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What are the elements of a successful debate?

A debate must include three elements, namely, topic, rules and debaters. Here, we analyze these factors by comparing debates and speeches. Speech contest is also an intellectual competitive sport. From the form of competition, we can regard speech as a performance-oriented intellectual competition, while debate is an antagonistic intellectual competition.

Debate is the center of the debate, and the whole debate revolves around the debate. Whether it is a debate contest or a speech contest, the topic is determined in advance, usually drawn up by the organizer and selected by lottery. The debate also needs to determine the positions held by all parties.

Debate topics are different from speech topics, such as "I have a dream", "For children", "Give me back the earth", "Yangtze River: 1998" or "Yangtze River: 2025", "I love Luojia", "I am a citizen of Wuhan" and "Hello, Macau". Debate must set up conflicts and form confrontation, just like a game can only have one end, and football must have two opposite goals. The arguments of both sides must be antagonistic or divergent, which is the premise of the debate. The two sides confronted, discussed, refuted and defended this opposition or difference. Therefore, the debate always requires both sides to choose between opposition and differences. The options can be roughly divided into three types: yes and no, such as "whether high salary can support honesty" and "whether computers will replace books"; Right and wrong, such as "human nature is good or evil" and "beauty is objective existence or subjective feeling"; One way or another, such as "the foolish old man moved mountains or moved houses" and "the maintenance of social order mainly depends on law or morality". This antagonism of debate can also be called "debatability". Debatable topics may be a thousand-year debate, which will never end from generation to generation. For example, the issue of "good human nature" or "evil human nature" will help people deepen their understanding of this issue and enrich its connotation, although it is impossible to achieve final unity. More is a social hot issue. Today, the pace of knowledge explosion, information explosion and social change is accelerating day by day, and such problems emerge one after another. Judging from various debates in recent years, the issues involved in the debate are very extensive, such as environmental protection, euthanasia, AIDS, human cloning, the Internet, and "Ms. You E799BAA6E59E7A94313328".

Equality in the debate: mere opposition is not necessarily debatable, and the following topics are debatable: First, propositions that need to be decided through scientific experiments and discoveries, such as "Is UFO an alien" and "Is there a savage in Shennongjia", are debatable. Secondly, it is indisputable that only through quantification can a clear conclusion be drawn. Thirdly, propositions that belong to common sense or have reached conclusions or formed people's knowledge are also indisputable, such as "whether the earth revolves around the sun". These topics are indisputable because they are unfair to both sides of the debate. Any debate must be equal to both sides, so that both sides can start on the basis of equal argumentation. However, the same problem, if well designed, can also be discussed. For example, under the argument of "whether human beings should protect the environment for flood control" and "whether Wuhan University should build a world-class university", there is almost no room for expansion on the opposing side. However, if these two topics are changed to "flood control in the Yangtze River, protecting vegetation in the upper reaches is more important than dredging in the lower reaches" or "flood control: damming or dredging rivers", "building a first-class university: undergraduate education is more important than postgraduate education" or "teaching is more important than scientific research", it may be controversial. In addition, topics with too much ideological color are not suitable for debate.

A question that debaters often ask is: Is debate good or bad for us? Any kind of competitive sports always has advantages and disadvantages. As far as sports competitions are concerned, although the rules of the competition are equally applicable to both sides, the weather, venues and spectators may bring favorable or unfavorable effects to both sides. Football, for example, will be at a disadvantage in the away game, facing the opposite audience and fanatical fans. But for the opposing players, the psychological pressure may be even greater, because they are playing in front of their own homes. The screaming of the fans is actually a kind of interference to the players of both sides. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages are not absolute, but relative. So is the debate. Judging from the organization of the debate, except that the rules are equally applicable to both sides, the debate is "neutral" and both sides have equal chances of winning. Of course, the two sides sometimes have some differences in the scope of the debate, the public's recognition of the debate will be different, and the ideological resources provided by national cultural traditions will be more or less. But this difference will not have a fundamental impact on the result of the game. Moreover, if the debater on the unfavorable side plays a normal role in the debate, shows good quality, is eloquent and justifies himself, it will win the judges and the audience more. This is like diving, it is a difficult action, and the scoring difficulty coefficient is also large. Although there is no difficulty coefficient in the debate rules, it may exist objectively and invisibly in the subconscious of the judges and the audience. More importantly, the judges' judgment and voting are not based on whether they agree with the positions and viewpoints of both sides, but on whether the two sides can justify themselves and their comprehensive performance in the debate. In fact, there are many examples in which the disadvantaged debating team wins. For example, in the 1994 Changhong Cup National TV Debate Competition, there was a debate topic: "The advantages of tobacco industry outweigh the disadvantages", and Sun Yat-sen University was unfavorable to the positive side. However, the team of Sun Yat-sen University regards the tobacco industry as an industry of the national economy, and the development of the country is basically based on economic development, cleverly demonstrating and giving play to its role. Another example that can better illustrate this problem is: 1993. The semi-final debate of the First International Debate Competition for College Students was "Is AIDS a medical problem or a social problem?" As the opposing party, Fudan University team took the position that "AIDS is a social problem, not a medical problem." This debate is "one-sided and profound", and the judgment that "AIDS is not a medical problem" pushes a position to the extreme, which goes against common sense and is almost indisputable. If the topic is changed to "AIDS is a social problem, but it is a medical problem", it seems fairer to give both sides room to play. However, the debaters of Fudan actually won, which is exactly: "Only when things change, can you be a hero."

