What was the etiquette in Wei and Jin Dynasties?
Etiquette is etiquette and ceremony. In ancient China, there was a saying of "Five Rites", in which the sacrificial ceremony was auspicious, the wedding ceremony was a ceremony, the guest ceremony was a guest ceremony, the military ceremony was a military ceremony, and the funeral ceremony was a fierce ceremony. According to folklore, etiquette includes four kinds of life etiquette: birth, coronation, wedding and funeral. Actually, etiquette can be divided into politics and life. Politics includes offering sacrifices to heaven, land, ancestral temples, sages of teachers, drinking ceremony in the hometown of respecting teachers, meeting ceremony, military ceremony and so on. Xunzi believes that the origin of life etiquette is "three books", that is, "the foundation of heaven and earth", "the foundation of ancestors" and "the root cause of teachers" In etiquette, the funeral is the earliest. Funeral for the dead is to appease their ghosts, and for the living, respecting the old and loving the young, filial piety and virtue have become a kind of etiquette. In the process of the establishment and implementation of etiquette, the patriarchal clan system in China (see the patriarchal clan system in China) was born. The essence of etiquette is the way to govern people, and it is a derivative of the belief in ghosts and gods. People think that everything is manipulated by invisible ghosts and gods, and performing etiquette is to please ghosts and gods to get happiness. Therefore, etiquette originated from the belief in ghosts and gods, and it is also a special embodiment of the belief in ghosts and gods. The appearance of "Three Rites" (Yili, Li Ji and Zhou Li) marks the mature stage of etiquette development. In the Song Dynasty, etiquette was combined with feudal ethics and moral preaching, that is, etiquette and ethics were confused and became one of the effective tools to promote ethics. Salute serves to persuade morality, and red tape makes full use of it. It was not until modern times that the etiquette was truly reformed. Both the etiquette of national political life and the etiquette of people's life became the new content of the theory of no ghosts, thus becoming the etiquette of modern civilization.
Ancient political etiquette
1 sacrifice to heaven. Worship to heaven, which began in the Zhou Dynasty, is also called suburban worship. On the day of winter solstice, it was held in the southern suburbs of the capital. The ancients first paid attention to the worship of entities, and the worship of heaven was also reflected in the worship of the sun, the moon and the stars. All these specific worship, after reaching a certain number, are abstracted as worship of heaven. The worship of heaven in Zhou Dynasty developed from the worship of "emperor" in Yin Dynasty. The supreme ruler is the son of heaven, and offering sacrifices to heaven serves the supreme ruler. Therefore, the prevalence of worship of heaven did not come to an end until the Qing Dynasty.
2 worship the ground. The solstice in summer is the day of offering sacrifices to the earth, and the etiquette is roughly the same as that of offering sacrifices to heaven. In the Han Dynasty, the Earth God was called Mother, and she was the goddess who blessed mankind, also known as the country God. The earliest place of sacrifice was blood sacrifice. After the Han Dynasty, Feng Shui belief prevailed. The rituals of offering sacrifices to the land include offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers, offering sacrifices to the land gods, the valley gods and the country.
(3) ancestral hall. The ancestral temple system is the product of ancestor worship. Ancestral temple is a place where people set up for the deceased before his death. The ancestral temple system consists of seven temples for emperors, five temples for princes, three temples for doctors and one temple for scholars. Temples are not allowed in Shu Ren. The ancestral temple, the emperor and the vassal are located on the left side of the door, and the doctor sleeps on the left and right sides of the temple. The common people set the ancestral hall next to the kitchen hall of the dormitory. When offering sacrifices, choose a corpse. Bodies are usually served by grandchildren. The god in the temple is a wooden cuboid, which is only placed when offering sacrifices. Sacrifices cannot be called by their first names. There are nine worships when offering sacrifices: kowtowing, nodding, emptiness, vibration, auspiciousness, fierceness, strangeness, praise and worship. The ancestral hall also offered sacrifices to the first generation of emperors. The Book of Rites Quli stipulates that all the ancestors who made contributions to the people, such as Yao, Shun, Yu, Huangdi, King Wen, should make sacrifices. Since the Han Dynasty, people have built cemeteries and shrines to offer sacrifices to the previous emperors. On the other hand, Ming Taizu established an imperial temple in Kyoto. During the Jiajing period, the Emperor Temple was built in Fuchengmen, Beijing, to worship the first king and the 36th emperor.
