What is the humanistic orientation of ancient Chinese garden design?
The alternation of mountains and rivers focuses on the aesthetic feeling of combining artificial and natural elements
The so-called winding means that the water flows along the surrounding mountains, rocks, trees, buildings and other upright and large-scale garden landscapes. . Feng shui calls this kind of water "Wan Bao Shui" or "Belt Water". If "the belt water is wrapped around it like a belt, it is a golden city" (Wu Yiyi's "Geography Does Not Ask for People·On Water Situation"), and believes that " The water must be curved, and the curve will bring great blessings" (Fan Yuefeng's "Black Sang Sutra").
The so-called cover means to use rocks, trees, buildings, embankments and bridges to cover the water mouth and water source, creating a feeling of being hidden and endless. Regarding the water outlet and water source, Feng Shui believes that "the source should be held towards the direction, and should not be closed directly. The outlet should be closed tightly, and the worst fear is that there will be no harvest if you go straight." (Ye Tai's "Geography Dacheng·Shanfa Encyclopedia") "If the household is closed, the wealth will be inexhaustible" ("Shuikou" in Volume 7 of "The Eyes of the Earth").
The so-called tranquility means that water bodies are mainly enjoyed quietly, and even streams have only clear ripples. Feng shui recognizes fire, "water is inherently moving, and the beauty lies in silence" ("Earth Science Conciseness"), "Sound is bad, silent is good" ("Boshan Chapter: On Water"). This may be the real reason why the water management art of dynamic waterscapes did not receive corresponding development in ancient my country.
The so-called Shuikou is "the general source of water in one area" ("Shikou" in Miao Xiyong's "Jing Burial Wing" in the Ming Dynasty). "Wherever the water comes, it is called the Heavenly Gate. If the water comes but does not see its source, it is called the Heavenly Gate. It is called the Heavenly Gate. Where the water goes, it is called the household. If the water does not go, it is said that the household is closed. Water is the main source of wealth. If the door is open, wealth will come. If the door is closed, the door will be closed. "Wealth is inexhaustible" (Volume 7 "Water Port" of "Eye into the Earth"), so in order to retain wealth, the outlet should be closed tightly. For this reason, in addition to selecting the location of the water inlet, it is usually chosen where mountains turn, intersect, or where two mountains confront each other and are surrounded by clear streams. It is also necessary to build bridge abutments, towers and other objects to increase the locking power of the water inlet. The most common approach is to use bridges as locks, supplemented by trees, pavilions, and ponds; in areas with higher cultural levels, tall buildings such as Wenchang Pavilion, Kuixing Tower, and Wenbi Tower are mainly used, supplemented by temples, pavilions, and embankments. , bridges, trees, etc. In water mouths in plain areas, islands (called "Luoxingzhou") or mounds are often built in the middle of the water, and temples or pavilions are built on the islands or mounds. For example, there is a pavilion built on Fenshui Mound in Wuqing Town, Zhejiang Province.
Through the application of the above techniques and long-term painstaking management, the Feng Shui Shuikou area often becomes a place with intertwined mountains and rocks, clear streams winding left and right, buildings hugging the terrain, and lush trees (Figure 4). "Shui Kou Garden". This kind of garden is different from the general garden. It is based on the entangled and ever-changing real mountains and waters. It adapts to local conditions, uses local materials, has simple architecture and natural mountains and rivers. It has become a unique type in the ancient Chinese garden system. .
In our country, Shuikou Garden in Huizhou is the most outstanding. Since "all the surnames in Zhengzhou live together" and "the scholars are rich, most of them live in the countryside", their deep-rooted feudal clan views make them willing to fund the Feng Shui undertakings in their hometowns, thus effectively promoting the construction of Shuikou gardens in Huizhou, forming a A large number of famous Shuikou gardens, such as "Tan Qian Garden" in Tangmo Village of Shexian County, "Xichou" in Tangyue, and "Nanhu" in Hongcun Village, Yixian County, have become one of the most vital local gardens in my country.
Therefore, there is a close internal relationship between ancient Chinese gardens and Feng Shui. Although it cannot be said that Feng Shui influenced the artistic creation of ancient Chinese gardens, its penetration and influence on ancient Chinese gardens is still obvious; for example, The most famous masterpiece of gardening in ancient my country, "Yuan Ye", borrows a lot of "Xiandi", "Bu Zhu", "Bazhai", "Zhaixiang", "Zhouju", "Qingxia" and "Ziqi". A large number of Feng Shui terms such as "Fu Bi", "Chun Cheng", "Zuo Qing", etc. have left an incomprehensible and inexhaustible Feng Shui complex in ancient Chinese gardens.