Bauxite introduction and detailed information
Ore Introduction
Bauxite actually refers to what can be used industrially, with gibbsite, boehmite or diaspore as the main minerals. A collective name for the ores it is composed of. Its application areas include metals and non-metals.
Bauxite is the best raw material for the production of metallic aluminum and is also the most important application field. Its usage accounts for more than 90% of the world's total bauxite production. The non-metallic uses of bauxite are mainly as raw materials for refractory materials, abrasive materials, chemicals and high-alumina cement. Although the proportion of bauxite used in non-metallic applications is small, its uses are very wide. For example: chemical products such as sulfate, trihydrate and aluminum chloride can be used in papermaking, water purification, ceramics and petroleum refining; activated alumina can be used as catalysts, catalyst carriers and catalyst carriers in the chemical, oil refining and pharmaceutical industries. Physical adsorbents such as decolorization, dehydration, degassing, deacidification, and drying; aluminum chloride produced with r-Al2O3 can be used in organic synthesis of dyes, rubber, medicine, petroleum, etc.; 3% to 5% Al2O3 in the glass composition can Improve melting point, viscosity, and strength; abrasive materials are the main raw materials for high-grade grinding wheels and polishing powder; refractory materials are indispensable furnace building materials in the industrial sector. Bauxite
Metal aluminum is the second most important metal in the world after steel. In 1995, the world's per capita consumption reached 3.29kg. Because aluminum has small specific gravity, good electrical and thermal conductivity, easy machining and many other excellent properties, it is widely used in various sectors of the national economy. The largest users of aluminum in the world are the construction, transportation and packaging sectors, accounting for more than 60% of total aluminum consumption. Aluminum is an indispensable raw material for the electrical appliance industry, aircraft manufacturing industry, machinery industry and civil appliances. Main components
Gibbsite (Gibbsite)Al(OH)3 Gibbsite is the crystalline hydrate of aluminum hydroxide, which is the main component in bauxite. The crystals of gibbsite are extremely small, and the crystals gather together to form nodules, beans or earth. They are generally white with glassy luster. If they contain impurities, they will turn red. They are mainly secondary minerals produced after the weathering of aluminum-containing minerals such as feldspar. The chemical composition is Al(OH)3, and the crystal belongs to the hydroxide mineral of the monoclinic P21/n space group. It is homogeneous with bayerite and nordstrandite. Formerly known as gibbsite or allophane. Named in 1822 after mineral collector C.G. Gibbs. The crystal structure is similar to that of brucite, consisting of sandwich biscuit-like (OH)-Al-(OH) coordination octahedral layers stacked in parallel. However, Al3+ does not occupy all the octahedral gaps in the interlayer, but only occupies some of them. 2/3. The crystals of gibbsite are generally extremely small, in the shape of pseudo-hexagonal flakes, and often form twin crystals. They are usually produced in the form of nodule-like, bean-like, or earth-like aggregates. White, or light red to red due to impurity staining. Glass luster, cleavage surface shows pearl luster. The cleavage of the bottom surface is extremely complete. Moss hardness is 2.5~3.5, specific gravity is 2.40. Gibbsite is mainly a secondary product of chemical weathering of aluminum-containing minerals such as feldspar, and is the main mineral component of laterite-type bauxite. But it can also be caused by low-temperature hydrothermal fluids. Crystals up to 5 centimeters in size are produced from hydrothermal veins in Zlatovstovsk in the South Urals, Russia. Bauxite Morphological Characteristics
Theoretical composition of bauxite (crystal chemistry) (wB%): Al2O365.4, H2O34.6. Common homogeneous substitutions include Fe and Ga, Fe2O3 can reach 2%, and Ga2O3 can reach 0.006%. In addition, impurities such as CaO, MgO, SiO2, etc. are often included.
Monoclinic system: a0=0.864nm, b0=0.507nm, c0=0.972nm; Z=8. The crystal structure is similar to brucite and is a typical layered structure. The difference is that Al3 only fills 2/3 of the octahedral gaps in the two layers of OH- alternated by the hexagonal closest packed layers (∥(001)). Because Al3 has a higher charge than Mg2, it is used with less The number of Al3 can balance the charge of OH-. Bauxite
Orthorhombic columnar crystal type: C2h-2/m (L2PC). The crystal is in the shape of a pseudo-hexagonal plate, which is extremely rare. Main simple shapes: parallel double faces a, c, rhombus prism m. It often forms a double crystal based on (100) and (110). Common polycrystalline twins. The aggregates are radial fiber-like, scaly, crust-like, stalactite-like or ooid-like, bean-like, spherical nodules or fine-grained soil-like blocks. Mainly colloidal amorphous or fine-grained crystalline.
