The cause of smog formation
1. The main factor when the atmospheric pressure is low and the air does not flow. Because the air does not flow, the tiny particles in the air gather together and float in the air.
2. The ground is dusty and the air humidity is low. People and vehicles on the ground stir up dust.
3. Automobile exhaust is the main pollutant emission. In recent years, there are more and more cars in cities, and automobile exhaust is a factor of smog.
4. Secondary pollution produced by factories.
5. CO2 and other pollutants emitted by heating in winter.
Question 2: What are the two main causes of haze weather? There are several reasons. 1. Low atmospheric pressure is the main factor of air stagnation. Because the air does not flow, the tiny particles in the air gather and float in the air. 2. The ground is dusty and the air humidity is low. 3. Automobile exhaust is the main pollutant emission. In recent years, there are more and more cars in cities, and automobile exhaust is a factor of smog. 4. Secondary pollution produced by factories. 5. CO2 and other pollutants emitted by heating in winter.
Question 3: How is the smog formed? Haze is a combination of fog and haze. Because of the deterioration of air quality, cloudy days have increased and the harm has increased. In many areas of our country, the smog weather phenomenon is combined with fog as an early warning and forecast of disastrous weather. Collectively referred to as haze weather. Composition and causes of smog. Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and inhalable particles are the main components of smog. The first two are gaseous pollutants, and the last particulate matter is the chief culprit that aggravates smog weather pollution. They combine with fog and instantly turn the sky gray. The English abbreviation of particulate matter is PM, and now the high-frequency vocabulary of air PM2.5 refers to pollutant particles with a diameter less than 2.5 microns. This particle itself is not only a pollutant, but also a carrier of toxic substances such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Second, the source of toxic particles in cities: first, automobile exhaust. Large-scale vehicles that use diesel are felons who emit fine particles, including buses, shuttle buses of various units and large transport trucks. Small cars that use gasoline emit gaseous pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, which are easily converted into secondary particulate pollutants in foggy days, aggravating smog. The third is the waste gas produced by burning coal for heating in winter in the north. Fourth, it is the waste gas emitted by industrial production. For example, industrial kilns and boilers in metallurgy and electromechanical manufacturing industries, as well as a large amount of waste gas generated by the combustion of automobile repair and painting and building materials production kilns. 5. Dust generated by construction sites and road traffic. Haze weather hazards. Effects on respiratory system. The composition of smog is very complex, including hundreds of atmospheric chemical particles. Among them, aerosol particles smaller than 10 micron are harmful to health, such as mineral particles, sea salt, sulfate, nitrate, organic aerosol particles, fuel, automobile exhaust, etc., which can directly enter and adhere to human respiratory tract and alveoli. In particular, submicron particles will be deposited in the upper and lower respiratory tract and alveoli respectively, causing acute rhinitis and acute bronchitis. For patients with chronic respiratory diseases such as bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, obstructive emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smog weather will make the condition acute or acute. Staying in this environment for a long time will also induce lung cancer. Second, the impact on the cardiovascular system. There are many pollutants in the air in foggy days, and the air pressure is low, which is easy to induce acute attacks of cardiovascular diseases. For example, when the fog is heavy, the water vapor content is high. If people exercise outdoors, the sweat of human body is not easy to be discharged, which causes people to feel chest tightness and blood pressure to rise. Third, the smog weather will also lead to the weakening of ultraviolet rays in the surface layer, which can enhance the activity of infectious bacteria in the air and increase infectious diseases. Fourthly, due to the decrease of sunshine, insufficient ultraviolet radiation for children, insufficient production of vitamin D in the body and greatly reduced absorption of calcium in foggy days, rickets in infants and young children will be seriously caused, which will slow down the growth and development of children. Fifth, it affects mental health. The gloomy and foggy weather is prone to mental laziness, depression and pessimism due to the weak light and low air pressure, and even it is easy to get out of control at the slightest sign of trouble. Sixth, it affects traffic safety. In foggy weather, the visibility of the visual field is low and the air quality is poor, which is easy to cause traffic jams and traffic accidents.