(4) offering sacrifices to sages. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, the Duke of Zhou was a saint and Confucius was a teacher. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius was the sage and Yan Hui was the teacher. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the ceremony of "releasing wine" has always been a ritual of learning and a ritual of offering sacrifices to Confucius. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, wine-releasing ceremonies were held twice a year in the spring and autumn, and Confucius and Yan temples were also set up in county schools all over the country. In the Ming Dynasty, Confucius was called "the most holy teacher". In the Qing Dynasty, Shengjing (Shenyang, Liaoning Province) established the Confucius Temple. After making Beijing its capital, imperial academy, the capital of Beijing, was elected as imperial academy and set up a Confucian Temple. Confucius called it "the forerunner from Dacheng to Wenshengxuan". Qufu's temple system, sacrificial vessels, musical instruments and etiquette are all based on Beijing imperial academy. Rural drinking ceremony is the product of offering sacrifices to sages.
⑤ Meeting ceremony. When subordinates meet their superiors, they should pay their respects to each other, and officials should also pay their respects to each other. When they meet, Volkswagen, Marquis and Ma Xu should pay tribute twice. The subordinates face west first, and the superiors face east first. When civilians meet, the young and the old salute, and the young salute. Say goodbye to the four foreign worshippers and pay homage nearby.
⑥ Military salute. Including conquest, taxation, hunting, construction, etc.
Ancient life etiquette
(1) birth ceremony. From a woman's seeking for a child when she is not pregnant to a baby's first birthday, all etiquette revolves around the theme of a long life. Shu Gao's sacrifice is begging etiquette. At this time, an altar was set up in the southern suburbs, and all the empresses participated. During the Han and Wei Dynasties, Gao Qi offered sacrifices. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, a ceremony was made to worship Gao Qi. During the Jin Dynasty, Gao Qi offered sacrifices to Di Qing, and built a wooden square platform in the north of Yong 'anmen in the east of the imperial city. Gao Qi was placed under this platform. There was no sacrifice by Gao Qi in the Qing Dynasty, but there was a ceremony of "changing ropes" with the same meaning. Birthday ceremonies have a preference for sons over daughters since ancient times. Birthday ceremonies also include "Three Dynasties", "Full Moon", "Hundred Days" and "One Year". "Three Dynasties" is three days after the baby was born. The "full moon" shaves the fetal hair when the baby is one month old. In the "Hundred Days" ceremony, the uncle was recognized and named. When you are "one year old", you should grasp the rites of the week and predict the fate and career of your child.
Adult ceremony, also known as coronation ceremony, is a coronation ceremony when men enter adulthood. The coronation ceremony evolved from the adult ceremony attended by young men and women who were popular in clan society at maturity. The Han dynasty followed the crown ceremony system of the Zhou dynasty. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Jia Guan began to accompany with music. Crown ceremony was practiced in the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and was abolished in the Qing Dynasty. Many ethnic minority areas in China still have ancient adult rituals, such as pulling teeth, dyeing teeth, wearing skirts, trousers and tying a bun.
(3) Strict food etiquette. Dining is held in the ancestral temple, and the cooking is too firm to drink guests. The emphasis is on etiquette rather than diet. Yan is a banquet, the ceremony is held in the bedroom, and guests and friends can enjoy drinking. Yan Li has a profound influence on the formation of China's food culture. Festive banquets have formed festive food etiquette in China's folk food customs. Eating Yuanxiao on the 15th day of the first month, cold rice and vegetables in Tomb-Sweeping Day, zongzi and realgar wine in Duanyang in May, moon cakes and laba porridge in Mid-Autumn Festival, and making friends to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new are all festive ceremonies. Eating certain foods on some festivals is also a kind of eating etiquette. Seats for banquets, the order of serving, and the etiquette of persuading wine and toasting all have the requirements of men and women, the relationship of inferiority and the taboo of praying for blessings.