Physical properties: White or light gray, light green or light red due to impurities. Glass luster, cleavage surface pearl luster. Transparent to translucent. The cleavage is extremely complete. Hardness 2.5~3.5. Relative density 2.30~2.43. Has an earthy smell. Under a polarizer, colorless. Biaxial crystal. Ng=1.587, Nm=Np=1.566.
Occurrence and combination: Mainly formed by decomposition and hydrolysis of aluminum-containing silicate. Tropical and subtropical climates favor the formation of gibbsite. In regional metamorphism, it can be transformed into boehmite and diaspore (140~200℃) after dehydration; as the degree of metamorphism increases, it can be transformed into corundum.
Resource Characteristics
In addition to being concentrated in distribution, China’s bauxite deposits are mostly large and medium-sized. There are 31 large-scale mineral deposits with reserves greater than 20 million tons, accounting for 49% of the country's total reserves; there are 83 medium-sized mineral deposits with reserves between 20 and 5 million tons, and their reserves It accounts for 37% of the country's total reserves, and large and medium-sized mineral deposits account for 86%. The quality of China's bauxite is relatively poor, and the diaspore-type ore, which is difficult to process and consumes a lot of energy, accounts for more than 98% of the country's total reserves. Among the retained reserves, first-level ores (Al2O360%~70%, Al/Si≥12) only account for 1.5%, second-level ores (Al2O351%~71%, Al/Si≥9) account for 17%, and third-level ores ( Al2O3 62%~69%, Al/Si≥7) accounts for 11.3%, fourth-level ore (Al2O3>62%, Al/Si≥5) accounts for 27.9%, fifth-level ore (Al2O3>58%, Al/Si≥4) Accounting for 18%, grade six ores (Al2O3>54%, Al/Si≥3) account for 8.3%, grade seven ores (Al2O3>48%, Al/Si≥6) account for 1.5%, and the rest are ores of unknown grade. Bauxite
Another disadvantage of China's bauxite is that there are not many bauxite deposits suitable for open-pit mining. According to statistics, they only account for 34% of the country's total reserves. Different from foreign laterite-type bauxite, ancient weathered crust-type bauxite in China often originates and is associated with a variety of minerals. In bauxite distribution areas, the overlying rock formations often produce industrial coal seams and high-quality limestone. In the ore-bearing rock series *** there are semi-soft clay, hard clay, iron ore and pyrite. Bauxite ore is also associated with a variety of useful elements such as gallium, vanadium, lithium, rare earth metals, niobium, tantalum, titanium, scandium and other useful elements. In some areas, the above-mentioned raw minerals often form mineral deposits with industrial value together with bauxite. Gallium, vanadium, scandium, etc. in bauxite also have recovery value.
China’s bauxite has a relatively high level of geological work. As of the end of 1994, 32.5% of China’s bauxite reserves were in the exploration stage, and 55.8% were in the detailed investigation stage. The total of the two, The reserves with the above-mentioned level of detailed investigation account for 88.3% of the total reserves in the country. Discovery process
The element of aluminum was discovered in 1825 by the Danish physicist H.C. Oersted, who used potassium amalgam to interact with aluminum chloride to obtain aluminum amalgam, and then used distillation to remove the mercury. , discovered by producing metallic aluminum for the first time. The production of metal aluminum was initially carried out by chemical methods. That is, the sodium chemical method founded by French scientist H. Sainte Claire Diwill in 1854 and the magnesium chemical method founded by Russian physical chemist H.H. Beketov (Н. Бекетов) in 1865. . France started industrial production using chemical methods in 1855 and was the first country to produce aluminum in the world. The discovery of bauxite (1821) preceded the element aluminum and was mistakenly thought to be a new mineral at the time. To produce aluminum from bauxite, alumina must first be produced, and then aluminum must be produced electrolytically. The mining of bauxite began in France in 1873, and the production of alumina from bauxite began in 1894. The Bayer process was used, and the production scale was only more than 1 ton per day. By 1900, countries such as France, Italy, and the United States had a small amount of bauxite mining, with an annual output of only 90,000 tons. With the development of modern industry, aluminum as a metal and alloy was applied to the aviation and military industries, and then expanded to civilian industries. Since then, the aluminum industry has developed rapidly. By 1950, the world's aluminum metal production had reached 1.51 million tons. It increased to 20.92 million tons in 1996, becoming the second most important metal after steel. Bauxite formation rules
According to the opinions of Liao Shifan and others, China’s bauxite deposits can be divided into ancient weathered crust-type bauxite deposits and laterite-type bauxite deposits.
