Nadam convention, Eid al-Adha, Eid al-Fitr, Tibetan New Year.
Nadam convention has a long history. In ancient times, large-scale sacrificial activities were held during the congress to pray for the blessing of the gods and eliminate disasters. Now, the Nadam Convention has retained various traditional events, including wrestling, horse racing and archery. Among them, wrestling is the favorite activity of Mongols. Whoever wins the championship in wrestling will be respected by everyone and envied by girls. Whoever wins the championship for two years in a row can get the title of "giant".
In addition, there are restaurants, tea stalls, book stalls, storytelling stalls and so on. At the Nadam Conference, the whole grassland showed a thriving scene.
Eid al-Adha is a festival for the Hui, Uygur, Kazak, Uzbek, Tajik, tatar people, Kirgiz, Salar, Dongxiang and Baoan nationalities in China.
Eid al-Adha is called "Eid al-Adha" in Arabic, also known as "Eid al-Adha". "Eid al-Fitr" means a festival, while "Courbon" and "Azuha" both mean a sacrifice. Therefore, the name of this festival is usually translated into Chinese as "Eid al-Adha", that is, the festival of sacrifice. China Xinjiang Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz and other ethnic groups transliterated it as "Kurban Festival". Eid al-Adha is scheduled for1February 10 in the Islamic calendar. Before the festival, every household cleaned up and was busy refining holiday cakes. On the morning of the festival, Muslims should bathe in fragrance, dress neatly and go to the mosque to attend the ceremony. During Eid al-Adha, Uighurs in Xinjiang will hold a grand Maixilaifu song and dance rally in urban and rural squares. The morning of Eid al-Adha is the biggest worship in a year. All adult men will go to the local sacrificial temple to attend the ceremony, and the scene is very spectacular. The most famous is the grand assembly ceremony in front of the Etiquette Mosque in Kashgar. The square is surrounded by colorful umbrellas, cloth tents, cloth tents and plywood rooms, on which are all kinds of wooden tables, trolleys, carpets, blankets, square towels, and all kinds of food and snacks. . In Xinjiang, Kazak, Kirgiz, Tajik, Uzbek and other ethnic groups also hold sheep-grabbing, horse racing and wrestling competitions during the festival. After the ceremony, musicians climbed to the top of the gate of the Etiquette Mosque, knocked on the nagra (iron drum) and played the suona, and the men in the square in front of the mosque danced a passionate shaman dance.
Eid al-Fitr is a festival celebrated by the Hui, Uygur, Kazak, Uzbek, Tajik, tatar people, Kirgiz, Salar, Dongxiang and Baoan nationalities in China, and it is also an annual festival for the Hui people in China. The time is the beginning of October in the Islamic calendar.
Eid al-fitr is a free translation of the Arabic word "Eid Fitul". In Xinjiang, China, Eid al-Fitr is called "Jizi Festival", which is Persian, meaning "fasting". Some ethnic groups call Eid, which is a transliteration of Arabic, meaning "festival".
The Islamic calendar in September every year is called Ramadan. The number of days of fasting is sometimes 29 days and sometimes 30 days. During Ramadan, Muslims should have a fast food before sunrise. All day after sunrise, no matter how hungry you are, you are not allowed to eat or drink water. People who usually smoke should also give up smoking temporarily, which is called fasting (or fasting). In addition, Muslims are also required to abstain from sex during Ramadan, restrain all selfish desires and cut off all evil thoughts to show their deep faith in Allah. Children, the old and the weak can fast, and women can also fast during menstruation, but they should control their diet and never eat or drink in public. People who are sick on the road may not be fast, but they have to make up later. If it is irreparable, it will be redeemed by paying the property. At night, when the fast is coming to an end, the bell of the mosque rings, which is completely different from the fast. People can eat and laugh, neighbors can get together at a table, and even strangers on the road are hungry, they will be warmly received by their hosts. The celebration of Eid al-Fitr is grand and grand. Long before Eid al-Fitr, people painted houses, cleaned courtyards, had haircuts and bathed. Young men and women often choose to hold weddings during festivals.
Tibetan New Year is a traditional festival for Tibetan people, and monks and laymen also celebrate the annual Spring Festival. However, there are some differences between the Tibetan calendar year and the Lunar New Year.
