How did Solon reform the organs of state power in Athens? What is the historical significance of Solon's reform?
(1) Abolish all debts owed by Athenian citizens as collateral, prohibit personal mortgage loans, and prohibit turning indebted civilians into slaves. The state paid money to redeem those who were sold to foreign countries as slaves because they could not pay their debts, and abolished the "61 Han" system (civilians were unable to pay their debts, so they had to cultivate land for creditors and only kept one-sixth of their harvest as land rent, so they were called "61 Han" in vain). This measure is called "the order to relieve the negative burden" in history.
(2) Implementing a series of policies and measures that are beneficial to the development of industry and commerce, including restricting the export of grain and expanding the export of olive oil; Carry out currency reform to promote commercial trade; Encourage foreign craftsmen to immigrate to Athens and encourage citizens to learn handicraft techniques; Reform weights and measures, cast new Athens currency, and formulated some laws and regulations on property inheritance, prohibition of reburial, and compensation for relatives of citizens who sacrificed their country.
(3) recognize the freedom of private property inheritance and eliminate all clan remnants in the system.
politically
(1) Abolish the monopoly right of hereditary nobles, and no longer divide citizens by birth and property. According to the total income of agricultural products in one year, citizens are divided into four grades (the number of cereals and other products imported each year is divided into four grades), and the political rights of each grade depend on their financial resources. The first level can hold all official positions; Citizens of the second grade can hold senior official positions except treasurer (i.e. financial officer); The third level can be a low-level official position; Fourth-level citizens cannot hold public office, but they have the right to participate in citizens' meetings and people's courts. At the same time, different levels have different obligations. For example, in terms of military obligations, the first and second levels provide cavalry, bringing their own weapons, uniforms and horses. The third level provides heavy infantry. They bring their own weapons and uniforms, but they don't need to provide horses. They are the main components of the Athenian army. The fourth level is mainly for light infantry and ordinary sailors. They don't bring their own weapons, but only bring sticks.
(2) Establish a meeting of 400 people as the permanent body and the highest administrative organ of the citizens' assembly. The 400-member conference consists of four tribes 100, and all citizens can be elected except the fourth grade.
(3) Establish a jury court. As the highest judicial organ, any citizen has the right of appeal. Jurors in the jury court are selected by citizens at all levels by drawing lots. The jury court accepts and decides citizens' complaints or appeals, which expands citizens' rights.
(4) To formulate a new code to replace the harsh laws of delacour, and only keep the part about murder, so as to make the whole Athenian law more humane.
Historical significance:
Solon's reform is an important milestone in the historical development of Athens city-state, which laid the foundation of Athens' democratic politics, promoted the development of industry and commerce, adjusted the interest relationship between different classes of citizens' collective, guaranteed the economic, political and social status of small and medium-sized owners engaged in their own labor, and laid the foundation for the prosperity of Athens' slave owners' industrial and commercial economy.