Where is the geographical location of the Oroqen people? The Oroqen people live in mountainous areas
Ethnic profile
The name "Oroqen" was first recorded in the documents of the Qing Dynasty. Volume 51 mentions "Oton" in the report for the first time. In September of the 22nd year of Kangxi, the imperial edict called it "Rushun Spring". Thereafter, they were more uniformly known as the Oroqen people. The word Oroqen has two meanings: one is people who use reindeer, and the other is people in the mountains. According to the 2000 national census, the Oroqen population was 8,196. They are mainly distributed in the Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Buta Banner, Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner in Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Huma County, Aihui County, Xunke County, and Jiayin County in Heilongjiang Province. Oroqen is a member of the Tungusic language family of the Altaic language family. There is no local language here, Chinese is commonly spoken, and some Oroqen also speak Mongolian.
The ancestors of the Oroqen people are also from Lin. In the Yuan Dynasty, they were called "people in the forest". In the Ming Dynasty, it generally referred to "Beishan barbarians". Wandering in the vast area south of the Waixing'an Mountains, east of the Ussuri River, west of the Shleka River, and east of Sakhalin Island. In the mid-17th century, Russian colonists invaded China's Heilongjiang River Basin, forcing the Oroqen people to move south and concentrate in the Greater Khingan Range and Lesser Khingan Range. However, after China and Russia signed the "Qing Shi Mao Lu" in 1689, and until the signing of the unequal "Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar" and the "Treaty of Ailing between China and Russia", they were still hunting in the large areas south of the Waixing'an Mountains and participating in the Qing Dynasty. Regular government border patrols and other activities.
It was not until the mid-19th century that Russia invaded the areas north of Heilongjiang and east of the Ussuri River, and the Oroqen lost their vast hunting grounds in the invaded areas. The Qing government's rule over the Oroqen people changed. In the 30th year of Kangxi's reign, the Qing government divided the Erlun tribe into "Mulinga" and "Yaffa Khan", which were under the jurisdiction of the Buta General Political Department. "Molin Oroqen" means riding Oroqen. He was incorporated into the Eight Banners and fought in the south and north. "Jaffahan Oroqen" refers to the Oroqen people who are on foot. It refers to the Oroqen people who have lost their reindeer, have no horses, and are still hunting. It is divided into five roads, namely Kumar, Bilal, Ale, Dobkul and Toh. This road is divided into 8 teams, each team has an Oroqen nationality.
The Qing government sent Anda up the mountain to collect tribute mink skins every year. In the eighth year of Guangxu's reign, the Qing government abolished Buta's administration and established Xing'an City's administration, responsible for the five Oroqen tribes. In the 19th year of Guangxu's reign, the main Yamen of Xing'an was abolished, and the original five roads were merged into four and sixteen auxiliary roads. They belong to Heilongjiang Fuyamen, Mohegan, Buta and Hulunbuir respectively.
During the warlord rule, only the Eight Banners organization was cancelled, and the organization of the Four Routes and Sixteenth Party members remained basically unchanged. As far as the jurisdictional system is concerned, the Heilongjiang Provincial Supervision Department has jurisdiction over three highways, and the Hailar Mongolian Government has jurisdiction over one highway. After the September 18th Incident, the Japanese invaders nominally placed the Oroqen people under the jurisdiction of the puppet Heilongjiang Province and the northern Hung Yen Province.
During the rule of Japanese imperialism, the Oroqen people rose up in resistance. The children of Oroqen joined the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Forces and fought bravely. Use your own blood to defend the survival of your motherland and nation. He was liberated in August 1945. On October 1, 1951, the Oroqen Autonomous Banner of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established.
Rural Economy
In the mid-17th century, the social development of the Oroqen people was still in the patrilineal commune stage, known as "Wuliling". Although clan organizations still existed at that time, the basic economic unit of society was not the clan, but the "Wuliling". Each "Wuliling" includes several generations of small families with the same ancestors. The leader of the "Wuliling" family is called "Tatada". Its internal means of production are publicly owned, and it leads a primitive communist life of ordinary labor and equal distribution.
Since the mid-17th century, the Qing government has strengthened its jurisdiction over the Oroqen people. Economic exchanges between the Oroqen, Manchu and Han ethnic groups also developed. The import of iron tools and guns, and the exchange of hunting products with agricultural and animal husbandry handicrafts, gradually led to a series of changes within the Oroqen people. In addition to hunting grounds, forests, and rivers still owned by the public, some important means of production have changed from public ownership to private ownership, and labor organization and distribution systems have also changed accordingly. The rise of individual families originally conceived in Wuliling eventually led to Wuliling evolving from a blood organization to a regional organization, and the clan system came to an end. The monogamous family gradually became the basic unit of social economy. By the time of liberation in August 1945, Oroqen society had entered the neighborhood community stage.
