Summary of Basic Knowledge Points of Geography in Senior High School
Knowledge is the best honor for young people, the greatest comfort for the elderly, the most precious property for the poor and the most precious ornament for the rich. Then I'll share with you some summary of the basic knowledge points of high school geography, hoping to help you.
Basic knowledge points of geography in senior high school 1
1. Gradual change of longitude: east degree increases to east longitude, and west degree increases to west longitude.
2. Gradual change of latitude: the degree to the north increases to the north latitude, and the degree to the south increases to the south latitude.
3. The shape and length of the parallel lines: the equator is the longest latitude circle, which gradually shortens towards the poles.
4. the shape and length of the meridian: all the meridians are semicircles intersecting the north and south poles, and the length is equal.
5. judgment of east and west longitude: east longitude increases and west longitude decreases along the rotation direction.
6. judgment of north and south latitudes: the degree increases to north latitude and south latitude.
7. division of the eastern and western hemispheres: 2 w to 16 e is the eastern hemisphere, and 2 w to 16 e is the western hemisphere.
8. judgment of east-west direction: the law of bad arc (for example, 8 east longitude is in the east of 1 east longitude and 17 west longitude)
9. scale size and graphic range: the larger the scale, the smaller the range; The smaller the scale, the larger the range.
1. Determination of the direction on the map: in general, "north up and south down, left west and right east"; A map with a beacon, and the arrow pointing to the beacon points to the north; The longitude and latitude network map, the longitude indicates the north-south direction and the latitude indicates the east-west direction.
11. Density of contour lines: The denser contour lines in the same picture, the steeper the slope; The denser the isobar, the greater the wind force; The denser the isotherm, the greater the temperature difference
12. Convexity and topography of the contour line: the place where the contour line protrudes to the high place is the valley, and the place where it protrudes to the low place is the ridge.
13. Convexity of contour lines and rivers: the protruding direction of contour lines is opposite to the flow direction of rivers.
14. Convex direction of isotherm and ocean current: the protruding direction of isotherm is the same as the flow direction of ocean current.
Basic knowledge points of geography in senior high school 2
1. Earth revolution: At the beginning of July, near the apohelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth revolution are the slowest; At the beginning of January, around the perihelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth's revolution are the fastest
2. At noon, the height of the sun: around June 22, the highest in the north of the Tropic of Cancer, and the lowest in the equator and the southern hemisphere; Around December 22nd, the area south of the Tropic of Capricorn reached the maximum, and the equator and the northern hemisphere reached the minimum
3. The length of day and night: the day is long and the night is short, and extreme day appears within the Arctic Circle; The days are short and the nights are long, and the polar night appears within the Arctic Circle
4. Isotherms: the land isotherms all protrude northward; The land isotherms all protrude to the south, but the ocean is opposite
5. Pressure zone and wind zone: move northward with the direct point of the sun; Move southward with the direct point of the sun
6. Snow line: Snow line rises; Snow line drops
7. North Indian Ocean Current: Influenced by southwest monsoon, the current flows clockwise; Affected by the northeast monsoon, the ocean current flows counterclockwise
8. Precipitation in China: influenced by the summer plum wind, there is a lot of precipitation; 9. Rivers in China: the inland rivers are flooded with snow and ice due to high temperature, and the outflow rivers are affected by the summer monsoon, and most rivers enter the flood season. The northeast region is divided into spring flood and summer flood. Most of them have entered the dry season, and the rivers north of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains include ice period, and some rivers are cut off
1. Monsoon in China: most parts of the country are affected by the summer monsoon from the ocean, which is hot and rainy; Most parts of the country are affected by the winter wind from the mainland, and it is cold and rainy
11. Agricultural production in China: the temperature is high all over the country, and crops enter the growing period, and the crop ripening system gradually changes from three crops a year to three crops a year to one crop a year from south to north; Crops in most areas in the north are in the wintering period, and the tropical areas in the south are abundant in water and heat, which can produce out-of-season vegetables and fruits
12. Meteorological disasters: drought and flood (spring drought in North China and summer drought in the Yangtze River), rainstorm and typhoon (strong wind, rainstorm and storm surge); Cold wave, sandstorm, drought and blizzard
13. Geological disasters: there are many landslides and mudslides; Less
Basic knowledge of high school geography 3
1. Types of celestial bodies: nebulae, stars, meteors, comets, planets, satellites, gas and dust in interstellar space, etc.
2. The hierarchy of celestial bodies: total galaxy-Milky Way galaxy (extragalactic galaxy)-solar system-Earth-Moon system
3. Planets are classified according to their characteristics: terrestrial planets (water, earth, fire), giant planets (wood) and distant planets (sky and sea).
4. Moon: (1) The front of the moon always faces the earth, and it also changes day and night.
(2) There is no atmosphere, so the temperature difference between day and night on the surface of the moon is large, and there are many craters, so there is no sound or wind.
(3) There are mountains, plains (that is, the moon sea) and volcanoes on the surface of the moon.
