What does the Yellow Emperor look like?
It's a bug!
Really! Don't believe it? Look here!
The Record of the Five Emperors says: "The Yellow Emperor is the son of Shaodian, surnamed Gongsun and named Xuanyuan", and it says: "So the Yellow Emperor has bears." Qiao Zhou was quoted as saying: "The Yellow Emperor has a bear Guo Jun and a son Shaodian." Then Huangfu said, "There are bears, and now Xinzheng, Henan." In addition, Guangxu said, "There is a bear on board." Ban Gu's "White Tiger Tongyi.No. Chapter" also said: "The Yellow Emperor wins the world and posthumous title is a bear." Therefore, the totem of Huangdi tribe should be "bear", that is, bear. For example, Mr. Yu Naichang and Mr. Xia Min said: "According to the test, after the Yellow Emperor unified the Central Plains, he convened various tribal alliances to discuss the unified totem of tribal alliances (idols and emblems) in order to unify his will and actions. It turns out that all major tribes have their own totems. The totem of the yellow emperor bear tribe is a bear. The totem of the tribes in southwest China is the tiger; The totem of southern tribes is snakes; The totem of the eastern tribes is fish. Totems of other tribes are eagles, monkeys, deer, horses, etc. " (Yu Naichang and Xia Min, Primitive Religion and Aesthetic Madness, pp. 76-77, Qinghai People's Publishing House, 1994, 1 February).
Some scholars have also demonstrated from another angle that the totem of the Huangdi tribe is a bear. Mr. Yang Ya believes that most surnames and surnames in ancient China originated from clan totems, while Chinese characters in our country should mainly come from hieroglyphics representing clan totems at the earliest. Therefore, when we discuss the totems of Yandi and Huangdi, we should take the analysis of their handed down surnames as the main basis. According to literature, the real name is Jiang, and the real name of Huangdi is Ji. Kiko follows her daughter.
In fact, the word "Chen" in the bronze inscriptions of Shang and Zhou Dynasties is an upright image of a bear (an agreement formed for the convenience of writing and carving), so the word "Ji" is originally the image of a bear, "proving that the Yellow Emperor should take the bear as a totem". Historical records. The Biography of the Five Emperors said that the Yellow Emperor "taught bears, donkeys and donkeys,
, tiger, in order to fight with Yan Di in the wild of Hanquan, "Liezi" also contains "The Yellow Emperor and Yan Di fought in the wild of Hanquan, with handsome bears, scorpions, leopards and tigers as the forequarters, carving,
It also shows that the Yellow Emperor should take the bear as the totem, because there are many clans with different totems in the clan group of the Yellow Emperor, and the bear totem clan occupies the primary position in these clans (Yang Yachang's Preliminary Analysis and Archaeological Observation of the Legend of Yanhuang, Prehistoric Research No.4, 1987). The Encyclopedia of Mysterious Culture in China, edited by Mr. Jin Liangnian, holds that "the Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan's surname is Ji, according to the bronze inscription' Chen'.
Textual research on "font", bronze inscription "minister"
It is the image of a bear, so the Huangdi tribe should be a bear totem tribe. Moreover, according to the records of the five emperors, it can be known that the bear tribe in the Yellow Emperor's tribal alliance was later replaced by the original subordinate tribe. "The tiger tribe was placed on the first duty because it was stronger and because it was the successor of the original bear tribe" (Jin Liangnian
There are turtle-shaped patterns on Shang bronzes, which are interpreted by scholars as "Tiannian" and are written or family emblems (Yi, the father of Zinian, and Gui, the father of Zinian).
, see "Ji Jin three generations of literature"). Guo Moruo explained that the giant salamander was Xuanyuan, and that "I'm from the giant salamander" in Mandarin Zhou Yuxia said that it was from the Yellow Emperor. Also said that from now on (appendix 3). In his poem, Mr. Shi Shuqing said, "Five emperors took the lead, surnamed Xuanyuan, and posted the name Peili, opening a new history, and China was seven thousand years old" ("A Study of the Two Emperors of Yanhuang", compiled by Zhao, Henan People's Publishing House, 19 1 March edition). Therefore, scholars believe that the totem of the Yellow Emperor is the giant salamander, that is, the tortoise. For example, Zhang and Chen Jiangfeng's Dawn of Oriental Civilization-Myth of the Central Plains holds that Guo Moruo interpreted the giant salamander as Xuanyuan, which confirmed that the tortoise was the original totem of the Yellow Emperor (Zhang and Chen Jiangfeng's Dawn of Oriental Civilization-Myth of the Central Plains, page 7 1-72, Oriental Publishing Center 1999).
