What is the relationship between wind, rain, thunder and lightning and military meteorology?
Rainfall (snowmelt), floods, and flood disasters are both intrinsically related and essentially different. Rainfall (snowmelt) is not equivalent to floods. Floods must occur under certain conditions of the underlying surface and water system of the basin. Floods are not the same as floods. Floods are caused by many factors. Therefore, hydrometeorological forecasting strives to closely link meteorological conditions such as atmospheric circulation with hydrological characteristics, and combine rainfall weather models with flood models.
Generally, while making rainfall forecasts, predictions of possible future heavy rains and floods are also made based on flood control requirements based on factors such as river basin landforms, watershed moisture conditions, water conservancy project quality and standards, and the relationship between rainfall and runoff. Forecasting in the region; identifying and judging the possibility of extraordinary floods in the basin; predicting the development trend of floods after a flood occurs, and forecasting water inflow in the reservoir area, etc.
In order to improve the accuracy of heavy rain fall area, fall point, and fall time forecast, a heavy rain monitoring and short-term forecast has been developed that combines meteorological satellites, weather radar, and conventional meteorological observation data. The forecast timeliness is The forecast accuracy is high from a few hours to more than ten hours. It has the potential to fully integrate rainfall forecasts and flood forecasts, thereby extending flood forecast timeliness and improving flood forecast accuracy.
The maximum precipitation estimate refers to the theoretical maximum possible precipitation within a specific basin and for a certain period of time. This kind of precipitation is very important for the design and application of large water conservancy projects. Generally, these projects use the maximum possible flood as the dam protection standard. One of the methods to calculate the maximum possible flood is to first determine the maximum possible precipitation.
In arid and semi-arid areas, due to scarce precipitation, the evaporation rate may greatly exceed the water supply capacity, and the total annual evaporation in the basin is close to or equal to the annual precipitation. In humid areas, the total evaporation in the basin is close to or equal to the evaporation from the water surface in the area. Land surface evaporation in subhumid areas is somewhere between the above two situations, that is, it is controlled by water supply conditions or possible evaporation. As far as oceans and continents are concerned, evaporation on the ocean is greater than precipitation, and evaporation on the continent is less than precipitation, so there must be moisture transport from the ocean to the continent.
Chinese Navy Fleet
Military meteorology was gradually formed and developed based on the needs of war and on the basis of military science and other science and technology. Based on the different impacts of meteorological conditions on the use of various military services and weapons and equipment, the research on military meteorology has gradually expanded to the fields of navy, air force, artillery, missiles, chemical weapons, biological weapons and nuclear weapons, and carried out research on military climate and military applications. The purpose of research work on artificial weather modification.
Military meteorology in the field of naval ship units originated from navigation meteorology. It mainly studies the impact of meteorological conditions on ship navigation, operations and training, ships to prevent or avoid dangerous weather, and methods of implementing meteorological support for ship units. wait. The main meteorological factors that affect the navigation and operations of naval ships are wind, sea fog, waves, etc.
Military meteorology in the aviation field mainly studies the impact of meteorological conditions on aircraft flight, combat and training, as well as methods of implementing meteorological support for aviation units. Meteorological factors that have a greater impact on aviation operations are wind, clouds, atmospheric visibility (fog, precipitation and other visual range obstruction phenomena), thunderstorm vertical airflow, etc.
Missiles
Military meteorology in the field of artillery mainly studies the impact of meteorological conditions on artillery projectile flight, hit accuracy and acoustic reconnaissance, as well as meteorological condition correction and correction of artillery shooting. Methods for implementing meteorological support for artillery units. The impact of meteorological conditions on projectile flight and hit accuracy is mainly achieved by changing the aerodynamic force and aerodynamic moment acting on the projectile, and then changing its ballistic elements (speed, ballistic coefficient and ballistic inclination angle). The main influencing factors are wind, temperature, air pressure, etc.
Missile meteorology mainly studies the impact of meteorological conditions on missile launch, flight, hit accuracy, guidance and survivability. The lateral wind load caused by strong winds can cause the missile standing on the launch pad to produce bending and overturning moments, or even overturn. Wind gusts can also cause the missile to swing; lightning that occurs within a certain range around the launch site can often cause leakage. Or the spilled hydrogenated propellant burns or explodes, sometimes even destroying missiles and ground equipment; similar to the impact on artillery shells, wind, air density, vertical airflow and atmospheric turbulence all affect the flight of the missile (mainly the reentry stage) and hit accuracy; clouds, fog, precipitation and other visual range obstruction phenomena hinder astronomical navigation.
Some countries attach great importance to the use of artificial weather modification for military purposes. Their military ideas include: creating favorable meteorological conditions for their own military operations; creating difficult meteorological conditions for the enemy's military operations and the national economy in the rear. ; Directly use the changed atmospheric conditions as weapons to kill and destroy the opponent's physical forces and technical weapons. The main methods that have been tried include artificial cloud elimination, artificial fog elimination and artificial precipitation.