The formation of ancient weathered crust bauxite deposits in China has gone through three stages. The first stage is the terrestrial stage, which is the residual and slope-accumulated aluminum-rich weathering crust material containing bauxite minerals, clay minerals, iron oxide minerals, etc. formed by weathering under atmospheric conditions, such as calcium laterite layer, laterite layer or Laterite bauxite, this stage is the in-situ residual, accumulation or off-site accumulation stage under atmospheric conditions; the second stage is the stage when the aluminum-calcium-rich laterite layer, laterite layer or laterite bauxite is submerged by sea water (or lake water), and some are immediately Submerged by sea water (or lake water), some are submerged by sea water (or lake water) after a certain period of lithification, and are gradually buried deep underground. After a period of diagenetic epigenetic evolution and transformation, the original bauxite layer is formed; The third stage is the supergene enrichment stage. After the original bauxite layer is lifted to the shallow part of the earth's surface with the earth's crust, due to the transformation of surface water or groundwater, silica is leached and aluminum is enriched, forming a richer grade mineral. Bauxite deposits of industrial value. Ancient weathered crust bauxite in China was mainly formed in the Carboniferous period. The formation of this type of bauxite deposit is related to the ancient weathering crust on the eroded discontinuous surface. Generally speaking, if the erosion period is long, especially if the underlying bedrock is carbonate rock or basic extrusive rock (such as basalt) that contains a lot of aluminum and is easily weathered, the ore deposits formed are often rich in ore grade. The ore layer is thick and the ore body is large in scale.
Bauxite
As for laterite-type bauxite deposits, it is generally believed to be formed by the weathering of aluminum-containing rocks under modern climate conditions. There is only one subcategory of laterite-type bauxite deposits, called Zhangpu-type laterite-type bauxite deposits, which are bauxite deposits formed by the modern (Quaternary) weathering of basalt from the Tertiary to Quaternary periods, and their reserves are very large. Very small, accounting for only 1.17% of China’s total bauxite reserves. Modern laterite-type bauxite in China is mainly formed in low-latitude areas, such as Fujian, Hainan and some areas in Guangdong. These areas have hot weather, abundant rainfall, and easily weathered basalt, so modern laterite-type bauxite can be formed. As for China's Nansha Islands and Zhongsha Islands, although they are also at low latitudes and have a climate that can form bauxite, these islands did not rise to land for a long time, only 10,000 to 30,000 years, and the time to withstand weathering is short, so it is difficult to Formation of bauxite deposits. Classification of origin
(1) Xiuwen type carbonate rock ancient weathering crust all-site accumulation sub-type bauxite deposit, also known as carbonate rock ancient weathering crust all-site accumulation sub-type bauxite deposit. Its origin is related to the ancient weathering crust of carbonate karst red soil. And because there are several meters thick lacustrine iron ore lentil deposits between the bauxite and the underlying carbonate bedrock, the bauxite is not accumulated in situ, but is laterite weathering near the nearly dry lake. It is formed by the migration of shells from different places. This type of deposit is typical of the Xiaoshanba bauxite deposit in Xiuwen County, Guizhou. Since the underlying bedrock is carbonate rock, the aluminum-rich calcium laterite residual slope accumulation is formed by weathering. Generally speaking, the longer the erosion interruption time, that is, the longer the weathering time, the residual slope accumulation formed by weathering. The more and thicker the aluminum-rich calcium laterite layer is, the more bauxite minerals are generated and the less clay minerals are, the richer the ore grade is, and the greater the thickness of the ore layer is.
(2) Xin'an carbonate ancient weathering crust in situ accumulation subtype bauxite deposit, also known as carbonate ancient weathering crust in situ accumulation subtype bauxite deposit, named after Xin'an, Henan The Zhangyaoyuan bauxite deposit is relatively typical. The bauxite of this type of deposit directly covers the karst erosion surface of carbonate rock and is accumulated in situ. In many cases, it is accumulated in karst caves and karst hoppers. The ore body is not long (several hundred meters), but The thickness is relatively large (40~60m). If the erosion interval is short-lived, generally only the residual layer of calcareous laterite is formed, with slight migration and transport. Although the quality of this ore is slightly poor, the ore layer is stable and the thickness changes little.
