Detailed data of celestial sphere (astronomical instrument)
Basic Introduction Chinese Name: Celestial Instrument Category: Astronomical Instrument Manufacturing History: Main uses of Yuan Dynasty: astronomy, nautical production history, use value, astronomical application, related stories, related cultural relics and production history. The production of China planetarium began in the Yuan Dynasty, and was supervised by Jamalidin, an astronomer from the Western Regions. Sphere reflects the distribution of land and sea on the earth's surface and belongs to primitive painting. Matteo Ricci, an Italian missionary, came to China in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. In order to teach China the theory of the ancient Greek earth circle, he personally made a celestial globe and wrote the Geographic Map of the Universe. Influenced by it, in the thirty-first year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1603), scholar Li Zhizao made a celestial globe. In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), the imperial court also made a celestial globe. The latitude and longitude network was drawn on these celestial bodies, which extended the latitude of celestial bodies with only 27 observation points in China to the full latitude of the earth, including the equator, the Tropic of Cancer and the South Arctic Circle, and made up for the blank that China didn't know the longitude before, and marked the theory of five continents, so that people in the current dynasty could learn new knowledge about the great discoveries of western astronomy. After the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi of the early Qing Dynasty ordered missionaries in Korea to make this celestial globe together with some court officials. Matteo Ricci's painting method is generally used for spherical image, proportion and related text narration. The production of this instrument reflects the consolidation of "the theory of the earth's sphere" in China, and also reflects China's understanding of the world astronomical knowledge at that time. In Qing Dynasty, European clocks and watches were introduced into China. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, Qi Yanhuai, a scientist, imitated its structure, and made a timing instrument that automatically tells the time with clockwork as the power. Each constellation is cast on an outer copper ball. The celestial globe, like a copper pot dripping water, embodies the characteristics of using celestial phenomena to time in ancient China. However, the manufacture of celestial globe was influenced by the manufacture of European clocks and watches. Nowadays, the teaching celestial bodies sold in the market not only sell celestial bodies and globes, but also instruments representing the moon, Mars and Venus. Most of them are made of transparent plastic with complete logo. The interior is a model of the earth, so it is easy to understand the concept of celestial sphere. It is suitable for astronomical geography teaching in universities and middle schools. Suitable for navigation and scientific research. Use it to express the coordinates of the celestial sphere, the apparent motion of celestial bodies and solve some practical astronomical problems. Using the model of the value celestial sphere, an auxiliary tool for navigation, astronomical teaching and astronomical knowledge popularization, people use it to express the coordinates of the celestial sphere, the apparent motion of celestial bodies and solve some practical astronomical problems. The position, name and constellation of bright stars are painted on the sphere, and there are several symbols and degrees of celestial coordinate system. The astrology on the celestial sphere is just the opposite of the astrology seen from the sky. This is because looking at the celestial sphere from the outside has no effect on understanding the celestial phenomena. There is a metal shaft on the celestial sphere that runs through the center of the sphere, representing the celestial axis. The two ends of the axis are the north pole and the south pole of the celestial sphere. The celestial sphere can rotate around the celestial axis. The celestial shaft is mounted on a metal ring, and the metal ring supporting the shaft represents meridian circle (see celestial coordinate system). Put the celestial globe on a pedestal, and the horizontal circle in the pedestal represents the horizon. Users can adjust the zenith height on the meridian circle according to the geographical latitude, so that the celestial sphere rotates around the polar axis, so as to see the starry sky scenes at different geographical latitudes, different dates and different times, as well as the horizon longitude (azimuth) and horizon latitude (horizon height) of a celestial body. It can also show the time and orientation of the sun on a certain day, the path through the sky, the moment of transit, the height and the length of day and night. This celestial globe has great practical value. On display at the Beijing Ancient Observatory in China is a bronze celestial globe of the Qing Dynasty, which was cast in 1673 and has a diameter of 2m. There are more than a thousand stars on the earth, which are divided into three walls and twenty-eight huts. The commonly used celestial sphere instrument is about 30 cm in diameter. If a celestial globe is made very accurately, it can display the starry sky from any angle