generous presentation, According to the poem, the emperor "had a division under his command to briefly indicate the differences and give instructions." Ji Xiaolan undoubtedly won. Although this was a debate within the feudal ruling class, it still had positive significance in terms of how to treat women as a social issue.

Mr. Lu Xun, in "A Brief History of Chinese Novels", said that Ji Xiaolan "has a noble and tolerant attitude towards life, and is willing to forgive others", which is very pertinent. He is completely different from those hypocritical Taoist teachers. Ji Xiaolan and his works are worthy of study.