4 guest gifts. Mainly used to receive guests. There are different levels of gift etiquette for guests. When the scholars meet, the guests see the master, taking the pheasant as the guide; When doctors meet, they take geese as baskets; When you meet a doctor, you should take a lamb as a basket.
⑤ Five sacrifices. Refers to the door, door, well, stove and middle room. In the Zhou Dynasty, people visited households in spring, roamed around in summer, visited doors in autumn and visited wells in winter. During the Han and Wei dynasties, there were five sacrifices every season, and in March of Meng Dong, there was a total sacrifice. In the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, the theory of "Seven Sacrifices to Heaven Emperor" was adopted, offering sacrifices to Siming (a minor god in the palace), Zhong You, Guo Hang, (a wild ghost), Hu and Zao. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were still five sacrifices. After Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, the special sacrifices of doors, households, middle schools and wells were abandoned, and the stoves were only sacrificed on December 23, which was consistent with the folk story of the kitchen god telling the sky on December 24. The national sacrificial ceremony adopted a folk form.
6 Nuo instrument. Originated in prehistoric times and prevailed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Nuo ceremonies in the Zhou Dynasty were designed to drive away evil spirits and epidemics in the four seasons. Zhou people believe that the operation of nature is closely related to the good or ill luck of personnel. With the change of seasons, the variation of cold and heat, the epidemic of plague and the taking advantage of ghosts, timely mourning is needed to exorcise evil spirits. Fang Shixiang is the main god in Nuo ceremony. Twelve animals formula Shixiang appeared in Nuo instruments in Han Dynasty. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties followed the Han system, and entertainment elements were added to Nuo ceremonies, with musicians playing Fang and twelve animals. So far, the Nuo ceremony of Tujia nationality in Guizhou is the most complete and typical.
The Spring Festival is the most solemn festival in China's traditional customs. This festival is the first in a year. The ancients also called Yuanri, New Year's Day, Jacky, Spring Festival and Xinzheng. Now they are called after the Spring Festival and adopt the Gregorian calendar era. In ancient times, "Spring Festival" and "Spring" were synonymous. On the one hand, the custom of the Spring Festival is to celebrate the past year, on the other hand, it is to wish a happy New Year, a bumper harvest of crops and prosperity of people and animals, which are mostly related to farming. Welcome and dance the dragon to please the dragon god, and the weather is good; Lion dance originated from a legend, that is, the town is afraid of monsters that destroy crops and harm people and animals. With the development of society, activities such as worshipping the gods and worshipping the sky are gradually eliminated, and customs such as burning firecrackers, posting Spring Festival couplets, hanging New Year pictures, playing dragon lanterns, dancing lions and celebrating the New Year are still widely popular.
Lantern Festival is a traditional folk festival in China. Also known as the first half of the first month, Shangyuan Festival and Lantern Festival. The custom of Lantern Festival includes watching lanterns, wrapping jiaozi, and playing drums in the New Year to welcome Ce Shen and solve riddles on the lanterns. The custom of eating Yuanxiao began in the Song Dynasty. Yuanxiao is a kind of jiaozi, which is a solid or stuffed jiaozi made of glutinous rice flour. You can eat soup, stir-fry it or steam it.
Cold Food Festival is a traditional folk festival in China. Fireworks are strictly prohibited during festivals, and only cold food can be eaten. Winter to the future 105 or 106 days, one or two days before Qingming. According to legend, during the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhong Er, the son of the Jin Dynasty, was exiled, and the minister Jiezitui cut off his shares. After Zhong Er proclaimed himself emperor, he made great contributions, but he didn't enjoy meson push. Zitui lives in seclusion in the mountains. Zhong Er was ashamed, so he let Yamakaji go and forced him to come out to be rewarded. The child was burned to death because he couldn't get out of the Woods. Therefore, Zhong Er ordered not to make a fire to cook on this day every year to commemorate Zitui and express his condemnation of his mistakes. Because cold food is close to Qingming time, later generations regard the custom of cold food as one of Qingming customs.