5. Reasons for the existence of life on earth: stable lighting conditions, safe cosmic environment, suitable atmosphere and temperature, and liquid water.
6. The external structure of the sun and its corresponding solar activities: photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind).
7. Solar activities-sunspots (signs), flares (the most intense), the change cycle of sunspots is 11 years.
8. The influence of solar activity: sunspot-climate, flare-ionosphere-radio communication, charged particle flow-magnetic field-magnetic storm
9. The influence of solar radiation: ① the main driving force to maintain the surface temperature and promote the water, atmosphere and biological activities and changes on the earth.
② Solar energy is our daily energy.
1. direction of rotation: from west to east, it is counterclockwise when viewed from the north pole and clockwise when viewed from the south pole
speed: ① linear speed (decreasing from equator to zero) ② angular speed (equal everywhere except the two poles)
period: ① sidereal day (real period of 23h56m4s) ② solar day (at 24 o'clock, Day-night cycle)
Significance: ① Day-night cycle ② Different places with different longitudes ③ Deviation of horizontally moving objects (north, right, south and left)
11. terminator line: along the rotation direction, the night turns into the morning line, and the day turns into the faint line (the altitude angle of the sun on terminator line is degrees).
12. terminator line and Meridian: terminator line coincides with Meridian-Equinox in Spring and Autumn; The intersection angle between terminator line and the meridian is the largest-summer solstice and winter solstice
13. Time calculation: required time = known time plus local time difference+en-route time
14, time zone = longitude/15 (rounded if not divisible), local time difference = time zone difference
15, universal time: based on the prime meridian (universal time)
16. date division: the longitude line from zero to east (18) is "today" on the earth, and the longitude line from west to day is "yesterday".
17. Datum line: the date of crossing the date line from west to east (not completely passing through the 18 meridian) is reduced by one day, and the date of crossing from east to west is increased by one day.
18. Location selection of satellite launch base:
Natural factors (① meteorological conditions require sunny weather; ② initial speed of earth rotation: depending on latitude and topography; ③ flat and open terrain);
human factors (vast territory and sparsely populated, convenient transportation, meeting the needs of national defense security).
① Taiyuan: strong technical force; ② Jiuquan: continental climate with many sunny days; ③ Xichang has low latitude and high initial launch speed; ④ Wenchang, Hainan: low latitude and high initial launch speed; Convenient shipping.
19. Revolution speed: high in early January-perihelion-and slow in early July-apohelion;
significance: ① the change of day and night; ② the change of the height of the sun at noon; ③ the change of the four seasons; ④ the formation of five belts
2. The revolution and rotation form the intersection angle of the yellow and red (23 26'). :
① the existence of the ecliptic angle-the movement of the sun's direct point-the change of the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon-the existence of the ecliptic angle in four seasons-the movement of the sun's direct point-the seasonal movement of the wind belt in the pressure belt-the formation of the Mediterranean climate and the savanna climate
② the dividing line of the five zones: the tropic of cancer and the tropic of cancer. If the Huang Chi angle becomes smaller, the tropical zone and the cold zone become smaller, and the temperate zone becomes larger. If the equatorial angle is zero, the sun will always shine directly at the equator, and the world will be divided equally between day and night, and the Mediterranean climate and the savanna climate will disappear.
21. Variation law of noon sun height: ① decreasing from the direct point to the north and south sides
② Calculation of noon sun height = 9 —△ (latitude interval between the direct point and the sought point)
③ The noon height angle in the area north of the Tropic of Cancer on the summer solstice is the maximum in a year and the minimum in the southern hemisphere in a year;
On the winter solstice, the noon height angle in the area south of the Tropic of Capricorn is the maximum and the northern hemisphere is the minimum.
④ The area between the Tropic of Cancer-there are two direct opportunities-two maximum values
⑤ The higher the latitude, the smaller the noonday sun altitude angle and the larger the building spacing.
22. Time distribution of the length of day and night:
① In which hemisphere is the point of direct sunlight, which hemisphere has long days and short nights, and in the northern hemisphere in summer, the point of direct sunlight is in the northern hemisphere, which has long days and short nights.
② When the sun's direct point moves to which hemisphere, the days in this hemisphere become longer, with the longest days on June 22nd and the shortest days on December 22nd in the northern hemisphere.
③ The maximum day length between the tropic of cancer and the maximum noon sun height angle do not appear on the same day, such as Haikou City.