(3) Pingguo carbonate rock ancient weathering crust accumulation in situ-modern karst accumulation subtype bauxite deposit. Also known as carbonate paleo-weathering crust in situ accumulation-modern karst accumulation subtype bauxite deposit. The overlying layered ore of this deposit and the underlying bedrock within a few hundred meters of thickness are all limestone. After Quaternary karstification, the limestone and bauxite ore were weathered into calcium laterite and bauxite ore fragments fell into piles of ore. The main conditions for the formation of this type of accumulation ore are: a certain scale of layered ore, suitable climatic conditions, thick limestone above and below the ore layer, and thin clay shale directly on the top and bottom of the ore layer. Bauxite
(4) Zunyi-style aluminum silicate rock ancient weathering crust accumulation subtype bauxite deposit. Also known as the in situ accumulation subtype of aluminum silicate ancient weathering crust bauxite deposit, the underlying bedrock is fine clastic rock or basic volcanic rock, which is the in situ accumulation of the underlying bedrock laterite weathering crust (a few slope accumulations) of bauxite deposits. The mineralization rules of this type of deposit are: first, there is a transition phenomenon with the underlying bedrock, and there is an erosion discontinuity with the overlying stratum, so the thickness changes greatly, and there are many no-ore skylights; secondly, the thickness of the ore layer, the size of the ore body, and the ore Whether the grade is rich or poor depends on the length of the erosion interval during mineralization and whether the underlying bedrock is easily weathered. If the erosion is interrupted for a long time, most of the underlying bedrock that is eroded and weathered is fine clastic rock and clay shale, and only part of it is carbonate rock. The ore layer is often thick, large-scale, and the ore quality is good, but then there is no ore skylight. increase. If the underlying bedrock that is eroded and weathered is basalt that is easier to weather, the thickness of the ore layer and the scale of the ore body may be larger, and the ore may also be richer. If the underlying bedrock is basalt that is easily weathered, but the erosion interval during mineralization is too short and the weathering is not complete, the thickness of the ore layer, the size of the ore body, and the quality of the ore will not be ideal. Main uses
Bauxite ore has various uses:
(1) Aluminum smelting industry. Used in national defense, aviation, automobiles, electrical appliances, chemicals, daily necessities, etc.
(2) Precision casting. Alumina clinker is processed into fine powder and made into casting molds and then precision cast. Used in military, aerospace, communications, instrumentation, machinery and medical equipment sectors. (3) Used in refractory products. High alumina clinker has a refractoriness of up to 1780°C, strong chemical stability and good physical properties. High alumina cement
(4) Aluminum silicate refractory fiber. It has the advantages of light weight, high temperature resistance, good thermal stability, low thermal conductivity, small heat capacity and resistance to mechanical vibration. Used in steel, non-ferrous metallurgy, electronics, petroleum, chemical industry, aerospace, atomic energy, national defense and other industries. It puts high-aluminum clinker into a high-temperature electric arc furnace with a melting temperature of about 2000~2200°C. After high-temperature melting, high-pressure and high-speed air or steam injection, and cooling, it becomes white "cotton" - aluminum silicate. Fire resistant fiber. It can be pressed into fiber blankets, boards or woven cloth to replace the refractory bricks lining high-temperature kilns in smelting, chemical, glass and other industries. Firefighters can use fire-resistant fiber cloth to make clothing.
(5) Using magnesia and bauxite clinker as raw materials, adding appropriate binding agents, the effect of casting the overall lining of steel drums is very good.
(6) Manufacture of bauxite cement, abrasive materials, ceramic industry and chemical industry to produce various aluminum compounds.