Question 4: What does smog mean? How is the smog formed? First of all, smog is a mixture of fog and haze. When the humidity is high in the morning and evening, there are many components of fog. When the daytime humidity is low, haze is the main force, and the relative humidity is between 80% and 90%. Among them, fog is a natural weather phenomenon, and the water vapor in the air is dense. Although dust is the condensation core, it is generally non-toxic and harmless; The core substances of smog are substances suspended in the air such as smoke and dust. The relative humidity of the air is below 80% and the color is yellow. Gas can directly enter and attach to human lower respiratory tract and lung lobes, which is harmful to human health. The formation of haze weather is mainly man-made environmental pollution, and natural conditions such as low temperature and little wind make it difficult for pollutants to spread.
Second, the main reasons for the formation of haze weather are as follows:
1. In these areas, the relative humidity of the air near the ground is relatively high, and the ground dust is relatively large, which is agitated by people and traffic on the ground;
2. There is no obvious cold air activity, the wind is small and the atmosphere is relatively stable. Because the air does not flow, tiny particles in the air gather and float in the air;
3, the sky is clear and partly cloudy, which is beneficial to radiation cooling at night, so that the near-surface air with relatively high humidity is saturated and condensed to form fog.
4. Automobile exhaust is the main pollutant emission. In recent years, there are more and more cars in cities, and automobile exhaust is a factor of smog.
5. Secondary pollution produced by factories;
6. CO2 and other pollutants emitted by heating in winter.
Large-scale haze weather mainly appears in the situation of large-scale atmospheric circulation with weak cold air and good water vapor conditions, and the low altitude near the ground is still wind or breeze. Due to the high humidity and high water vapor in foggy days, fog droplets provide adsorption and reaction sites, which accelerate the transformation of reactive gaseous pollutants into liquid particulate components, and particulate matter is also easy to act as condensation nuclei to accelerate the formation of smog, and the interaction between them quickly forms pollution.
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Question 5: Why is it foggy weather? What are the reasons and human factors?
Sources of toxic particles in cities:
First: it's automobile exhaust. Large vehicles that use diesel are "recidivists" who emit PM 10, including buses, shuttle buses of various units and large transport trucks. Sources of toxic particulate matter in cities: firstly, automobile exhaust. Cars that use diesel are "habitual criminals" who emit particles. Small cars that use gasoline emit gaseous pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, which are easily converted into secondary particulate pollutants in foggy days, aggravating smog.
Vehicle exhaust is the main component of smog particles. According to the latest data, motor vehicle exhaust accounts for 22.2%, coal combustion accounts for 16.7%, dust accounts for 16.3%, and industry accounts for 15.7%. However, with the development of automobile technology and the improvement of oil quality, environmental managers have found that motor vehicle exhaust does not play a decisive role in the formation of haze weather. However, as some cities with large car ownership, managers still need to control vehicle emission standards to avoid the formation of haze weather.
Second: the waste gas produced by burning coal for heating in winter in the north.
Third: the waste gas emitted by industrial production. For example, metallurgy, kilns and boilers, electromechanical manufacturing, automobile repair and paint and building materials production produce a lot of waste gas from kiln combustion.
Fourth: Dust generated by construction sites and road traffic.
Fifth, the particle size of growable particles, bacteria and viruses is equivalent to PM0.1-PM2.5. When the humidity and temperature in the air are appropriate, microorganisms will attach to particles, especially oil fume particles, which will adsorb oil droplets and transform them into more microorganisms, which will increase the growth of biotoxic substances in smog.