When studying the second group of mussel sculptures of Yangshao culture in Xishuipo, Puyang, Mr. Wang Dayou thought that there were patterns of mussel sculptures. "This turtle is a portrait of the giant salamander, that is, the turtle of Xuanyuan, Huangdi and Huangdi." The Chiyou people also specially made Xuanyuan's "turtle" very small to show their national heroes. He said: The Yellow Emperor's "Huang" and "Ji" are mysterious turtles, and they are fishing and hunting nations with frogs, turtles and turtles as totems (China Ancient Civilization, page 272, China Social Publishing House, May 2000, 1 version). He also believes that the so-called "bear with bear" is actually a giant salamander, a soft-shelled turtle and a soft-shelled turtle (the Yellow Emperor was shot dead and turned into a three-legged soft-shelled turtle-bear, which confirmed this). Turtle is an emperor, and it is an emperor turtle. The word "turtle" is combined into words.
Dragon ",sound dragon. So "dragon" and "dragon" are confused. The main totem of Shaodian is catfish, and the Shaodian of turtle is called "Yi". If it is separated, it is "Yellow Emperor" or "Emperor Turtle". Explain the surname of Ji again: "Ji,
, hee hee, all from. What is this? For the tortoise. With the third one, it becomes Xuanwu, and the next one ... that is to say, the tortoise has four feet. Looking at the turtle's shell,
Like, face up to yellow "; Xuanyuan was interpreted as giant salamander, mysterious giant salamander and giant salamander. Giant salamander, mysterious giant salamander, giant salamander, turtle, tortoise, etc. All from the giant salamander. Catfish is a frog. The giant salamander was born in a big frog, and the frog croaked in the thunderstorm. So Ji, Huang,
, Xi, are the images of catfish and turtles (Wang Dayou's The Times of Three Emperors and Five Emperors, Volume I 132- 136, China Social Press, May 2000 1). In short, in Mr. Wang's exposition, there are bears, Xuanyuan, Huangdi and Ji's surname, all of which prove that the Huangdi people take frogs and turtles as totems.
"Huainanzi Astronomical Training" said: "Middle-earth, its emperor, the Yellow Emperor, assisted the earth, ruled the four sides with ropes, its god was revitalized, and its beast was Huanglong and Qile Palace, and its days have passed." Historical Records. The gobbledygook official said that "Xuanyuan, Huanglong style", "River Map Zheng Jiming" and "Han Shu Ren Biao Kao" all said that the Yellow Emperor was virtuous and "River Eye Long Yan". "Historical records. "The Closed Sutra" also said: "The Yellow Emperor picked bronze wares from the first mountain and cast a tripod at the foot of Jingshan Mountain. When the tripod was finished, a dragon lowered its beard to welcome the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor rode on, and there were more than 70 people in the harem of the ministers, and the dragon was on it. " According to some scholars' theories, this means that the dragon, the totem ancestor of the Yellow Emperor, came to pick up his descendants, the Yellow Emperor, and returned to his ancestral home in heaven, so the totem of the Yellow Emperor clan is the dragon. Mr. Chen said, "The dragon is the totem of the Yellow Emperor tribe, and the Chinese nation is the descendant of the dragon. There are many legends about dragons, and a large number of unearthed cultural relics are painted with dragon patterns, and "Changyi, son of Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, son of Zhuan Xu, and Yu, son of Gun, all take dragons as totems" (Chen's Religious Etiquette and Ancient Art). Mr. Gao thinks that dragons (snakes) are the totems of Huangdi tribes, and Han ancestors in Shennongjia, Hubei named the brothers and sisters who survived the flood as "Five Dragons" (Gao's Totem) Shanxi's Folk Myth about the Origin of fenglingdu shows that this place is the activity place of Huangdi tribe with dragon as totem (Folk Custom and Tourism on Both Sides of Fenhe River, edited by Duan Youwen, Beijing Tourism Education Press, 1998 edition).