The most important uses are: refining metallic aluminum in the aluminum industry, making refractory materials and grinding materials, and using it as raw material for high-aluminum cement. Ore is used for different purposes and has different quality requirements. The industry standard for bauxite ore (YS/T78-94) released by China Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation in 1994. According to this standard, bauxite is divided into three types: sedimentary diaspore, accumulation diaspore and laterite gibbsite, and is divided into LK12-70, LK8-65, LK5- according to its chemical composition. 60. Nine grades including LK3-53, LK15-60, LK11-55, LK8-50, LK7-50, and LK3-40. In addition to stipulating the chemical composition of bauxite, the standard also requires that the moisture of sedimentary diaspore should not be greater than 7%, and that of accumulation-type diaspore and laterite-type gibbsite should not be greater than 8%. . In addition, it is required that the particle size of bauxite ore shall not be greater than 150mm. Bauxite ore must not be mixed with dirt, limestone and other debris. Type distribution
Basic types
Subtypes
Main distribution areas
Monohydrous bauxite
1) Diaspore-kaolinite type (D-K type)
Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Guizhou
One-water type bauxite
2) Diaspore-pyrophyllite type (D-P type)
Henan
Monohydrate bauxite
3) Boehmite-kaolin Stone type (B-K type)
Shandong, Shanxi
Monohydrate bauxite
4) Diaspore-illite type (D-I type) < /p>
Henan
Monohydrate bauxite
5) Diaspore-kaolinite-rutile (D-K-R type)
Sichuan
Trihydrate type bauxite
Gibbsite type (G type)
Guizhou bauxite deposit, a typical deposit in Fujian and Guangxi
Exploration in the Xiuwen Xiaoshanba bauxite mining area began in 1957, with a total of 20.264 million tons of bauxite discovered and an average ore grade of 67.91%. The Wulongsi mining area started production in 1979. The ore seam is layered, gentle in shape, with an inclination angle of 5° to 10°, and tilts to the northeast. Shanxi Bauxite Deposit
The Ke’er ore section of the Ke’er Bauxite Deposit was first explored in 1960, and subsequently the Bujiayu and other ore sections were explored. ***A total of bauxite has been discovered The mine has 62.656 million tons of ore, and the average ore grade is 64.36%. In 1986, Shanxi Aluminum Factory began mining the Xiaoyi bauxite mine. There are three types of ore: dense, rough and ooid. Henan Bauxite Deposit
The deposit was explored as refractory clay ore from 1961 to 1964 and began production in 1966. A total of 9.497 million tons of bauxite have been proven. The geological age of the ore-bearing layer is the same as that of the Ke'er deposit in Xiaoyi, Shanxi, and both belong to the Benxi Period of the Late Carboniferous. Pingguo Bauxite Deposit
The mining area covers an area of 1,750km2, and there are accumulated ores within a 132km long range of layered ore bodies. The earliest exploration of primary minerals was from 1959 to 1961. Because the primary ore contained high sulfur content and could not be utilized, in 1974 it switched to exploration of accumulation ores. The cumulative proven bauxite reserves in the year before and after reached 126.098 million tons, with an average grade of 64.69%. Because the sulfur content of layered ores is too high (1.5%~7%), it is difficult for industry to utilize it. Zunyi Bauxite Deposit
The mine was explored in 1989, with proven reserves of 11.12 million tons and an average ore grade of 53.62%. The output shape of the ore seam is complex, with many ore-free skylights, and the ore-containing coefficient is small, about 0.5. These rock formations were lateritized and denuded in situ into weathering crust materials such as bauxite and clay minerals, which were accumulated in situ. A small part of the nearby weathering crust bauxite minerals and clay minerals were slightly migrated and accumulated due to slope accumulation. Penglai Bauxite Deposit
This deposit is a modern laterite-type bauxite deposit. General survey and exploration were carried out from 1959 to 1961. In 1975, nine ore bodies including Luoben No. 5 and No. 6 were further explored. ***The cumulative proven bauxite reserves reach 21.906 million tons, with an average grade of 44.4%. Bauxite is distributed on the top of gentle hills, with an altitude of about 30~60m. It is a basalt weathered laterite type gibbsite bauxite deposit from the Tertiary to Quaternary period. Zibo Wangcun Bauxite Mine
Wangcun Bauxite Mine is located in the northwest of Zibo Basin. A detailed survey was carried out in 1956, and preliminary and detailed surveys were carried out from 1964 to 1965. Mining began in 1958 and ended in 1967. In 1965, infrastructure development was carried out and it was put into operation in 1966. The mine has a total of 2.945 million tons of proven bauxite and is a small deposit.
Development Base
Guizhou is China’s main bauxite producing area, with reserves accounting for about 1/5 of the country’s total. Among them, Qingzhen and Xiuwen have the largest bauxite reserves and the highest grade. After processing, bauxite can be used to make cement and refractory materials. It can also be used in the aluminum industry, non-ferrous metal smelting and abrasives industry.
