Summary of compulsory knowledge points of geography in senior two.
Summary of a compulsory knowledge point of geography in senior two 1
First, the key content analysis:
Man's understanding of the universe is deepening.
The universe is material and moving.
The existing form of matter in the universe: celestial bodies (such as stars, etc. ; And interstellar gas and dust)
Gravitation and rotation between celestial bodies: celestial system
The hierarchy of celestial bodies: Earth-Moon System-Solar System-Galaxy-General Galaxy.
Extragalactic galaxy-total galaxy
The earth is an ordinary and special planet in the solar system, the cosmic environment of the earth and the reason for the existence of life on the earth.
Map of the solar system: the classification of the eight planets according to their structural characteristics and their respective members (universality of the earth)
The location of the asteroid belt
comet
Central celestial body: the sun (mass)
The reason for the existence of life on the earth (the particularity of the earth)
The causes of the cosmic environment: the eight planets go their own way and do not interfere with each other; The sunlight is stable.
Earth's own reasons: the distance between the sun and the earth is appropriate; Suitable volume and quality
The energy source of the sun and its great influence on the earth
Source: nuclear fusion in the center of the sun
Impact: it is the main driving force of water, atmosphere and biological circulation in nature; Energy sources for production and life (solar energy and fossil fuels)
The Influence of Sunspots and Flares on the Earth
Comparison of solar activity types in the solar atmosphere and its influence on the earth
The number and size of sunspots in the photosphere is a sign of solar activity intensity. The correlation between climate, precipitation and sunspot number interferes with the ionosphere, short-wave communication, the earth's magnetic field and magnetic storms.
Chromosphere flare shows strong solar activity; But they often appear together, and the activity cycle is 1 1 year.
The direction and period of the earth's rotation
Rotation direction: from east to west; The north pole is counterclockwise; Antarctic clockwise
Period: 1 sidereal day.
The alternation of day and night and local time-one of the phenomena caused by the earth's rotation, second
Alternate day and night
The meaning and position of the termination line.
The concept of solar height: the solar height in the solar hemisphere and the night hemisphere? Sun height on the termination line =0.
The cycle and significance of day and night alternation: 1 solar day (24 hours)
Different longitudes have different local time.
Rotation from west to east: local time is early in the east and late in the west; Every longitude 15, the local time difference is 1 hour.
Influence of geostrophic deviatoric force on horizontal moving objects on the surface-the third phenomenon produced by the earth's rotation
Left deviation of the southern hemisphere; Right deviation in the northern hemisphere; Equatorial unbiased
Impact: wind direction; Ocean current; Scouring and sediment deposition on both sides of the river
Direction, orbit, period and intersection angle of the earth's revolution
Rotation direction: same as rotation direction.
Orbit of revolution: an ellipse close to a perfect circle; Location and approximate date of perihelion and apohelion
Period: 1 sidereal year
The change of speed: perihelion is the fastest; Apohelion is the slowest.
The intersection of yellow and red (reflecting the relationship between rotation and revolution)
Attach importance to the three-dimensional diagram and plan of the intersection of the yellow river and the pond;
Understand the important points, lines, surfaces, angles and their relationships on the map, and ask to be able to draw and describe them.
Earth axis, termination line, equatorial plane, ecliptic plane, tropic of cancer, south arctic circle, direct sunlight (point).
Relationship between declination angle and inclination angle of earth axis.
Influence of Yellow-Red Intersection Angle: Movement of Direct Solar Point on the Surface —— Temporal Distribution of Solar Radiation on the Surface
Make clear the movement law and period of the direct point of the sun:-take 1 tropic year as the period, and return to the north and south.
Move back and forth between the lines (there is a straight shot on the line; There are two straight shots between the lines)
What changes in the range of five zones will be caused by the change of yellow-red intersection angle?
"Equal division of graph"
The position of the earth and the corresponding date and solar terms, the direction of revolution, the direction of the earth axis, the approximate position of perihelion, and the change of revolution speed.
10, the formation of four seasons and five regions
Geographical phenomena caused by the earth's rotation
Annual variation of solar height angle at noon;
Distribution law of different latitudes on the same day: decreasing from the latitude directly pointing to the north and south (sun bisector)
Changes of the same latitude in different seasons: near big and far small (around June 22? 65438+around February 22nd? )
Annual variation of the length of day and night:
The day pointing to the hemisphere is longer than the night, and the higher the latitude, the longer the day.
The day that points directly to the hemisphere is getting longer and longer.
Around June 22, the northern hemisphere? -The northern hemisphere has the longest day and the shortest night, and there are extreme days in and around the Arctic Circle.
65438+around February 22nd, Northern Hemisphere? The shortest day and the longest night are at all latitudes in the northern hemisphere, and there are polar nights in and around the Arctic Circle.
Spring and autumn equinox? -divide day and night all over the world.
Equator? -equal parts day and night all year round.
Division of four seasons: (obvious mid-latitude)
Seasonal variation of the height of the sun and the length of day and night at noon-the longest time between the sun and the day is astronomical summer.
Astronomical winter is the time when the sun is the lowest and the day is the shortest.
Summary of a compulsory knowledge point of geography in senior two.
First, the basic forms of the earth's movement: revolution and rotation.
Around the sun-earth axis
The direction is from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole) and from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole and counterclockwise over the South Pole)
Periodic sidereal year (365 days, 6: 9: 10 second) sidereal day (23: 56: 4 second)
The average angular velocity is 1/ day, perihelion (65438+1early October), perihelion (early July) and perihelion (15/ hour).
