How to pronounce the word "hairpin"? What does this mean?

This is the earliest publication that uses Latin alphabet to phonetic Chinese characters, which is a little later than Xiaojing, which uses Arabic alphabet to pinyin Chinese characters. Xiaojing (also known as Xiao Er Jing and Xiao Er Jin) is probably the first attempt to pinyin Chinese characters with alphabetic characters.

1626, French Jesuit missionary Genig published Eyes of Western Confucians in Hangzhou, which is a vocabulary for phonetic notation of Chinese characters with Latin letters. The scheme used in phonetic notation is modified on the basis of Matteo Ricci's scheme.

Western phonetic symbols:

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, western missionaries came to China to preach. In order to learn Chinese characters, they began to spell Chinese with Latin letters.

1605, Matteo Ricci (1552-10), an Italian Jesuit missionary, wrote four articles using a set of schemes made by him and several other missionaries to annotate Chinese characters with Roman characters, and sent them to the ink-making experts at that time, who compiled Cheng Mo Yuan.

The first three of the four articles are all propaganda of Catholic teachings, which were synthesized into a single volume by the church and named "Miracle in Western Languages", which was copied from the existing papal library in the Vatican (in China, it is customary to call the above four articles "Miracle in Western Languages").