Accuracy: Debate must be accurate, carefully selected and scrutinized repeatedly. The theme of a speech can be vague, metaphorical and symbolic. For example, "I have a dream", what is the meaning of "dream" here can be freely imagined and played by the speaker. Debate is no good, every word must stand scrutiny, and there can be no ambiguity. As far as the participants in the debate are concerned, it is necessary to carefully analyze the relationship between every word, every word and every concept. For example, the final debate topic of 1998 National College Students Debate Competition is "High salary can keep honesty" (Xi Jiaotong University-Shanghai International Studies University). This debate topic contains the concepts of "salary", "high salary" and "high salary". Through the analysis and scrutiny of the debate topic, the debate team from the coach to each debater should have a unified understanding of the following issues and maintain a high degree of consistency: These points, any debater has no right to change on the court, and must cooperate closely and echo each other, especially the bottom line. Once determined, we must guard against it. The so-called basic front is to determine several battlefields, which is the main battlefield and which is the auxiliary battlefield. A debate often has several focuses, which are interrelated and echo each other. In the debate, we must grasp the key points, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses, give full play to our advantages, and transfer the battlefield in time according to the situation on the field. About the ideological realm, it is often easily overlooked. Therefore, a common problem in debates is that they are obsessed with details. For example, the relationship between men and women often becomes the content of debate competitions, such as the 95 International University Debate Competition: "Women need more care than men" (Bonn University-Fu Jen Catholic University) and the 98 National University Debate Competition: "Future society: Women are more stressed than men" (University of Electronic Science and Technology of China-Tongji University). This kind of debate is not only full of the sense of the times, but also has a very broad vision. However, the side that defends women's rights always raises the issue of women having children. More unfortunately, in this case, the opposing side can easily follow the positive side, and both sides seem to show great interest in having children. As a result, both sides circled in front of the delivery room and entangled with each other. For another example, 1997 The debate topic of the sixth Hongfeng Cup final of Wuhan University was "Competition is more important than cooperation in modern society". Both sides of the debate seemed to ignore the concept of "modern society" and only talked about competition and cooperation, failing to develop their arguments in this era of "modern society". On the positive side, people feel that the competition they talk about is no different from the social Darwinism in the19th century, and the law of the jungle prevails. On the other hand, the opposing side repeatedly grasps the environment, which is also the same problem facing mankind. It seems that cooperation is because human beings need to protect the environment, and sometimes it is said that cooperation is a collective internal cooperation that participates in competition, which deviates from the debate, lacks a sense of the times and lowers the ideological realm of the debate.

The wording of the debate must be accurate and rigorous, but it does not mean that the participants in the debate have no room for active definition. A clear definition can create a favorable foundation for our own debate. As mentioned above, it is a very wise example to define the tobacco industry as an industry of the national economy. However, it cannot be arbitrarily defined for the sake of argument. In the debate on the topic of "the advantages of college students taking part-time jobs outweigh the disadvantages" or "the disadvantages outweigh the advantages", the active party regards students as part-time cadres, which violates people's existing agreements and loses their original favorable position. Another common problem in the debate is that a definition is entangled in the debate. For example, in the debate on whether the floating population is more beneficial than the disadvantages or the disadvantages outweigh the advantages, in order to explain that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, the active party advocates that the floating population should include inflows and outflows, and after one party defines it, the other party will follow suit. The question of whether to adopt this definition is endlessly entangled, which makes the audience feel meaningless.

Debate rules The speech contest is completed by the contestants independently, and then judged by the judges. The rules of the speech contest are relatively simple, mainly to limit the time of the speech. The rules of debate are obviously more complicated than speech, because it is more of a game, and the game process of the game is ever-changing, so we should make some agreements in advance and formulate more complicated rules. The rules of debate can be divided into three aspects:

1. The organizing rules of the competition mainly involve team qualifications, registration procedures and competition system, including the style of the competition map and the method of drawing lots. The organizing committee of the debate is responsible for the implementation. At present, the competition system is mostly elimination system. After preliminary competition, semi-finals and finals, champions were produced from eight teams. 1994 Changhong Cup National TV Debate Competition adopts the way of group round robin, rematch and final, and stands out from six teams to win the championship.