23. Latitude distribution of the length of day and night:
In the northern hemisphere, the days are long and the nights are short, and the days are longer as you go north (the earlier the sunrise, the later it will set), such as Beijing-Shanghai-Guangzhou
In the northern hemisphere, the days are short and the nights are long, and the days are longer as you go south (the earlier the sunrise, the later it will set). For example, Haikou-Guangzhou-Shanghai,
24, day length = sunset time-sunrise time; Day length =24 hours-night length
sunrise time = 12: -day length /2 (or : +night length /2); The sunrise time of the point on the equator is 6:
and the sunset time is 12: +day length /2 (or 24: -night length /2); The sunset time of the point on the equator is 18: < P > 25. The earth is a non-luminous, opaque sphere-the globe with day and night phenomenon < P > The globe with rotation-the alternation of day and night (the rotation speed period affects the temperature difference between day and night) < P > The revolving globe with tilt of the earth-the movement of the direct point, the change of the sun height at noon and the length of day and night-the four seasons and five zones < P > Northern Hemisphere Winter Half Year
Basic knowledge points of senior high school geography 4
Location selection of traffic lines:
1. Location analysis of railway line (Beijing-Kowloon line): 1. Reasonable layout of traffic network; 2. Promote economic development along the route; 3. Maintain the long-term stability and development of Hong Kong; 4. Advanced science and technology is the guarantee; 5. The greatest significance of building Beijing-Kowloon lies in activating the national railway network and promoting the economic development along the line.
2. general methods of highway route selection: 1. make full use of favorable natural conditions and avoid sections with complex terrain, geology and hydrological conditions; 2. The mountain route is most affected by the terrain, and it is generally built into a zigzag shape along the contour line; 3. Plain areas should handle the relationship with cultivated land, villages and towns, and water conservancy facilities; 4. Highway route selection should try to find a balance between the maximum traffic volume and the minimum occupation of cultivated land.
3. The main location factors of the port are: 1. It is greatly influenced by natural conditions; 2. The hinterland of the port is an important economic factor, which determines the nature of the port to a great extent and is the basis for the rise and fall of the port; 3. Urban dependence: Cities and ports depend on each other.
4. Location requirements of the bus station: 1. Good natural conditions and flat and open terrain; 2. It not only ensures the connection between the city and traffic, but also pays attention to protecting the urban environment, and is generally arranged on the edge of the city; 3. It should be conveniently and directly connected with internal trunk roads and other external traffic, and should be arranged on both sides of urban trunk roads or near railway stations to facilitate transfer and distribution.
5. Location requirements of the airport: 1. The ground is open, which is conducive to runway construction and clearance conditions for aircraft takeoff; 2. The airport has a proper slope and high terrain to ensure drainage and fog dispersion; 3. Good geological conditions and stable foundation; 4. The runway is built according to the prevailing wind direction (taking off and landing in the wind); 5. The airport covers a large area and is noisy, so the relationship between the airport and the urban area should be properly handled and connected with the expressway.
6. Characteristics of urban transportation: 1. Close integration of transportation points, lines and planes; 2. The flow direction and quantity of pedestrians and vehicles are constantly changing; 3. It is a typical mixed traffic; 4. Urban road traffic facilities and management facilities are many, occupying a lot of urban area and space, and are an organic part of the city.
7. Urban traffic environment problems: traffic line congestion and traffic environment pollution; Solution: 1. Implement technical measures to reduce automobile exhaust pollution; 2. Wide planting of flowers and trees, greening and beautifying traffic roads; 3. Develop urban public transportation; 4. Reasonable planning of urban roads; 5. Stagger the commuting time to avoid the traffic peak.
Basic knowledge points of high school geography 5
● Memory formula of provincial administrative regions in China
Beijing-Tianjin-Shanghai-Chongqing municipality; Inner Mongolia autonomous region in Mengning; One country, two systems, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao; Three northeastern provinces, Heijiliao; Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong belong to North China; Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangxi are in East China; Hunan, Hubei and Henan belong to Central China; There are Guangdong, Fujian and Qiong in South China; Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou belong to the southwest; There are Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai in the northwest.
● The smallest province in China is Macau; The province with the highest latitude is Heilongjiang; The largest province is Xinjiang; The province with the widest longitude span is Inner Mongolia; Hainan province, the province with the widest latitude; Henan, the most populous province; Macau, the least populous province
● Seven ancient capitals in China
The seven ancient capitals are Beijing, Xi 'an, Nanjing and Hangzhou; Luoyang, Henan, Kaifeng and Anyang Yin Ruins have heavy historical materials. Beijing Forbidden City, Tiananmen Square, Summer Palace and Badaling. There are two wild goose pagodas in Xi 'an, Mount Li, Huaqing Pool and Qin Mausoleum. Nanjing Yuhuatai River Bridge, Xuwu Lake and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Hangzhou West Lake with Double Ten Scenes, Lingyin Temple and Feilai Peak. The Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang are fine, and the Baima Shaolin Temple is famous. Kaifeng Tower and Long Ting, Sokokuji Zhong Guanyin listen.
● China Iron Mine
There are eight iron mines in China, located in the north of Baiyun Lake in Inner Mongolia. Liaoning Anshan and Benxi, Hebei Qian 'an Anhui Horse. Hainan Iron Mine is located in Shilu, a Panzhihua in Sichuan.
● China Coal Mine
There are eleven coal mines in China, and Jifeng province in Kailuan. Liaoning coal mine is Fuxin, and Dayang Xishan is in Shanxi. Anhui Huaibei Jiangsu Xu, the black dragon caught the crane and chicken, Pingdingshan mining province Yu.
● nonferrous metal mine
Dexing copper mine