Tomb-Sweeping Day is a traditional folk festival in China. According to the lunar calendar, it is the first half of March, and according to the solar calendar, it is April 5 or 6 every year. At this time, the weather is getting warmer and sunny. "Everything is so clean and bright", hence Tomb-Sweeping Day's name. Its customs include sweeping graves, hiking, swinging, flying kites and wearing flowers. Scholars of all ages wrote poems on the theme of Qingming.
Dragon Boat Festival is a traditional folk festival in China. Also known as Duanyang, Chongwu and Chongwu. Dragon Boat Festival was originally held in the afternoon of the first month. Because "May" and "noon" are homophonic, the fifth day of the fifth lunar month becomes the Dragon Boat Festival. It is generally believed that this festival is related to the commemoration of Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was loyal and drowned himself, so people ate zongzi and held dragon boat races to mourn him. The customs of the Dragon Boat Festival include drinking realgar wine, hanging sachets, eating zongzi, arranging calamus flowers, beating herbs and expelling the "five poisons".
Jojo China traditional folk festival. Also known as Girls' Day or Tanabata. According to legend, after the weaver girl on the east bank of Tianhe married the cowherd in Hexi, the brocade was woven a little slowly, and the emperor was furious, so he drove the weaver girl back and only allowed them to meet on the bridge made of magpies and birds on the seventh night of the seventh lunar month every year. Or: the weaver girl in the sky married the cowherd on the ground, and the queen mother took the weaver girl back to the sky and only allowed them to meet at the annual magpie bridge. On the evening of the seventh day of July every year, when the Weaver Girl and the Cowherd reunite, women will put incense tables and thread needles to ask the Weaver Girl for advice on weaving and embroidery skills. Listening to the conversation between the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl under the grape trellis is also an interesting thing on July 7.
Mid-Autumn Festival is a traditional folk festival in China. Also known as the reunion festival. August of the lunar calendar is in autumn, and August 15th is in August, so it is called Mid-Autumn Festival. Autumn is crisp and the bright moon is in the sky, so there is a custom of enjoying and offering sacrifices to the moon. The reunion association brought by the full moon makes the Mid-Autumn Festival more deeply rooted in people's hearts. The Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon is more romantic after being associated with Mid-Autumn Festival in Tang Dynasty. Many poets in the past dynasties wrote poems on the theme of Mid-Autumn Festival. The main customs of Mid-Autumn Festival are appreciating the moon, offering sacrifices to the moon, watching the tide and eating moon cakes.
Double Ninth Festival is a traditional folk festival in China. The Book of Changes defines "nine" as yang number, and two or nine is important, so the ninth day of the ninth lunar month is "Chongyang". In the Double Ninth Festival, the air is crisp in autumn, the wind is clear and the moon is clean, so there are customs such as climbing high and looking far, appreciating chrysanthemums and making poems, drinking chrysanthemum wine and inserting dogwood. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a poem "Cornus officinalis is all over the ground, but one person is missing".
China traditional folk festivals in Lari. This is an ancient festival, offering sacrifices to ancestors, gods and harvest at the end of the year. The twelfth lunar month is usually held in the last month of each year, and it was fixed on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. There are customs such as eating red bean porridge and offering sacrifices to ancestors. Buddhist Laba porridge has also penetrated into Laba customs.
New Year's Eve is a traditional folk festival in China. On the evening of Lunar New Year1February 30th, every household is cleaning the house, putting on rich dishes and having a "New Year's Eve" with the whole family. This night, everyone stays up all night, or drinks and chats, or plays chess by guessing. This is the so-called "guarding the old age". At zero o'clock, people rushed out and gathered a fire in front of the court (called "Tingliao" in ancient times, which means prosperity). At the time of the "three yuan" of "year yuan, month yuan and time yuan", three "celestial cannons" were released in order to develop and prosper first. At this time, firecrackers and cheers were connected together, and there was a scene of "removing the old year from firecrackers".