The Oroqen people mainly live in the Daxinganling Mountains at an altitude of 500-1500 meters, which is an alpine mountainous area.
The average annual temperature is about minus 20 degrees Celsius. The vast Greater Khingan Mountains are home to deer, roe deer, roe deer, tigers, leopards, wild boars, bears, foxes, lynxes, otters and other wild animals. The crisscrossing rivers are filled with all kinds of fish. The superior natural environment and the best natural hunting grounds provide the Oroqen people with abundant sources of food and clothing. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the main production activity of the Oroqen people was hunting, supplemented by fishing, gathering and handicrafts. There is only a natural division of labor between men, women, old and young in society, and there is no social division of labor. More than 1,000 years ago, there were records of Oroqen hunters. Hunting is mainly done by men, sometimes women also go out together. Hunting tools include guns, horses and hounds. The main method is collective hunting, but it is no longer based on the "Wuli Ridge" as a unit, but is organized by one or several "Anakur" on a voluntary and temporary basis.
The average distribution of prey is in the "growing period", but the distribution of meat always stays in "Wuliling". Widows and widowers who did not participate in the same Five Mile Ridge hunt generally received more than the hunters. As always, if foreign guests are assigned, they can get a share. Individual hunting occurred, but rarely. It is the main source of food and clothing for the hunting Oroqen people. Fishing is usually done in groups and in "rushes". Some people go fishing in birch boats. Fishing with nets was introduced from other countries. Fishing is mostly done by men, while gathering is mostly done by women. Caught fish, wild vegetables and fruits are important supplements to the food of the Oroqen people. If they are temporarily inedible, they should be dried in the sun and stored for consumption in the event of a lack of prey.
The Oroqen handicrafts mainly include fur products and birch products. Most are made by women. Clothing suitable for different seasons can be sewn according to the nature and location of the fur obtained from hunting in different seasons. Whole birch bark stripped from the tree is processed into vessels suitable for different uses. Women embroidered or carved various patterns on these fur and birch wood items. It best reflects the traditional characteristics of hunting culture. In addition, men also used handmade tools such as bone, wood, and iron.
In modern times, agriculture has sprouted among the Oroqen people in some areas. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Revolution of 1911, the government implemented the policy of "abandoning hunting and returning to agriculture", and agriculture in the Oroqen area made initial progress. But the Oroqen people were not used to agriculture, and Japanese imperialism severely damaged agriculture. By 1939, agriculture in the Oroqen region had been completely destroyed.
Since the Oroqen people in various places are engaged in roughly the same production, there is basically no exchange relationship, and the exchanges are mainly with other ethnic groups. It was accidental at first, but then gradually became formalized, opening the door to the Oroqen society and natural economy, and promoting the formation and development of private ownership.
Although the Oroqen people have many fine traditions in their historical development, the population of the Oroqen people has declined sharply due to long-term ethnic oppression, especially the genocidal policy of the Japanese invaders. On the eve of liberation in August 1945, there were only 1,000 Oroqen people left in a miserable situation. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Oroqen ethnic group in Northeast China established people's political power under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and established the Oroqen Autonomous Banner and several ethnic townships on October 1, 1951. In 1953, the state gave special care to the Oroqen people, allocated a large amount of funds to build new houses, and gradually settled down. Today, there are clean and bright large tile-roofed houses, schools, shops, etc. The former "immortal pillars" have been replaced by new tree-lined countryside.
A brightly lit new city appeared on Xing'an Mountain. Dirt guns used for hunting have been replaced by rifles and semi-automatic rifles. Deer, pig, cattle, and apiary farms were built one after another. Thousands of antlers are supplied to the country every year. Various agricultural machinery was used for farmland cultivation, and total food production doubled. In the past, horses were the main means of transportation. Now the road is built and cars are connected. The railway also leads to some new Oroqen towns. The Oroqen people, who once had no written language, now have universal secondary education, and many young people have gone to college. Through film teams, art teams, clubs, and radio stations, the rich folk songs and dances of our people are brought to the stage and screen. In the old society, there was no medicine in the Oroqen area, and infectious diseases such as flowering and typhoid fever were common.
The disease affects more than 80% of all women. Today, there are health clinics in towns and villages, health clinics in brigades, and health workers in villages. Infectious diseases such as smallpox and typhoid disappeared, and the population doubled. Especially since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the production of the Oroqen people has developed rapidly, their income has increased significantly, and their living standards have improved significantly.
