What are the characteristics of the article Miao's Diaojiaolou?

Although Tujia folk houses have experienced thousands of years of historical evolution, their style is still unique:

1. Tujia used to live in groups. A few, a dozen or dozens of them live in one village, and the stockades are orderly at different levels. Take surnames as village names, such as Qinjiagou, Moujiayuan, Ranjiaba and Gaojiashan.

2. Surrounding by mountains and rivers, adjust measures to local conditions. The biggest feature of Tujia folk houses is "column" or "semi-column" architecture. This kind of structure and living form are mainly influenced by the unique geographical environment in mountainous areas and restricted by resources. They are not only adaptable, but also can use local materials, which fully embodies the intelligence of Tujia people in the case of extremely low productivity. Tujia people mostly live in high mountains or two high mountains, with rugged terrain. Under the past conditions, the huge project of leveling the foundation is unimaginable. The place where ordinary people live is even worse. Because it was a private land ownership society at that time, good land was owned by toast or rich people, and ordinary people could only live on high mountains. There is a song that says, "People sit in the bay, ghosts sit in the bay, and people sit on the beam." At that time, the "back people" were Tujia civilians. In addition, the altitude here is high, the temperature is low all the year round and the air is humid. So building a house can only look at the terrain. The back of the house is backed by mountains, and the front is low and the back is high. Therefore, the wing rooms are mostly diaojiao buildings. There is a balcony outside the building, and all kinds of carved railings are made of wood. Even if the house is flat, it often adopts semi-column building, which has the advantages of moisture-proof, ventilation and snake pest prevention. It is convenient to dry clothes and other crops on the railing. Keeping livestock downstairs can not only prevent theft, but also "alarm" when wild animals attack. If people who live upstairs hear the noise, they can watch it from the diaojiao building immediately. If they meet strong people, they will avoid them. If they meet the weak, they will drive them away. People and animals will live together.

The layout of the house is reasonable. The structure of Tujia houses can be roughly divided into four types: I-shaped, 7-shaped, dustpan mouth and quadrangle. No matter which type, pay attention to the geomantic omen and the shape of the main house. The main room has a "swallow mouth" (that is, leave a step of water in front of the gate), and after swallowing, there will be the main room. The main door is very exquisite, consisting of six doors of the same size, also called "Liuhe door". If the deceased is alive, he can't be carried out from the gate, so he can only take the side door. The hall is a place for welcoming guests and holding weddings and funerals. There are shrines on the main wall for the "Golden Gate of Heaven and Earth" and ancestral tablets. On both sides of the hall are wing rooms (also called wing rooms, generally paved with wooden floors), which are divided into two and a half rooms, respectively equipped with fire shops, rest rooms and kitchens. A barbecue shop is a place to cook by fire. Generally two feet higher than the ground. Its structure is one-third of the land surface and two-thirds of the wood floor. Some people do not repair the fire shop, but dig a deep hole in the ground and build it with stone bars, which is called a fire pit. The poker is inserted in one side of the fire pit, which is where the host's girl and daughter-in-law sit, and no one can sit. At the back of the hall, some people are connected to delay placing farm tools, stacking firewood or raising livestock.

There are many forms of diaojiao building. The form of diaojiao building can be roughly divided into the following five types: single hanging type. This is the most common one, also called "a crane" or "key head". It is characterized in that the wing on one side of the main house is suspended and supported by the wooden pillars below; Double hanging type. Also known as "two-headed crane". It is the development of single hanging type, that is, there are hanging rooms at both ends of the main house. When Tujia people build diaojiao buildings, they usually build the main house first, and then build the wing according to the family's economic conditions and needs. The structure of double hanging stilts is more common; Four-in-one-water diaojiao building is developed on the basis of double crane type, which is characterized by connecting the upper parts of diaojiao building on both sides of the main house into a whole to form a quadrangle. The downstairs of the two wing rooms is the gate. After this quadrangle enters the gate, it will take several stone steps to enter the main house. Two-story suspension type. This form is developed on the basis of single crane and double crane, which are suitable for both. That is, add another layer to the general diaojiao building; Flat lifting type. This form of diaojiao building is also developed on the basis of single crane. It is characterized by being built in a flat dam. According to the terrain, it is not necessary to hang the feet, but to lift the wings and support them with wooden posts. The ground supporting the wooden columns is flush with the ground of the main house, so the wing is often higher than the main house.

5. Diaojiaolou has profound cultural connotation. Diaojiaolou not only has its own characteristics and forms, but also has its profound cultural connotation, that is, space cosmology. This can be seen in the common mysterious symbols in the center of the main beam of Tujia Diaojiao Building. The symbol is circular and divided into two layers. The outer circle is painted with vermilion or ink, and the center is painted with red, such as an "egg" shape. The shape of the whole sign is very Gu Zhuo. Symbol please have a certain witchcraft "Mo Ke" or Tujia wizard chisel a round hole in the center of the yellow circle. The owner of the new building kneels down and connects all the wood residues with clothes, and finally writes the words "Gan" and "Kun" on both ends of the beam. Gu Zhuo, a mysterious symbol, is a symbol of the origin of the universe, which contains the Tujia people's ancient memories of the creation of heaven and earth and the birth of mankind. Tujia Diaojiao Building is not only surrounded by the universe and nature, but also surrounded by Diaojiao Building. This concept of space to accommodate the universe is very obvious in Tujia ritual songs: "In the previous step, look at Bao Liang, the sun is in the center, and the dollar line is auspicious. After two steps of joy, the word Gankun is on both sides, and the sun, the moon and Yong Cheng enjoy it both ... "Here," Gankun "and" the sun and the moon "represent the universe. People write on the beam and sing on their mouths, which is not only a sacrifice and blessing to the heavens, the earth, the sun and the moon, but also writing "Gan Kun" on the beam. When the beam is placed in the house, it can contain the universe and the heaven and the earth.

With the progress of the times, the development of society and the continuous improvement of the quality of life, people pay more and more attention to the living conditions. Residential buildings are gradually developing in the direction of "fashion, beauty and practicality". Fashion is to catch up with the trend of the times. At present, the building structure and modeling have been modernized, reinforced concrete has gradually replaced the "stone and wood tile" structure, and bungalows have gradually replaced cornices. Beauty, that is, the internal structure of the house no longer retains its historical "fire shop" and "shrine", but is replaced by modern decoration. Practicality means paying more attention to practicality while paying attention to fashion and beauty, and taking practicality as the highest criterion.