There are many documents about the totem of Huangdi tribe. According to Wen Yiduo's textual research, in ancient times, Ji Tong's daughter was connected with Si, who was a serpent and was also called a dragon by the Huangdi tribe, and regarded as a totem (Wen Yiduo's Fu Kao, Wen Yiduo's Complete Works, the first 1 volume, Sanlian Bookstore, Beijing 1982 edition). According to Guoyu. I died today. "I married Gaos and gave birth to Huangdi." Huangdi's mother was a Gaos. Shuo Wen Jie Zi said, "If you are tall, you will be a worm." He said, "Rainbow,
Besides, it looks like a bug. Duan Yucai's note: "Every worm is a worm, and today it is one. Worm, it also. Rainbow is like this, so the words follow the insects. "It is a snake, so it is a dragon and a snake. The word "Gao" is from insect to Joe, which means snake (dragon). Therefore, after the Yellow Emperor became a dragon (snake), the dragon was regarded as a totem. According to the records of historians. Supplementary biography, there is a Gao family, also known as Nvdeng, who is the daughter of the Yi family. There is a surname of Nu Wa, and Nu Wa is the body of a dragon and snake (Selected Works, Lu Lingguang Dian Fu by Wang Yanshou, Liezi, Xuan Zhongji, etc. ), and the "Deng" on the women's chessboard is also a symbol of the dragon and snake totem, which is also the giant totem in Shan Hai Jing. "Overseas Western Classics" said: "Xuanyuan Kingdom is in this poor mountain, and its person is 800 years old. In the north of the girl country, people have snake faces and tails on their heads. Its poor mountains in the north dare not shoot west for fear of Xuanyuan Mountain. In the north of Xuanyuan country, its hills are surrounded by four snakes. " Mr. Yuan Ke noted: "Everyone in Xuanyuan has a snake face, which is a state of being a son of God. In other words, the Yellow Emperor in ancient times may be such a shape "(Yuan Ke's Notes on Shan Hai Jing, 22 1, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1 July 9801). On the painted pottery bottle of Miaodigou type unearthed from Xiping Site in Gangu County, Gansu Province, there was an image of a snake with a human head. It's a human face tattoo, which scholars think is the totem of the Yellow Emperor tribe (Myth and Archaeology by Lv Sixian 196, Cultural Relics Publishing House 1995, February edition 1) and Religious Etiquette and Ancient Art by Chen (1Kloc-0/3-/Kloc). In Yu Pei during the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a snake-faced man with a wide crown and a tail on his head. Some scholars directly call it "jade ornaments engraved with the shape of the Yellow Emperor" (Xie Chongan's Art of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, page 295, figure 1: 2, Bashu Publishing House, edition 1997, August 1).
As we all know, the origin of the dragon is a complete muddle in academic circles. Its prototype includes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, bears, pigs, horses, fish, rainbows, lightning, clouds, silkworms, deer, sheep, dogs, cows, eagles, dinosaurs, hippos, pines, tornadoes, lightning, aurora, the Yellow River, astrology, gourds and gourds. There are also many scholars who believe that the original totem of the Yellow Emperor tribe has merged into some new totems after unifying the Central Plains, resulting in the dragon totem. For example, scholars who advocate that the original totem of the Yellow Emperor tribe is a turtle believe that "there are many records that the Yellow Emperor tribe became a dragon totem after integrating the turtle totem of the East and the snake totem of the North. In real life, the dragon does not exist, it is just a synthesis of various tribal totem beliefs. In reality, turtles, fish and snakes do exist in large numbers. The dragon image is dominated by turtles and snakes, combined with the totem characteristics of many animals "(Zhang, Jiangfeng Chen, et al., Dawn of Oriental Civilization-Myth of the Central Plains, page 7 1-72, Oriental Publishing Center1February 19991); Scholars who advocate that the original totem of the Yellow Emperor tribe is a bear believe that after the Yellow Emperor unified the Central Plains, the totem of the tribal alliance-dragon-was formed with snakes as the main body, fish scales as Long Lin, fish tails as the dragon tail, lion heads as the dragon heads, antlers as the dragon horns, and talons as the dragon claws (Yu Naichang and Xia Min wrote "Religious and Aesthetic Madness of Primitive People" on page 77. There are also studies that "Chinese tribes used to use snakes as totems". Later, the powerful clans annexed other clans, and added the most wonderful part of the defeated totem to their own totems as their new totems, forming strange-legged snakes, horseheads, antlers, fish scales and so on. This is the new totem of Chinese tribes-dragon (on page 3 of Wang Qingxin's new book "The Taste of China", popular science Kang Liang and Kang Yu think that "after the Yellow Emperor unified all clans and tribes and became the first emperor of China-Xuanyuan Yellow Emperor, he took the advantages of the totems of all clans and tribes and put the snake body, antlers, talons, centipede tails, tiger heads, shrimp eyes, horse teeth and rams.