The average linear velocity is 30 km/h, decreasing from the equator to the poles. Equator 1670KM\ h, pole is 0.
The relationship between the earth's rotation and revolution;
(1) Equatorial angle: the intersection angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane. At present, it is 23 26'
(2) The movement of the direct point of the sun between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer.
Second, the geographical significance of the Earth's rotation
(1) Alternating day and night (2) Local time (3) Objects moving horizontally along the surface move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
Third, the geographical significance of the revolution of the earth.
(1) Variation of Day and Night Length and Noon Sun Height
① Changes in the length of day and night
Northern Hemisphere: In summer, the days are long and the nights are short, and the days are longer as you go north.
The days in the hemisphere north of the Arctic Circle are long, and the equator is open all year round.
In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. The farther north, the shorter the days are. Divide the day and night equally, and divide the spring and autumn globally.
There is a phenomenon of extreme night in the northern Arctic Circle, which is divided equally between day and night.
Southern hemisphere: opposite to the northern hemisphere.
② The change of sun height at noon.
Vernal equinox: it decreases from the equator to the north and south, and decreases from the direct point of the sun to the north and south.
With the change of latitude, the summer solstice decreases from 23 26' N to the north and south.
Winter solstice: from 23 degrees 26 minutes south latitude to 23 degrees south latitude.
The height of 23 26' north latitude is closer to the direct point from summer to sun.
With the change of seasons, the winter solstice reaches the maximum south of 23 26.
There are two direct meetings between the Tropic of Cancer and the South every year.
Fourth, the interpretation of light map
(1) judging the north and south poles is usually used in the top view. The basis of judgment is: the earth's rotation is counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole; Or look at the longitude, the direction in which the east longitude increases is the direction of the earth's rotation.
(2) Judging the solar terms, date and latitude of the direct point of the sun, the circle passes through the pole (or coincides with a meridian) in the morning and evening, and the direct point of the sun is the equator, that is, vernal equinox; The termination line is tangent to the polar circle. If there is an extreme day in the Arctic Circle, it is the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the direct point of the sun is 23 26' north latitude. If there is a polar night in the Arctic Circle, it is the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere, and the direct point of the sun is at 23 26' south latitude.
(3) When determining the local time, in the illumination map, the meridian where the direct point of the sun is located is noon 12, the middle meridian of the daytime part surrounded by the termination line is 12, the local time between the morning line and the equator is 6, and the meridian between the dark line and the equator is 18. According to the interval of 15, the time difference is 65438+.
(4) judging the length of day and night to find the length of day (night) in a place is to find the length of the sun (night) arc in the latitude circle, and it can also be calculated by the longitude of the sun (night) arc.
(5) To judge the height angle of the sun at noon, first find the latitude difference between the sought area and the direct point of the sun. If the area and the direct point of the sun are in the same hemisphere, take the latitude difference between the two places. If the searched area and the direct point of the sun are not in the same hemisphere, take the sum of the latitudes of the two places, and then use the latitude difference of 90 degrees-the noon sun in the searched area is high.
Summary of a compulsory knowledge point of geography in senior two 3
1, several important geographical boundaries:
Monsoon zone and non-monsoon zone, Qinhuai river line, three economic zones, three natural zones and three steps.
2, the corresponding relationship between the main mountains and other geographical boundaries:
Mountains: Tianshan, Altai, Daba, Helan, Qilian, Altun, Taihang, Wuyishan, Nanling, Kunlun and Yinshan.
There are three main east-west mountains:
Tianshan-Yinshan Mountain
Kunlun Mountain-Qinling Mountains
Nanling mountains
The northeast-southwest mountain range has the following three columns:
Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain
Changbai Mountain-Wuyishan
Mountainous areas of Taiwan Province Province.
Altun
North-South Mountains
Helan mountain
the hengduan mountains
Northwest-southeast mountain range
Altai Mountains
Qilian mountain range
Bow mountain
Himalayas
3. The main influencing factors of isothermal bending:
Topographic factors, ocean current factors, land and ocean factors.
4. Hydrological characteristics of rivers
Describe the hydrological characteristics of rivers:
Flow and velocity: size, seasonal variation, and moisture content (depending on precipitation characteristics, rainwater supply and river area);
Sediment concentration: It depends on the vegetation condition of the basin.
Ice age and ice flood: availability and length
Water level: high and low, change characteristics (depending on river recharge type, water conservancy project and lake storage function)
Water energy: related to topography (river drop, flow velocity) and climate (precipitation, runoff, evaporation).
☆ Try to compare the hydrological characteristics of the north and south rivers.
The tributaries in the southern and northern regions are mainly supplemented by rainwater, and the water level changes in flood season are short, long and small, but there is no sediment concentration in the ice age and ice age.
5, climate precipitation type:
Most of the annual precipitation is annual, such as tropical rain forest climate and temperate maritime climate.
The precipitation in summer or half a year is summer rain type, such as tropical grassland climate, tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon humid climate and temperate monsoon climate.
Winter precipitation is winter rain type, such as Mediterranean climate.
There is little rainfall throughout the year, such as tropical desert climate and temperate continental climate.
6. Regional types of agriculture:
Monsoon paddy field agriculture: commodity grain agriculture in monsoon region: Northeast China (same summer rain and heat, abundant sunshine, fertile soil, flat terrain, high level of mechanization, convenient transportation and broad market) (large production scale, high level of mechanization, high commodity rate and state-owned operation) mixed agriculture: Pearl River Delta region (convenient transportation, broad market and sufficient labor force) (high commodity rate) nomadic industry: four grasslands (high commodity rate)
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