According to legend, the calendar in Tibet began around 100 BC. A man named Karmapama in Yalong River, Tibet, originally calculated the day, month and year according to the moon's profit and loss. Later, people called it "Karmapa calendar algorithm". Later, the family business of Yalong River gradually developed. Whenever the crops are ripe and harvested once, farmers will hold a party to celebrate the harvest. Year after year, this kind of activity gradually formed a regular celebration, which was later designated as the phenological calendar of "taking wheat maturity as the first year" Until now, people celebrate the festival after the autumn wheat harvest in Linzhi, Tibet, and we can still see the continuation and influence of this phenological calendar.
In 624 A.D., another generation appeared in the snowy area. In Tibetan, it was called "beauty, Kazak and Gacuo" (meaning fire, air and sea). This calendar is based on the zodiac signs of monkeys, chickens and other animals 12. The order is the same as that of the twelve earthly branches, and the cycle is 12 years, with four seasons every year. By the beginning of the 9th century, Tibetan astronomers Sanjay Yixi and Ji 'an Zambezin had created a traditional Tibetan calendar based on the summer calendar of the mainland, the Indian time machine calendar and the ancient Karmapama calendar. It uses the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire and earth and the zodiac to calculate the year, month and day. This algorithm, like ten-day work, forms a week every 60 years. In A.D. 1027, India's Time Wheel Sutra was translated into Tibetan and introduced to Tibet. This year is the Year of the Yin Fire Rabbit, the first year of the first 60-year cycle era in Tibetan history. In other words, the so-called Tibetan New Year began this year. In Tibetan, 1027 is called the first round, which means the year of victory.
The so-called "birth" refers to the last year when Shambhala was unable to obtain the teachings of the French king-1026, so the following year was designated as the "birth year".
The Tibetan calendar year has a history of more than 970 years, basically in the same month as the Spring Festival, just a few days away. Therefore, monks in Ta 'er Temple celebrate the Tibetan calendar year and the Spring Festival. From mid-December of Tibetan calendar, I cleaned temples and monasteries, prepared offerings to the Buddha, and made fried fruits, garouma (also called mat braids) and flower rolls myself. Sacrifice to the kitchen god on the evening of the 24th. Like the Han calendar, the Tibetan calendar defines 1 month as Meng Chun, and 1 month 1 day is the beginning of the new year.
On the 30th, "Zhuosuo chariots and horses" were set up in monasteries, living Buddha residences and monks' homes.
Zhuosuo chariots and horses are offerings made of wheat, ghee and Ciba. , referred to as "chariots and horses", is the mascot of Tibetan people symbolizing good luck. Zhuosuo is Tibetan, which means wheat, grain and ears of wheat. Wheat harvest has big ears and double ears, which the ancients thought was auspicious. The cut in "Chema" is a kind of shortcake fried and ground with highland barley.
Zhuosuo chariots and horses, first of all, made a rectangular wooden barrel with wooden boards, ranging in size, and some carved eight-character auspicious symbols or dragons and phoenixes on the outside of the barrel, using brand-new paint, which is extremely beautiful, and ordinary people can use one barrel or one liter. Special wooden barrels are separated from the middle, one for wheat and the other for shortbread. The bottom without partition is filled with wheat, with shortbread piled in a pyramid shape, with ears of wheat dyed with various pigments, uncolored ears of wheat, chicken ears (also called Sheng Ruihua) and Zizhuo. Zizhuo is shaped like a token. The sun, the moon and eight auspicious images are stained with ghee and pasted on the top of both sides. Make Zhuosuo chariots and horses, put them on the altar of Buddhist temples or halls, put fried cakes on both sides, and light butter lamps in the middle. In order to create new ethnic customs, some personnel, ethnic and religious work units have begun to use Zhuosuo Chema for collective worship activities in the Tibetan calendar year. It is said that Bonism added the sun and moon in Zhuosuochema last, because they believe in heaven, earth, sun and moon. Balixiang is a Buddhist brand after the rise of Tibetan Buddhism, and the ears of wheat and chicken were added under the influence of foreign culture. On the morning of New Year's Day, Dara of Ta 'er Temple asked auspicious right-handed white snails to play on the top of auspicious new palace. After getting up and washing, the living Buddha and the monks burn butter tea. First of all, they sprinkled a little into the air three