Totem (Feng Shui and the City by Kang Liang and Kang Yu, 6 pages, Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House, 1999, February 1 edition).
Mr. Chen believes that the early totem of the Huangdi clan is the fish pattern of "end to end" unearthed in Gansu, followed by the Jasper Dragon found in Sanxingtala Village of Inner Mongolia and the animal-shaped Jade Dragon unearthed in Aohan Banner. Why is there such a change? Because "before and after the era of the Yellow Emperor, there were many clans and tribes with amphibians, reptiles and other animals as their totems, and as a result, many clans belonged to the tribe of the Yellow Emperor", the totem emblem of the clan should of course reflect this tribal alliance, so "the composite dragon image like Jasper Dragon appeared" (Chen's Religious Etiquette and Ancient Art, 650) Mr. Wang Dayou thought that "the dragon that China people are most familiar with is the main totem of many ethnic groups in the ancient civilization era of China. In the initial totem stage, it was an alligator. In the totem stage, it expanded to snakes, pythons, turtles, catfish, and amphibians close to crocodiles, while in the image depiction, crocodiles are the main ones, which are interdependent. In the stage of compound totem, the totem emblem features of different marriage groups, alliance groups and alliance groups are interdependent. Therefore, dragons are characterized by complex antlers (horns, etc. ), snake's neck, claws, salamander's head, feet and scales (fish) "(Wang Dayou's Ancient Civilization of China, 286 pages, China Social Press, May 2000, 1 version). Mr. Wang Dayou maintains that the native totems of the Yellow Emperor are turtles and scorpions, while crocodiles are the native totems of Fuxi and Chiyou. In this way, the later compound totem dragon was dominated by the totem of the defeated Chiyou side.
In addition, the totem of the Yellow Emperor tribe has many statements and possibilities:
In the seventeenth year of Zuo Zhuan Zhao Gong, it is said that the ancestor Shao Bin's family was named after the bird owner, and said, "The Huangdi family was named after the cloud owner in the past, so it was named after the cloud owner; Yan Di's family is mainly based on fire discipline, so it is named after the fire master; * * * Gong was named after the navy because of the water age; Dayu's family is a dragon, so he was named the Dragon Master. " According to the concept of totem theorists, it is generally believed that the totem of Shao family is a bird, the totem of Da family is a dragon, and the strict "burning at the stake" is based on the sun. According to this inference, the Huangdi clan may take the cloud as a totem. The divination classical Chinese in Zhouyi says: "The cloud follows the dragon and the wind follows the tiger." The word "cloud" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wenzhong is more like the image of curved animals such as dragons and snakes, similar to "
"word. According to Mr. Tang Lan's textual research, the word "cloud" evolved from the word ""(Tianrang Shi Wen, page 40). Earthworms, as the ancients thought.
It can promote clouds, belonging to dragons (in fact, it may be a mysterious image caused by the phenological phenomenon that dark clouds gather before it rains and the weather is sultry, causing earthworms to come out of their holes and roll sand). "Chronology of Bamboo Slips" says: "Huangdi's home in Xuanyuan ... is as big as a sheep, very big.
Like a rainbow, the emperor wins with rustic flavor, so he uses earthy jade. Liu Xiang's Bielu is quoted in the note: "Zou Yanyan said: The Yellow Emperor has earthly virtues, and crickets are as big as cows and as big as rainbows." Goo goo,
And the "face-faced giant fish pattern" unearthed in Xiping, Gangu, Gansu, are all water and soil, so Mr. Lv Sixian thinks that the Yellow Emperor clan takes these water and soil as totems, which means to occupy and develop land (Myth and Archaeology by Lu Sixian, 196- 197, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1995).
"Word, totem and from heaven into the underground.