Second, the rules of the stadium, involving the way of debate, mainly including the number of both sides, the order and number of speeches, the time of each stage, etc. Since the Asian University Debate Competition, the Singapore model, four-to-four formation, has been popular. The debate process includes presentation, cross-examination, free debate and concluding remarks. Later, the Peking University model was revised on this basis, and cross-examination was added to strengthen the antagonism of the debate. 1996, the invitational tournament of the second China Famous School Debate Competition tried a new mode, that is, three-to-three formation. In addition to retaining the above-mentioned debate process, the introduction of the debate plan of both coaches was added before the game. The rules of the stadium are supervised and implemented by the host. The host is different from the referee. His duties are mainly procedural and have no real power to decide the result. He is mainly responsible for explaining the rules and precautions of the competition before the start of the debate and presiding over the whole process of the competition. The basic requirements for the host are impartiality and neutrality. In order to enliven the atmosphere of the stadium, he (she) can appropriately encourage the performance of the debater in the simplest language, but he (she) can't use critical language, let alone praise or criticize the debater's speech, and never take sides with or embarrass the debater's side. 1996 In the final of Hongfeng Cup, a debater failed to complete the prepared defense at the end of time. After the speech, the host said, "The debater is well prepared and has not enough time." Subjectively, she wanted to be humorous and enliven the atmosphere, but she inadvertently ridiculed the debater, which should not be. In the debate held in our school, many hosts seem to be unable to control the order of the venue, especially when the debater runs out of time, some hosts often can't stop his speech decisively and simply. As a host, you should remember that law enforcement is like a mountain.

Third, the standardization and evaluation of the language and behavior of the contestants includes two parts. First, the language used is Mandarin (which is called * * * homonym of modern Chinese in the university debate in China, that is, Putonghua with Beijing accent as the standard, northern dialect as the basic dialect and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm), so you can't read the prepared debate draft, and you can't make personal attacks on the other party. These contents usually form part of the rules of the stadium, but they should be implemented in the evaluation, which is the basis for scoring. The second is the evaluation rules, including the composition and composition of the evaluation team, scoring standards and scoring procedures. Both speeches and debates need referees, which is different from referees. Referees in sports have many hard indicators, which can be used to make judgments and rulings. However, the criteria for judging speeches and debates are mostly soft, which largely depends on the subjective judgment of the members of the jury. This kind of evaluation is also different from marking papers, so there is no time to compare and consider it. But in contrast, there are more changes on both sides of the debate, and the speed of the debate is faster than that of the speech. It is more difficult for the audience and judges to think synchronously with the participants in the debate, so they can't make careful consideration and deliberation when judging, and the judgment is more subjective, based more on impressions and feelings than accurate measurement and calculation. Understanding this is very important for formulating the strategy and tactics of the debate.

The debater is the main body of the debate, including both sides, which are divided into one-on-one, two-on-two, and team-on-team, such as singles, doubles and team competitions in ball games. However, in the table tennis competition, the team is determined by the points of singles and doubles, and the team competition of the debate is played together. As two participants in the debate, they should come from the same level and be equal in culture, theory and moral cultivation, temperament and self-cultivation. Otherwise, the debate will not form confrontation and climax, and it will not really unfold, and there will be no ornamental value. The success of the debate depends on the quality of the debater, and the debate is a contest of comprehensive quality. This quality can be divided into three aspects: ① knowledge quality, including cultural accumulation, knowledge structure and knowledge; (2) Skills, including logical thinking, language art, sense of humor, etc. ③ Personality quality, including moral cultivation, mental state, cooperative spirit, manners and temperament, appearance and manners, etc.

Here, it is particularly necessary to emphasize the personality quality of the debater. The important difference between a debate and a speech lies in the existence of opponents. Opponents should get to the bottom of it, treat each other as equals, get along well, and give full and sincere respect to each other's personality, knowledge level, cultural level and performance on the court. Absolutely avoid any language, wording, gestures and actions that are personally offensive, demeaning or sarcastic. You can use gestures to help you speak, but this is not enough for a speech, let alone exaggerated gestures. Making faces, striking the table and gnashing your teeth are all disgraceful. 1995 when a debater in our school made a statement in the first China Famous School Debate Competition, the first sentence was "The other side talked about a thousand words today, but it was off the topic of Wan Li". What does this mean? If so, isn't the other party not qualified to argue with you at all, and not your opponent at all? So this shows that the other party is not taken seriously at all, so it is not suitable. 1997, when the debate and speech association of our school was founded, the all-star team debate contest was held. Generally speaking, the debate was good, but in the free debate, both sides talked about legal issues. At this time, a debater of the opposing side stood up and said, "I study law …", which seems to be bullying others by force. In Ten Relationships in Debate, Mr. Yu Wujin said that the Fudan University team paid great attention to correcting the improper language of the players in training, and did not allow the players to accuse the other side of "tampering with the debate", but asked to use neutral words such as "change" and did not allow the players to criticize the other side with words such as "prejudice is farther from the truth than ignorance". To be a debater, you must first learn to be a man, show the temperament and self-restraint of higher education, accept the baptism and edification of modern civilization, have the manners, courtesy and tolerance of modern people, and be polite on and off the court, not overbearing and aggressive.

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20 10-05- 12

The elements of debate include topic, arguer and refuter, all of which are indispensable. The topic may be agreed in advance, or it may be the source of improvisation; You can take the initiative to determine it yourself, or you can specify it by others. Throughout the debate, the theme should be consistent and remain unchanged. A commentator refers to a person who puts forward an argument or argument on his own initiative; A refuter is a person who refutes the views and positions of the arguer.

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