times to worship the gods of heaven and earth and the Buddha, and then they drank a few mouthfuls to express their auspicious feelings. Then they put on new robes and went to the Dajingtang to chant Buddhist scripture. The two deacons invited Tsozhin, a great Russian monk and conference guide, to preside over the Buddha's prayer activities. After the monks recited the classics, such as The Great Wade King Kong, Protecting Mother Goddess, and Letting Go, all the prayers came to Dafatai. At the same time, there are people chanting and praying in the top floor of the Great Classics Hall and three colleges. Pray that in the new year, Buddhism will flourish, the people will be well-being, all diseases will disappear, and crops will be plentiful. Eight Raj, big and small, living buddhas visited Dafatai with New Year's gifts. It's outrageous not to give gifts to the three teachers and teaching assistants in the New Year. After the prayer ceremony, a New Year's tea party was held. Monks, administrators, sacrificial priests and others came to the auspicious new palace and invited Dafatai to attend the tea party. Dafatai walked from the middle of the monks to the paved red carpet on the first floor, turned around and bowed to the monks to congratulate the Spring Festival, and then sat at the top of the table. Three shrines and living buddhas sit in two rows respectively. At this time, the cooks of Tantric College held wooden plates, and the tea monks of Yiming and Shilun College served tea from Dafatai in turn, while the cooks of Auspicious New Palace served fried fruits, eight-treasure rice and fruits. The monks in the whole temple held tea bowls in their hands, read a paragraph of pre-tea classics, and began to use tea and get together. After tea, the ambassador invited everyone to attend a monk's banquet in Dajiwa. At this time, the three monks took out the hada prepared in advance and presented it to Dafatai in turn to congratulate them, and then went to Dajiwa's house for dinner. The monk's banquet is not a sumptuous delicacy, but a feast of seven dishes and eight bowls. Mainly vegetarian buns such as fried fruits and flower rolls, candy, tea, rice and hand-grabbed mutton. Hand-grabbed mutton is also divided into members according to their status. Ordinary monks have only one copy each, and Dafatai and the living Buddha can be divided into several copies.
On the second day of the first month, Dajiwa prepared a tea banquet. On this day, a ceremony was held in the Great Guardian Hall (Little Golden Tile Hall). When the Dafatai arrived at the Dharma Hall, the two Raj and Dharma presented a plate of candy, food, grapes, red dates and hada to the Dafatai, and the monks recited the "Rosenjiawama" sutra. After singing, the deacon monk toured the temple with a pinch of incense in his hand. Two big Rajs offered offerings to the dharma, the auspicious new palace in Dala made 13 kinds of New Year gifts for the dharma temple, a satin gift in Dajiwa made 1 1 kind, six little Rajs made five kinds of gifts each, and the deacon made 1 piece. After the ceremony, the monks chanted Life and Death Sutra, Nirvana Silent Sutra and Danbama Sutra. After that, he began to descend to the gods and protect the dharma to divine Buddhism and other related matters in the new year. At this time, Rang rang the auspicious new palace to drum and shake the number, indicating that the deacons and living buddhas who attended the ceremony of descending the gods attended the banquet.
The third day is the day when Longbo Dharma Hall descended to the gods, and its ceremony is the same as that of Dharma Hall. After the descent, the Longbo Dharma Hall hosted a banquet in the guest house, where monks attended the descent ceremony.
From the third day to the eighth day, six deacons from three colleges hosted a banquet for monks. During the period, monks wrapped a bag of sugar or raisins with white paper (pure white), put a square red paper (festive) under it, and covered it with Hada to pay a New Year call to their guru and teacher. The teacher served with milk tea, red dates, dried persimmons or pears, and attached the original Hada as a gift. Among Tibetans, it is a custom to give gifts to guests who come to visit the New Year and not let them go home empty-handed.
During the festival, monks go out with a package of gifts (such as small packets of sugar, red dates, dried persimmons and raisins) and a hada. People who meet each other wish each other a happy new year, give each other gifts and Hada, and have the habit of giving each other gifts. Living buddhas also give gifts to each other to celebrate the New Year, and there are frequent exchanges of courtesy.
On the eighth day of the eighth lunar month, the Tibetan New Year and Spring Festival basically ended, and preparations for the first month prayer meeting began.