Archaeologists in China once regarded animal patterns in prehistoric cultures such as Yangshao culture and Majiayao culture as clan or tribal totems. For example, Banpo type belongs to a tribe with fish as its totem, Miaodigou type belongs to a tribe with birds as its totem, and Majiayao culture belongs to two clan tribes with birds and frogs as its totem (Shi Xingbang's Several Issues on Majiayao Culture, Archaeology No.6,1962; Painted pottery in Yan Wenming is a cultural relic from Gansu (No.1978). Mr. Huang Huaixin thinks that the popular fish pattern of Banpo is equivalent to the culture of Yan Di, and the popular bird pattern of Miaodigou is equivalent to the culture of Huangdi, so Yan Di may take fish as its totem, and Huangdi may take birds as its totem. Its documentary basis is as follows: Shan Hai Jing and Inland Hai Jing say "the country of simple people ... its human face and fish body", and the wild west classic says "the country with mutual people". The name of Emperor Yan's grandson is "mourning for the soul, mourning for the soul", and mourning is a country of mutual people, so the descendants of Emperor Yan take fish as their totem. "Beiye Jing" contains: "With the country of Bo 'er, the surname is Yu Haozi. It also said: "In the North Sea, there is a god with a face and a bird's body." ... named Yu Qiang. "Wild East longitude" said: "Huang Di was born in Yu.
Be surprised. "According to Guo Pu note, guo.
Also known as posthumous title, Yujing means that Ren Shi happens to be among the twelve surnames in Mandarin Son of the Yellow Emperor, so there is indeed a saying of "face bird" after the Yellow Emperor. In Mozi, Yu's "human-faced bird's body" helped him, but only after he became the Yellow Emperor did he know that this "human-faced bird's body" was really related to the Huangdi clan (Yangshao culture in Huanghuaibei and the primitive Chinese tribe-Yanhuang tribe, archaeological relic No.4+0997).
Scholars generally believe that in primitive society, clan names, clan leaders' names and the patron saint (totem) of the clan often used the same name, such as "Yellow Emperor", which was not only the name of a clan in the Chinese clan at that time, but also the name of its patron saint and chief (Gods and Heroes: The Motif of Ancient China Myth by Chen Jianxian) 6438+0960. Cultural anthropologists believe that the origins of totems are mostly like this: "Barbarian children are often named as dogs, wolves, cows, horses, bears, lions, tigers, eagles and so on. Chiefs often use this name. After his death, he was honored as a hero and became a god again, and he still uses this animal name. These chiefs who have animal names or are regarded as tribal ancestors, people in their tribe knew that their ancestors were human beings without animal names at first, but later they gradually forgot the nature of the founder and only remembered his animal name, which is more confusing with the actual animals, so they are confident that they are descendants of animals, respect animals as ancestors, and worship him with complicated rituals. " Other cases use plants and natural phenomena as totems. It can be inferred that the totem of Huangdi clan is related to the meaning and reference of Huangdi. According to Mr. He Xin's textual research, the Yellow Emperor is the "Emperor of Light", that is, the sun god (He Xin's Origin of the Gods, page 62, published by Current Affairs Press in June 2002 1 edition), so the totem of the Yellow Emperor clan should be the sun. The biological father of the Yellow Emperor is Shaodian. "A large number of ancient books tell us that Shaodian's family is actually a god-the sun god (the Lord of the sun)" (Dawn of Oriental Civilization-Myth of the Central Plains by Zhang and Jiangfeng Chen, 69 pages, Oriental Publishing Center, 1999, 1 version), from this perspective,
Scholars such as Ding Shan think that "Huang Mu" and "Huang" in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins are the Yellow Emperor, referring to the goddess of the earth (Ding Shan's Textual Research on Ancient Religions and Myths in China, page 422, photocopied by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House1988; Lu Sixian wrote Myth and Archaeology (page 178, Cultural Relics Publishing House 1 99565438+February1edition), or thought that "Yellow Emperor" was the name of the literati in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the two gods "Huang Shi" and "God" were one god. Mr. Lu Sixian also believes that the Yellow Emperor "has the divinity of the mother earth and the water god" according to the fish pattern of the giant in the temple ditch unearthed in Xiping, Gangu, Gansu Province and the myth of Xuanyuan people's "head-to-tail connection" in Shan Hai Jing, and quotes Lu Chunqiu's "You Xianlan" "When the Yellow Emperor was a great prophet,
The Big Cockroach and other documents (Myth and Archaeology by Lv Sixian, 196- 197, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1995, 1 version). The works of Gao Fenglian, a master of folk paper-cutting art in Yanchuan County, northern Shaanxi Province, are regarded as "preserving an extremely ancient totem culture", in which the tiger is "the totem of Yan Di tribes as the connotation of heaven and earth" and the snake (dragon) fish is "the totem of Huangdi tribes as the connotation of water and soil" (Gao Fenglian paper-cutting art, Shanbei people. Northern Shaanxi Culture Network: www.sbrw.org, February 14. According to these data and understanding, the totem of Huangdi tribe may be land, water and related animals.
