Introduce the history and humanistic customs of Fujian Tulou!
Before 1970s, the word "Hakka Tulou" was popular. After investigation and study, it is found that Tulou is not unique to Hakka people, and there are more Tulou in southern Fujian than Hakka people. Some scholars have shown that before the Hakkas moved from the Central Plains to Fujian, the Minnan people in Zhangzhou had tulou, and the roots of tulou were in Zhangzhou, southern Fujian. It is not comprehensive enough to call Minnan Tulou Hakka Tulou, so the academic circles use Fujian Tulou to summarize Minnan Tulou and Hakka Tulou. The Cultural Relics Bureau of the State Council, China established Fujian Tulou as a national key cultural relics protection unit, and relevant units also declared Fujian Tulou as a world heritage in 1999. But the most famous tulou buildings, such as Zhencheng Tower, Chengqi Tower and Tianluokeng Tulou Group, are all inhabited by Hakkas.
In July 2008, 46 earth buildings in Fujian were officially listed in the World Cultural Heritage List, including Chuxi Earth Building Group, Tianluokeng Earth Building Group, Hekeng Earth Building Group, Hongkeng Earth Building Group, Gaobei Earth Building Group, Hua 'an Dida Earth Building Group, Xiang Yan Building, Zhen Fu Building, Huaiyuan Building and He Jiong Building.
Historical background: The climax of this type of architecture, represented by Hakka Tulou, was during the turmoil in China and the migration of Hakka ethnic groups from the Central Plains to the south. These periods include the Huang Chao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the southward migration in the Southern Song Dynasty and the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. /kloc-After the 7th century, not only the Hakkas finally settled in the southeast coast of China, but also the earth buildings were mainly distributed in Fujian and Guangdong in China. This special building is designed to resist wild animals and robbers in the mountains, and embodies the ideal of a big family living together under Confucianism.
The origin of Tulou can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, when Chen Yuanguang was stationed in Zhangzhou, and the surname of 58 settled in southern Fujian. Many domes in southern Fujian still retain the remains of ancient military camps. Round hills are naturally not suitable for building square huts, so the remains of huts are mostly round. These round farmhouses are the prototype of round earth buildings. At first, the circular barracks had only one floor, and later it gradually evolved into a residential building. In order to save arable land, it develops to high-rise buildings and becomes a multi-storey round earth building. Hakka people moved from the Central Plains to southern Fujian, bringing the quadrangle form of the Central Plains, and built thick earth walls for defense, which is the original source of Wufeng Building and Fangtu Building. Because it is a round earth building, the largest public courtyard can be surrounded by external walls of the same length, and the view from the high-rise observation point is wide, for example, so it is also adopted by Hakkas.
1986 A survey team of more than 0 people led by Professor Yoshiro Maomu of Tokyo University of the Arts in Japan visited Fujian, and published a monograph [5] and held an exhibition after returning to China. He reported: "In the valley covered with terraced fields, buildings with round earth walls are scattered among the mountains. Like a black flying saucer falling from the sky, the circular roof floats and ripples in the smoke. " The mysterious Fujian tulou is known to the outside world.
1986 China Post issued the "Fujian Folk Houses" special stamp with the design of tulou.
From 65438 to 0999, Neville agnew, director of the American Getty Conservation Institute, visited Fujian Tulou in Nanjing. He said: "This is the most beautiful residential building that I have ever seen in harmony with the surrounding environment."
On June 365438+1October 3 1 day, 2002, the Cultural Heritage Committee of the State Council, China declared to UNESCO and included it in the United Nations World Cultural Heritage Protection List # 1689 "Fujian Tulou".
On July 6th, 2008, at the 32nd World Heritage Conference held in Quebec City, China Fujian Tulou was officially listed in the World Heritage List.
Earth building defense system: the bottom of the external wall of the earth building is mostly granite stones and river pebbles, which are bonded with concrete, and the thickness is 1 m to 2 m, which is not afraid of enemy fire attack; The thick earth wall is impenetrable by bows and arrows, and can also resist artillery shells. 1934, the government forces surrounded the peasant rebels hiding in an earthen building and once shelled the earthen building. In 19, only a small pit was left on the external wall of the earth building [1 1]. Generally, the stone wall is 2 meters deep to prevent the enemy from digging holes. There is no window at the bottom of the outer wall, which is very tight. The door frame of the gate is made of large granite, and the gate is made of two or three inches thick boards covered with armor. In order to prevent the enemy's fire attack, a fire pool was built at the top of the gate. At the top of the outer wall of the earth building, there are shooting holes around it. People in the earth building can shoot intruders or enemies with muskets from the shooting holes. The shooting hole is small outside and large inside, which is convenient for the barrel to move up and down left and right. The circular corridor of tulou, commonly known as corridor, is conducive to the mobilization of defense teams and ammunition. Some earth buildings, such as Eryi Building, have no corridors, but are replaced by circular passages near the inner wall of the outer wall, which are used as ammunition dispatch for soldiers in wartime. The earth buildings in many villages in southwest Fujian are more aggregated into earth buildings, forming a joint defense layout, which is easy to defend but difficult to attack. The warehouse on the first floor of the earth building stores grain and ammunition, which can last for several months. In case of emergency, there is a hidden tunnel in the earth building, which leads to the adjacent earth building or field to facilitate the evacuation of residents.
Architecture: The architectural skill of earth building is a national intangible cultural heritage.
material
Using local materials, it is made of red soil (raw soil) mixed with wood, pebbles, lime, fine sand, bamboo chips, glutinous rice noodle soup, brown sugar and egg white. Therefore, a big earth building needs the efforts of several generations of well-off families.
structure
The first floor is the kitchen, the second floor is the place for storing grain and stacking farm tools, and the third floor is the bedroom.
The first and second floors are closed to the public. Only when you get to the third floor can you open the window leading to the outside.
Some earth buildings have watchtowers built on high places.