The Qingzhen Mag Mine that this bauxite mining and deep processing base relies on is the mine of Guiyang Refractory Materials Factory. In June 2007, a company in Shenzhen successfully acquired the entire property of Guiyang Refractory Materials Factory, a policy bankrupt enterprise. In accordance with the principle of "revitalizing stock and optimizing increment", the company has invested nearly 200 million yuan in the development of Qingzhen Mag Mine. It is expected that by the end of 2009, the company will have a comprehensive production capacity of 404,000 tons/year in Guizhou and can achieve sales revenue of 310 million yuan, thereby becoming the largest refractory material finishing enterprise in the south of the Yangtze River and the central and southwest regions of China.
Guiyang Refractory Materials Factory has started construction of its bauxite mining and deep processing base in Maige Township, Qingzhen City. Build three rotary kiln production lines for high-aluminum clinker with an annual output of 60,000 tons, becoming the largest bauxite deep processing base in Guizhou Province. Guizhou is expected to become China's largest bauxite deep processing base. A brief history of mining
The general search for bauxite in China first began in 1924. At that time, the Japanese Hibuo Itamoto and others conducted a survey on the bauxite shale in Liaoyang, Liaoning Province, and Yantai, Shandong Province. Geological Survey. Since then, the Japanese Yoshio Ouki and others, as well as Chinese scholars Wang Zhuquan, Xie Jiarong, Chen Hongcheng and others, have successively conducted research on aluminum in the Zibo area of Shandong, Tangshan and Kailuan areas of Hebei, Taiyuan, Xishan and Yangquan areas of Shanxi, and Benxi and Fuzhou Bay areas of Liaoning. Special geological surveys were conducted on earth minerals and bauxite shale. The investigation of bauxite mines in southern China began in 1940. First, Bian Zhaoxiang investigated the bauxite mines near Banqiao Town, Kunming, Yunnan. Subsequently, from 1942 to 1945, Peng Qirui, Xie Jiarong, Lesen Wangxun and others successively conducted geological surveys and systematic sampling of bauxite and high-alumina clay mines in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and other places. Generally speaking, most of the work done before the founding of New China was of a general reconnaissance and investigation research nature.
The real geological exploration work of bauxite began after the founding of New China. From 1953 to 1955, the geological teams of the Ministry of Metallurgy and the Ministry of Geology successively inspected the bauxite mines in Zibo, Shandong, the bauxite mines in Xiaoguan area of Gongxian County, Henan Province (such as Zhulingou, Chadian, Shuitou and Zhongling mining areas), and the bauxite area in Qianzhou, Guizhou Province. Mines (such as Linxi, Xiaoshanba, Yanlong and other mining areas), Baijiazhuang mining area in Yangquan, Shanxi, etc., have carried out geological exploration work. However, due to the lack of experience in bauxite exploration and the blind application of the bauxite specifications of the former Soviet Union without considering the actual situation of Chinese bauxite, most geological exploration reports were downgraded during the review from 1960 to 1962. The reserves have also been reduced a lot. After 1958, China has accumulated certain experience in bauxite exploration. On the basis of a large-scale copper and aluminum survey, many mining areas have been discovered and explored. The more important ones include: Henan Zhangyao Yuan, Guangxi Pingguo , Shanxi Xiaoyi Ke'er, Fujian Zhangpu, Hainan Penglai and other bauxite mining areas.
The mining of bauxite in China first began in 1911. At that time, the Japanese first mined the Fuzhou Bay bauxite mine in Liaoning Province, China, and then in Liaoyang, Liaoning Province and Yantai, Shandong from 1925 to 1941. The two layers of bauxite in the mining area A and G are mined, and the above mining is mostly used as refractory materials. From 1941 to 1943, the Japanese mined the Tianzhuang and Hongtupo sections of the Hutian and Fengshui mining areas in Zibo, Shandong Province, and the ore was used as raw material for aluminum smelting. Later, the Taiwan Aluminum Company also conducted small-scale mining for aluminum smelting.