They not only vigorously develop agriculture, animal husbandry and sideline production, but also shoulder the important task of forest protection and fire prevention, protecting the forest safety of the Greater Khingan Mountains and Xiaoxingan Mountains, contributing to the construction of the country, and ensuring the sustainable supply of wood.
Culture and Art
In the long-term hunting production and social practice, the Oroqen people have created a rich and colorful spiritual culture, including oral creation, music, dance, plastic arts, etc.
Oral creation is the main literary form of the Oroqen people. Their myths, legends, folk stories and songs cover many aspects such as national history, society, hunting and gathering, customs, living customs and so on. In ancient times, there were myths such as the "Treaty of Beijing", the myth "Nduli created the Oroqen people", the myth "Lunji Mountain and the Erren", and the myth "The Fairy in White". It is related to the exploration of the origin of mankind by the ancestors of the Oroqen people, and to the description and praise of the lives and heroic deeds of the ancestors. The "hymns" of the Oroqen people are mostly songs with improvised lyrics and fixed tunes, with different types and styles. Especially the new folk songs are richer in content. Language and riddles are literary forms developed in the later period, a reflection of productive labor, a summary of life experience, and the crystallization of wisdom. These oral literatures enrich the treasure house of Chinese literature and art.
The Oroqen people are good at singing and dancing. They sang and danced at the same time, showing a wealth of work and life content. Bear dance, buffalo fighting dance, tree chicken dance, Yihai dance, and red fruit dance all express hunters' observation of wild animals and birds and imitation of production techniques. "Circle dance" is a kind of mass singing and dancing, which is for self-entertainment. Both men and women participate in singing and dancing. "Masquerade" is a sacrificial dance with religious content, performed by a "shaman" to pray for a good harvest.
Instruments include Bannu and Twain. Deer whistle and roe deer whistle are both production tools and early musical instruments. When the Oroqen people sing and dance, they are often accompanied by these musical instruments.
Life customs
The material life of the Oroqen people is very unique. In addition to meat and clothes, the former residence of the "immortal" is also a product of hunting culture. Tianzhu is like a half-open umbrella. It consists of more than 30 telephone poles. Cover it with birch bark in the summer and hide it in the winter. Can be quickly installed and removed at any time. The top and left and right sides of the entrance to the Immortal Pillar are for people to sit and lie down, but there are strict rules. In the center of the "Pillar of the Immortal" is a bonfire that burns all day long, used for cooking food and keeping warm. A birch box with an icon printed on it hangs on a telephone pole behind Tianzhu. Generally speaking, women are not allowed to touch it.
The Oroqen people basically practice monogamy. Strict inter-ethnic marriages are practiced. Most of them are incestuous clan members. The status of men and women in the family is not very high. Only inheritance rights generally belong to men. A family has a huge population of two generations. If the population is too large, the eldest son usually gets married and a "fairy pillar" is built near his parents' residence. In the original "Pillars of the Immortal," women were not allowed to have children. They had to set up delivery rooms at a distant location where men were not allowed to enter or approach. They won't go home until the full moon is over. In the past, people were usually buried in the sky after death. After descending the mountain, the general route of the burial.
The unique skill of Oroqen women is to make "tami" for hunters. The hat is made by carefully tanning the hair, horns, ears, nose and mouth after removing the flesh and blood. Wear this hat to lure prey. The Oroqen people build forests, walk in the forests, eat in the forests, and walk through the forests. Clothing, food, shelter, and transportation all come from the forest.
Since the Oroqen people migrated to the south bank of Heilongjiang River, horses have been the main means of transportation. In 1990, the Oroqen cavalry dealt a heavy blow to the invading Russian army. In the summer, birch boats were used for transportation on the rivers. Now the area where the Oroqen people live has access to trains and cars, making transportation more convenient.
Religious beliefs
The Oroqen people believe in shamanism, which has natural attributes and everything has animism. This religion is closely related to the unique primitive ideas of this country. Their religious forms are nature worship, totem worship and ancestor worship. "Wizards" are messengers between God and humans. Shamanism believes in many gods. The natural gods worshiped by the Oroqen people include the sun god, the moon god, the Beidou god, the fire god, the earth god, the wind god, the rain god, the thunder god, the water god, the grass god, the mountain god, etc. In addition to worshiping nature, the ancestors of the Oroqen people also worshiped the totems of cows and horses. The Oroqen people taboo the names of bears and tigers, and call them Baoliqian, Yeyan and Wutaqi. Ancestor worship among the Oroqen people was very popular and still is.