without deformation. It is a very precise and accurate calculation instrument, which combines a globe of the same size. As early as in ancient celestial spheres and globes, Ptolemy described the method of making celestial spheres. In the late Middle Ages, celestial instruments were very popular. Later, Celestial Globe also attached great importance to its artistic expression. Many court astronomers make celestial bodies for their employers. Some celestial instruments are combined with solar system instruments by mechanical transmission. The Austrian National Library has the largest collection of celestial bodies in the world. The application of astronomy The rotation and revolution of the earth under the irradiation of the sun caused the movement of the sunshine area on the earth. This movement has produced many astronomical phenomena. These phenomena are too important for human survival. People need to know it, understand it, and understand the information of these phenomena. According to these needs, an astronomical celestial sphere instrument was developed. It simulates the movement of sunshine area on the earth's surface caused by the rotation and revolution of the earth. This movement has produced astronomical information-day, night, sunrise, sunset, solar terms (seasons), extreme day area, extreme night area, the position of the direct point of the sun, local time, universal time, time difference and so on. This information is what people need to know in their daily life. In the past, people used clocks, celestial globe or maps and calendars to get some information, but information such as sunrise and sunset time in different regions, the length of day and night changing with solar terms (seasons) and sunshine angle could not be obtained, so they could only measure or ask the Observatory. Astronomical celestial globe can give this information. There are actually day and night changes on the earth, but the celestial globe does not display this information, so the time of sunrise and sunset can only be measured or inquired by the Observatory. Astronomical celestial globe gives you this information, which can be known in hotels, homes or offices. In the past, solar terms (seasons) were given by calendars. Astronomical celestial globe not only gives the solar terms (seasons), but also gives the sunrise and sunset time and the length of day and night in the corresponding area, and also gives the latitude of the direct point of the sun. Extreme day and night areas are only mentioned when studying geography or traveling to high latitudes in summer. Astronomical celestial globe can give information about polar regions at any time, which is of great practical significance for the unprecedented development of tourism today. People know the situation in extreme day and night areas before traveling to high latitudes. In the past, the direct point of the sun was only experienced by people between the Tropic of Cancer and the south. There is also a survey building from the sun to the Tropic of Cancer in Guangzhou. With the astronomical celestial globe, people can understand the meaning of the direct point of the sun through it. It is located in the center of Rizhao area, and its latitude change can reflect the latitude movement of Rizhao area and display solar terms (seasons). Local time, universal time, time difference, etc. In the past, the display only hung many clocks, and the city was marked with the time indicated by the clock. It is too complicated to show how many hours have been hung in so many cities, so it is often incomplete to give only the local time of a few cities. There is also a wall clock on the map, which will occupy a large area. Astronomical celestial globe can give local time, universal time, time difference and other information. In all parts of the world, and according to the definition of time (the interval between two consecutive transits of the sun center), the image is realistic. At the same time, the time of producing all kinds of astronomical information is given, which not only enables people to obtain time information, but also increases their knowledge. As for the image of the sunshine area of the earth, people didn't know it before. Astronomical celestial globe can simulate their images. People can appreciate the beauty of nature from all angles and stimulate your imagination of space. Astronomical celestial globe is a brand-new product, and its functions need to be further developed, so it will have more uses. Astronomical celestial sphere serves a wide range of objects. From industry, transportation and tourism, teaching popular science, scientific research, military, industry and agriculture, office and home, etc. In terms of scale, astronomical celestial globe is a series of products, ranging from halls to squares to cubicles. It is the best solution to replace the world clock in transportation and tourism. Putting it in the lobby not only increases the service function, but also looks luxurious, especially in the cruise lobby, which not only meets the tourists' demand for information, but also glows the tourists' imagination of the sky and the ocean. The application of information technology in popular science teaching makes the book knowledge visualized, the plane graphics three-dimensional, the graphics trajectory moving and the teaching interest serious. It can greatly improve the teaching effect and shorten the teaching