The large-scale development and utilization of bauxite in China began after the founding of the People's Republic of China. In 1954, the Fengshui Mine in Shandong Province, which had been mined by the Japanese on a small scale before, was first restored. After 1958, three major aluminum plants, 501, 502, and 503, were built in Shandong, Henan, Guizhou and other provinces. In order to meet the needs of these three major aluminum plants for bauxite, aluminum plants were built in Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Guizhou and other provinces. Aluminum raw material bases include Zhangdian Aluminum Mine, Xiaoguan Aluminum Mine, Luoyang Aluminum Mine, Xiuwen Aluminum Mine, Qingzhen Aluminum Mine, and Yangquan Aluminum Mine.
In the 1980s, especially after the establishment of the State Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation in 1983, China's bauxite geological exploration and aluminum industry have developed rapidly, with newly built and expanded Shanxi Aluminum Plant, A group of large aluminum plants represented by Guizhou Aluminum Plant increased primary aluminum output from less than 2,000 tons in 1954 to 1.87 million tons in the 1990s. A complete aluminum industry system has been established from geology, mining to smelting and processing. Aluminum metal and its processed products can basically meet the needs of China's economic construction. Development status
According to the 1996 data from the U.S. Bureau of Mines' "Mineral Commodity Summaries", the world's bauxite reserves are 23 billion tons, and the reserve base is 28 billion tons. Among them, the countries with relatively rich bauxite resources are: Australia (reserves base 7.9 billion tons), Guinea (reserves base 5.9 billion tons), Brazil (reserves base 2.9 billion tons), Jamaica (reserves base 2 billion tons), India (reserves base 1.2 billion tons), Hungary (reserves base 900 million tons) t). The quantity and quality of China's bauxite are not as good as those of the above-mentioned countries. For example, compared with the reserve base of these countries in terms of A+B+C reserves (industrial reserves), China is far behind them.
Overall, China is relatively rich in bauxite resources. Its basic bauxite reserves rank seventh in the world, and its reserves rank eighth in the world. As of 2006, the resource reserves retained were 2.776 billion tons, including 542 million tons of reserves, 742 million tons of basic reserves, and 2.035 billion tons of resources. They are mainly distributed in the four provinces of Shanxi, Henan, Guangxi, and Guizhou, and their resource reserves account for the largest share in the country. 90.9% of them, of which Shanxi accounted for 41.6%, Guizhou accounted for 17.1%, Henan accounted for 16.7%, and Guangxi accounted for 15.5%. In addition, 15 provinces and cities including Chongqing, Shandong, Yunnan, Hebei, Sichuan, and Hainan also have certain resource reserves, but their combined amount only accounts for 9.1% of China's.
In 1995, China's total output of bauxite ore was 6.4 million tons. In addition to state-owned mining enterprises in the non-ferrous system, China's township collective mining enterprises and individual mining sites also mined bauxite in large quantities, but other Output is unstable. China's alumina and aluminum metal production is growing rapidly. In 1996, they reached 2.5462 million tons and 1.9007 million tons respectively, an increase of nearly 2.5 times and 4 times compared with 1985. The output of aluminum materials grew faster, from only 310,000 tons in 1985 to 1,620,100 tons in 1996, an increase of more than 35 times (Table 3.9.10).
Bauxite is mainly used in the alumina industry and high-aluminum clinker industry. In 2003, the consumption of the two was almost equal. Based on the proportion of bauxite production in major provinces and regions used for alumina in 2003, the amount of bauxite resource reserves that can be used in the alumina industry can be estimated.
In addition, considering the optimal carrying capacity of alumina must be based on reality, that is, the demand for bauxite from industries such as high-aluminum clinker must be considered. Therefore, it is more appropriate to evaluate the alumina production scale of each province based on the carrying capacity of the bauxite resources used for alumina production. With the excessive expansion of China's electrolytic aluminum scale, the shortage of alumina supply has become increasingly prominent. Imports have surged, prices have risen sharply, and product profits have increased sharply. Driven by economic interests, some provinces with bauxite resources such as Henan and Shanxi have set off a craze for local construction of alumina enterprises. According to statistics, Henan, Shanxi, Shandong and other places have large alumina plants under construction and planned. There are 29 projects built, with a total planned scale of more than 20 million tons/year, and the total scale of existing alumina production exceeds 30 million tons/year. Collection information
Picture description: This picture is a photo of a specimen of bauxite scree from Wushan, Zhangpu East, China. Yellowish brown, cryptocrystalline structure, honeycomb structure. The starring mineral composition is bauxite. Preservation unit: Geological Museum of China.
Pictures of the bauxite collection of the China Geological Museum