Mr. Lu Sixian thinks that the Yellow Emperor "Xuanyuan" is also called "Tianyuan", and Xuanyuan is an elegant name for vehicles. The square of the carriage is like the earth, and the circle of the hood is like the sky. In Twenty-eight Nights, Gusu and Xuanyuan constellation also symbolize and represent the carriage and the hood respectively (The Myth of Lv Sixian, page 52, page 184). Correspondingly, the totem of the Yellow Emperor seems to be related to vehicles, heaven and earth and stars. Volume 5 of Taiping Yulan quoted he cheng Map in the Spring and Autumn Period and other materials as saying that Xuanyuan was the "God of Thunderstorms", while Volume 6 of Taiping Yulan quoted the "Star Map" as saying that "there are 17 stars in the north of Xuanyuan, which are like dragons, the god of thunderstorms and the image of harem", while Shiji Tianguanshu called it "Yes, Xuanyuan". Xuanyuan, Huanglong body ". According to this, the totem of Huangdi tribe may be thunderstorm, Xuanyuan Seventeen Stars and Beidou Quanxing. The river map records the life sign saying, "When the treasure was attached, I saw that the Beidou was surrounded by lightning, shining in my hometown, and the Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan was born in Shouqiu in May", and "The Yellow Emperor's famous porch is the essence of Beidou's yellow god, and the daughter of Mother Earth attached the treasure, and the hometown was surrounded by electricity, and the stars shone, which made me feel attached to the treasure" or. Accordingly, the Huangdi clan may take the Grand Ceremony, the Big Dipper Quanxing, the Pivot Star and the Big Dipper as totems. Historical Records. The History of Filial Piety records that the Yellow Emperor of Gutian Temple broke the mirror with an owl. Meng Kang explained according to the collection that an owl and a broken mirror are evil birds and beasts. Mr. Luo Kun believes that according to Meng Kang's "Broken Mirror as Tiger's Eye" and Historical Records of Five Emperors, the Yellow Emperor "taught bears to kill tigers in the wild of Han Spring", and he knew that "tigers are beasts revered by the Yellow Emperor. Because of their fierceness, it is different to use similar" broken mirrors ",so it is different to use owls. Yangshao culture, which embodies the type of Miaodigou, has a memory connection with the era of the Yellow Emperor "(Luo Kun's The Yellow Emperor Casting Ding and Lingbao Casting Ding Yuan, Peking University's Ancient Civilization Research Newsletter No.6, published in May 2000). Accordingly, the totem of Huangdi clan may also be owl and broken mirror (evil beast).