6. Dust "smog" will also be produced in home decoration. Indoor dust is pervasive, which is not only harmful to the health of staff and users, but also increases the cleaning burden. When the dust is serious, it also brings many hidden dangers to the decoration project. [3] [4]
In addition to meteorological conditions, the increase of atmospheric particulate matter (including coarse particulate matter PM 10 and fine particulate matter PM2.5) caused by industrial production, vehicle exhaust emissions and coal burning in winter is an important factor of smog. At present, the level of pollutant discharge in many cities is at a critical point, which is very sensitive to meteorological conditions. When the diffusion conditions are good, the air quality can reach the standard, and once adverse weather conditions are encountered, the air quality and visibility will drop immediately.
climatic factor
"There is a difference between fog and haze. Fog refers to the weather phenomenon that the visibility is lower than 1 km due to the condensation of suspended water vapor in the atmosphere; The formation of smog is mainly the result of a large number of suspended particles in the air and meteorological conditions. There are three reasons:
First, the phenomenon of static wind in the horizontal direction has increased.
The higher the buildings are built in the city, the obstruction and friction of airflow passing through the urban area will be obviously weakened. The increase of static wind phenomenon is not conducive to the diffusion and dilution of suspended particles in the atmosphere, and it is easy to accumulate around urban areas and suburbs.
Second, the vertical direction is reversed.
The inversion layer is like a pot cover over a city. This inversion phenomenon that the upper air temperature is higher than the lower air temperature limits the vertical movement of the lower air, making it difficult for suspended particles in the air to drift to the upper air and be blocked at the lower air and near the ground.
Third, the increase of suspended particulate matter and organic pollutants in the air. With the growth of urban population and industrial development, the number of motor vehicles has surged, resulting in a large increase in pollutant emissions and suspended solids.
preventive measure
1, open the window less in foggy days. When going out, you must wear a mask, drink plenty of water, soak chrysanthemum tea and other Chinese herbal teas to prevent diseases, eat more fruits, and thoroughly clean your skin and hair after coming home from the outside. In addition, the elderly who like morning exercises and shopping in the food market should pay attention to reducing going out, because smog is extremely harmful to the health of the elderly.
Step 2 wear a mask when you go out
Step 3 drink more tea
4, the right amount of vitamin D.
5. Eat lightly and drink plenty of water
Step 6 eat more vegetables
7. Minimize going out in foggy days [5]
8. Pay attention to the speed when driving.
9. Protect yourself when going out, wear a special anti-fog PM2.5 mask and anti-fog nose mask, filter PM2.5, and breathe fresh air anytime and anywhere.
10, avoid moving in foggy days. You can do morning exercises after the sun comes out. You can also switch to indoor sports.
1 1. The patient insisted on taking the medicine. Patients with respiratory diseases and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases should insist on taking medicine on time in foggy days.
12, don't close the window too tightly. You can choose to open the window for a short time at noon with sufficient sunshine and less pollutants.
13, try to stay away from the road. The concentration of pollutants is the highest when large cars enter the city during peak hours and at night.
14, supplement calcium and vitamin d, eat more tofu and Sydney ... >>
Question 6: Regarding the causes of smog and its serious consequences to human beings, it is generally believed that the sources of smog are industrial emission pollution, urban construction and decoration, road dust, domestic heating and smoke exhaust, and automobile exhaust. Haze contains volatile acid fog such as fine dust, nitric acid and sulfuric acid fog, organic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. And this is the main component of air pollutants, dust and automobile exhaust in heavy industry. In particular, coal-fired power generation, metallurgy, chemical industry, wood processing and building materials industries with concentrated dust are one of the main sources of atmospheric particles and sulfides. Most of the automobile exhaust is nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides, especially the particulate matter content in diesel automobile exhaust is larger.