time. Both science and military need information such as geography and astronomical time, which can be provided intuitively and provide a graphic method to explain the problem. Industrial and agricultural production is also needed, especially agriculture, which has been planted according to solar terms for thousands of years, in fact, according to the latitude of Rizhao area. Astronomical celestial globe not only shows solar terms (seasons), but also shows the daily sunshine angle and day-length. Both the office and the home need to know the daily astronomical, time and other information, which is also very elegant as the decoration of the office and the home, and will beautify the cultural accomplishment of the owner. Especially under the premise of more and more worry-free housing, it has created conditions for its display. Related story Qianlong was an emperor who was keen on collecting cultural relics. During his reign, he ordered the Qing government to make countless treasures such as jade and tooth carvings. Then, why did he order the manufacturing department to spend a lot of money to build such a celestial globe? This naturally starts with the origin of astronomy. The origin of astronomy can be traced back to the embryonic era of human culture. In ancient times, in order to indicate the direction and determine the time and season, people observed the sun, the moon and the stars, determined their positions, found out their changing laws, and compiled calendars accordingly. It can be said that astronomy is one of the oldest natural science disciplines. In China, in the Qing Dynasty, rulers became interested in western astronomy. Related cultural relics with gold-encrusted pearl celestial sphere Date: Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty (1711799) Level: The national first-class cultural relic with gold-encrusted pearl celestial sphere is now hidden in: the rare treasure of Qianlong period of Beijing Palace Museum-the gold-encrusted pearl celestial sphere, which was built by Emperor Qianlong with pure gold. The diameter of the sphere of the celestial globe is about 30 cm, and the two semicircles hammered by the gold leaf are connected into a whole, with the equator at the joint and the north and south poles at the centers of the two ends of the sphere. There is a clock at the North Pole, about 23 degrees from the equator. The equator and the ecliptic intersect at the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox. Outside the ball, the upright circle is meridian circle, and the sphere is decorated with stars, which is in a scientific position. According to the records of "Examination of Images" during the Qianlong period, the celestial globe has 3 walls, 28 huts, 300 constellations and 3,242 stars. Using the method of red gold, pearls of different sizes are set on the sphere as stars, and the names of constellations are engraved. Appropriate proportion and accurate location reflect China's superb astronomical science and technology level in Qing Dynasty. The support of the celestial globe is goblet-shaped, and the sphere is supported by nine walking dragons with different postures. On the top, four dragons with heads and tails support the sphere, and on the bottom, dragons with heads and tails are tumbling over the river, forming a stable sphere. The middle Yi Long connects the upper and lower parts to form a Youlong column. Nine dragons were hammered into hollow circular carvings, and the surface of the dragons was decorated with dragon forest, long beard and dzi beads with wire drawing. The dragon is smoking, its shape is vivid, and its details are exquisitely carved and lifelike. The base of the ball musical instrument is a round enamel board, and the whole body is wrapped with fine iron wire, inlaid with burnt blue and light blue enamel glaze, which changes the monotony of pure gold with colorful tones. Cloisonne feet are also four faucets, with a strong sense of relief and decoration. There are surging waves on the bottom plate and a compass in the center of the tray. The nine dragons of the bracket are integrated with the four dragons of the chassis, looking up to the gods, dancing with the rushing seawater in the base, and the majestic momentum, scientific rigor and romantic and harmonious craftsmanship are integrated into one, which is a unique artistic treasure. This celestial globe is 82 centimeters high and is hidden in the Palace Museum. Mainly made of gold, the celestial sphere is inlaid with 3242 spheres with names, which are extremely precious cultural relics. We can say that the biggest pearl on it symbolizes the brightest star in the sky, such as 1. Then down in turn, the smallest is the sixth star in the sky. Introduced from the west. From this instrument, we can see the characteristics of cultural exchange between China and the West. Another biggest feature is that it looks like a celestial globe from the outside. But the spherical shell of the celestial globe is actually the movement of the clock, and there are three holes in the south of the top of the celestial globe. After the keys are put into these three holes, the celestial globe can rotate for a long time. In this way, we can not only see that the celestial globe is an astronomical instrument, but also vividly see its constant rotation, showing the landscape of celestial activities. This is also the new development of celestial instruments in Qianlong period.