Most of the above can not be proved by archaeology, nor can they be linked with the establishment of prehistoric archaeological culture. The so-called "Yellow Emperor Totem" is questionable. According to scholars of ancient history, "Yellow Emperor" is a god imagined by the ancients, and there is no related nation or tribe, so "Yellow Emperor Totem" naturally belongs to nothingness. According to the research of some contemporary scholars and the author's point of view, the "Yellow Emperor" in ancient literature and myths and legends actually exists as a tribe or tribal group, mainly referring to the type of ditch at the bottom of Yangshao cultural temple (see the book Archaeological Research on the Yanhuang War). Accordingly, the tribal totem of the Yellow Emperor should be found in the images of plants and animals of Miaodigou type. The most important animal patterns in Miaodigou-shaped artifacts are bird patterns and frog patterns, and the main plant patterns are roses and chrysanthemums (by Lu Sixian, Mythology and Archaeology, 15- 16, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1995, 12). Although there are bird frogs in the totem of Huangdi tribe mentioned above, the bird frog pattern of Miaodigou type is mainly inherited by Majiayao culture in Gansu and Qinghai, but this relationship in prehistoric archaeological culture is not consistent with the lineage of Huangdi in ancient legends (such as Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Qiang and Yu). Although some scholars associate the frog pattern of Majiayao culture with the Xia nationality, the founder of Xia Dynasty (Lu Sixian's Enlightenment on Explaining Frog Pattern or Humanoid Pattern of Majiayao Culture, Prehistoric Research, 1990- 199 1 year), it is said that there are no roses and chrysanthemums in the "totem" of Huangdi tribe in ancient literature and legend. The roses and some chrysanthemum patterns in Miaodigou painted pottery are also recognized by researchers as patterns composed of true spirals, flowing curved belts and curves, such as "vortex pattern, triangular vortex pattern, dot pattern, circular hook pattern, arc triangle pattern, ribbon pattern composed of arc triangle and point hook curve," moon pattern, hook leaf pattern, "spiral pattern and fisheye pattern. Variant fish pattern, hook feather dot pattern, free curve pattern, plant pattern composed of point hook arc triangle, round hook arc triangle composed of revolving hook pattern, "single spiral pattern, double spiral pattern, double spiral pattern, mixed spiral pattern" and so on (Wang's conjecture on a cognitive system in prehistoric China, huaxia archaeology No.4, 1999). Obviously, they can't be the totem of Miaodigou residents or Huangdi tribe. The main decorative pattern of Miaodigou is the so-called rose, chrysanthemum (Su) or spiral (Wang), followed by bird and frog, which are not totems, which also shows or proves that the animal and plant patterns in other Neolithic archaeological cultures are not totems.
Based on the above-mentioned "totem" basis and viewpoints, we can see that the so-called "totem" of the Yellow Emperor tribe is really a muddled account. At the same time, it also proves that the so-called literature basis and philology basis are not necessarily reliable (in my opinion, literature and words are reliable-existence is a fact, but the interpretation of today's people may not be in tune with the thinking mode of the ancients, the causes of various phenomena in ancient culture have not been discovered and found, and the literal meaning and facts have not been distinguished. Some works say that the tortoise is the totem of the Huangdi nationality, the tortoise and snake are the dragon totem of the Huangdi nationality, the bear is the totem of the Huangdi nationality, and the dragon is the totem of the Huangdi nationality. It even says that "Huangdi is a bear, and it should be a bear totem; The surname Jiang should mean following a woman from a sheep, and should take the sheep as a totem; Fuxi, Nuwa and Gonggong are all snakes (dragons) and should be the totem of snakes (dragons); Shao Hao takes birds as officials and should take birds as totems; Zhuan Xu wrote Ruiyu in "Five Stars Zhan" (silk book of Mawangdui in Changsha), which should take jade or stone as totem; There are Pride Insect, Sting Insect and Land of Honey, which show that bees are totems. Youchao should take trees as totems; Suiren should take stone or fire as a totem "(The Dawn of Oriental Civilization-Myth of the Central Plains by Zhang and Jiangfeng Chen, 7 1-72, pages 206-207, Oriental Publishing Center, 1999, 1 February). Such totem concepts and research are actually close to nonsense. The dragon in China, in the dragon-patterned rock paintings of Shizitan in Xiji County, Shanxi Province 10,000 years ago, was already "flying in the sky, swimming in the water and running on the ground, forming a multi-source compound god" (Archaeological Basis of Dragon-patterned Images, No.4 Northern Cultural Relics 1995), and birds with dragons and deer heads were found in Zhaobaogou culture six or seven thousand years ago. Cultural Relics Publishing House 1 99565438+February1Edition) and Yangshao E Long, Xishuipo, Puyang. Up to 5,000 years ago, there was a Jade Dragon in Hongshan Culture, which combined the images of bears, pigs, horses and snakes, and a giant rammed earth ichthyosaur statue in Miaodigou unearthed in Qingshuihe, Inner Mongolia (China Cultural Relics Newspaper 65438+August 65498). More than 4,000 years ago, the dragon of Taosi culture and Erlitou culture formed a pottery with a double dragon pattern, which was similar to that of Hongshan Culture in Shang Dynasty, while the "Nine Similarity" in Han Dynasty said.