Industrial emissions and automobile exhaust constitute the most important hazards in smog pollution. With the saturation of industrialization development in major developed industrialized countries, the pollution industry gradually withdrew from the local area, the awareness of environmental protection was enhanced, the process of atmospheric environmental control was accelerated, and such serious pollution incidents gradually decreased and disappeared. At present, China is in a critical period of industrialization, and the development of basic industries, processing industries and fine industries is booming simultaneously. Especially since the reform and opening up more than 30 years ago, the process of urbanization has been accelerated, automobiles have been popularized, China has entered the ranks of quasi-developed countries, and people's demand for industrial products and services and energy consumption have been increasing. A large number of needed basic industries, untreated small factories and backward overcapacity coexist, which has caused great pressure on the atmospheric environment. Because China's industrialization started late in the world's major industrialized countries, but it has developed rapidly, China's industrial capacity has doubled several times in just a few years, and the subsequent industrial pollution and the rapid popularization of automobiles have brought about exhaust pollution faster and even greater than the problems experienced by industrialized countries.
It takes time to control smog. Because major countries in Europe and America have experienced the process of air pollution caused by industrialization, the smog in Britain, the earliest industrial revolution, lasted for hundreds of years, and the United States was once the hardest hit by air pollution. In the 1970s, everyone began to pay attention to environmental governance, and they all had experiences and lessons in this respect. Therefore, it is necessary to learn the advanced international practices for our use.
At the same time, all kinds of emission sources should be comprehensively treated. Those that can be controlled by electrostatic precipitator should be enforced, and those that cannot be controlled should be restricted by legislation. Individuals should also pay attention to it through education and publicity. According to recent research, the World Health Organization identified air pollution as "carcinogenic to human beings" for the first time, and regarded it as a universal and major environmental carcinogen.
This is a matter involving industry interests. In fact, all industrial countries in history have experienced serious smog pollution, typical of which is Britain. The source of smog is very simple and has historical experience. However, China can't give up industrial development now, and it is difficult to form an overall joint effort to control smog due to the unbalanced regional development, local protectionist taxation and other factors. Moreover, Beijing's geographical environment is in the north of Taihang Mountain, and the plain area is in the southeast, facing the North China Plain. Once the north wind is weak and the southeast wind is strong, it will blow the smog all over the North China Plain.
Personal protective measures should be taken when going out. ..
The World Health Organization identified air pollution as "carcinogenic to human beings" for the first time, and regarded it as a universal and major environmental carcinogen. This statement was issued by the International Agency for Research on Cancer under the World Health Organization. The International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon, France, said in its report that there is sufficient evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution will lead to lung cancer and the risk of bladder cancer will increase accordingly. Experts from this institution held a week-long meeting, reviewed more than 1000 latest works from research institutions on five continents around the world, and finally made a determination. China Academy of Social Sciences and China Meteorological Bureau jointly issued the Green Paper on Climate Change, which reported that smog weather affects health, which not only aggravates diseases of respiratory system and heart system, but also affects reproductive capacity. At present, the most direct harm of smog to human health is mainly to increase the incidence of respiratory diseases. Hazy weather has an acute impact on health, mainly manifested as symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, asthma, conjunctivitis, bronchitis, eye and throat, cough, dyspnea, nasal congestion and runny nose, rash, cardiovascular system disorder and other diseases. The incidence/hospitalization rate of respiratory diseases has increased. In addition, smog weather will have some indirect effects on human health. Haze will weaken ultraviolet radiation. If smog often occurs, it will affect the synthesis of vitamin D in human body, lead to a high incidence of rickets in children and enhance the activity of infectious bacteria in the air. Smog weather will also affect people's mental health, making people depressed and pessimistic. The by-product of smog, photochemical smog, can be said to be cumulative ...
Question 7: There are several reasons for the haze weather.
1. The main factor when the atmospheric pressure is low and the air does not flow. Because the air does not flow, the tiny particles in the air gather together and float in the air.
2. The ground is dusty and the air humidity is low. People and vehicles on the ground stir up dust.
3. Automobile exhaust is the main pollutant emission. In recent years, there are more and more cars in cities, and automobile exhaust is a factor of smog.
4. Secondary pollution produced by factories.
5. CO2 and other pollutants emitted by heating in winter.