What is the structure, function and historical value of ancient houses in southern Fujian? The structural functions and historical value of Beijing courtyard houses

1. The ancient houses in Jinjiang, southern Fujian, are the epitome of Chinese Confucian culture and one of the few remaining ancient residential communities in China. It carries a piece of history. Jinjiang is located on the southeast coast of Fujian, with a long history and a rich collection of humanities. The ancient dwellings in Jinjiang are different from those in the northern land and water towns in the south of the Yangtze River, and also different from those in the southern mountainous areas. The ancient folk houses in Jinjiang not only inherit the Central Plains tradition of the Han people, but are also deeply influenced by the maritime culture of the Fujian and Yue people, creating a variety of folk residential buildings. For example, the "palace-style" large house made of "bricks and stones", the "stone house" made of granite, the "earth block bumper house" made of rammed earth, the There are also "earth-shaped houses" and "oyster shell houses" with oyster shells as walls; in modern times, overseas Chinese in Jinjiang have brought Western and Southeast Asian architectural culture and returned to their hometowns to build a series of "Fanzai buildings", which can be called Chinese and Western Perfect combination. This is unique and extraordinary among residential buildings across the country.

Historical value: The ancient house is a southern Fujian-style ancient house built based on the folk geography and Feng Shui customs. The overall layout is rigorous and large, the masters and slaves are clearly arranged, and the materials are carefully selected and handcrafted. It is a good way to understand China. A good example of traditional architecture.

2. Beijing Siheyuan is an inner courtyard-style residence formed by houses on the east, west, south and north sides. As the main architectural form where old Beijingers have lived for generations, Beijing courtyard houses are famous both at home and abroad and are well known to the world. The main door of a courtyard usually opens at the southeast or northwest corner. The north room in the courtyard is the main room. The main room is built on a masonry platform and is larger than other houses. It is the residence of the owner of the courtyard. There are east and west wing rooms on both sides of the yard, where the younger generations live. There is a corridor between the main room and the side room for people to walk and rest. The walls of the courtyard and the houses facing the street generally do not open windows to the outside, so the environment in the courtyard is closed and quiet. There are various sizes of courtyard houses in Beijing, but regardless of their size, they are all composed of courtyards surrounded by houses on four sides. The simplest courtyard houses have only one courtyard, while the more complex ones have two or three courtyards. The deep residences where rich people live usually consist of several courtyard houses juxtaposed. There is also a dividing wall in the middle. ?The typical characteristics of the Siheyuan are its regular appearance, symmetry on the center line, and extremely flexible usage. When it is expanded, it is the palace or royal palace, and when it is shrunk, it is the residence of ordinary people. The glorious Forbidden City and the ordinary farmers' homes in the suburbs are both Siheyuan. The general distribution of the courtyard is the main entrance, the first entrance, the lobby, the second entrance, the study room, the residence, etc. There are wing rooms on both sides, and each room has a corridor and is connected by a door. Understanding the folk houses existing on the earth's surface will surely promote and develop the culture of folk houses.

Historical value: First of all, it has a very long history. Since the Yuan Dynasty when Beijing was formally established as the capital and the capital was planned and constructed on a large scale, courtyard houses have appeared at the same time as Beijing’s palaces, government offices, neighborhoods, alleys and alleys. According to "Analysis of Jin Zhi" written by Xiong Mengxiang in the late Yuan Dynasty: "The street system of most cities is called longitude from south to north, and latitude from east to west. The main street is twenty-four steps wide and there are 384 long lanes. Twenty-nine alleys lead to it.” Secondly, the composition of the courtyard has its unique features. Its courtyard is wide and spacious, and the houses on all four sides are independent and connected with each other by verandas, making living very convenient. The enclosed residences make the courtyard highly private, and you can see the heaven and earth when you close the door. In the courtyard, the doors on all four sides open to the courtyard. , the family is in harmony and happy; the spacious courtyard can also plant trees and flowers, feed birds and fish, and stack rocks and scenery, so that the residents can enjoy the beauty of nature. In addition, although the courtyard is a residential building, it contains profound cultural connotations and is the carrier of traditional Chinese culture.

The construction of quadrangle courtyards pays great attention to Feng Shui. Feng Shui theory is actually ancient Chinese architectural environment science and an important part of traditional Chinese architectural theory. The decoration, carvings and paintings of quadrangle courtyards also reflect folk customs and traditional culture, showing people's respect for the courtyard. The pursuit of happiness, beauty, wealth and auspiciousness, such as the pattern composed of bat and longevity, means "both happiness and longevity"; the pattern of rose flowers placed in a vase means "peace in all seasons"; and the pattern embedded on the door hairpin and door head The auspicious words and auspicious words, the couplets attached to the pillars, and the masterpieces of calligraphy and painting hung indoors are a collection of ancient teachings from sages and famous quotes from ancient and modern times. It is elegant and full of rich cultural atmosphere, just like a palace of traditional Chinese culture.