What was the purpose of digging the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty?
The purpose of digging the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty
Now if I want to build a maglev track between Beijing and Guangzhou, my goal is to increase the daily passenger throughput between Guangzhou and Beijing by 20,000 people, which is much lower than the flight cost. But my reason must be different. As soon as I said this, the airline sought a relationship with the media to do public relations, saying that magnetic levitation can make pregnant women born deformed, break the geomantic omen, and make the passing mountains slide due to magnetic force. Others say it is not cost-effective to waste people and money. Of course, it's really not cost-effective, but as you can see, there must be various unreasonable reasons to rush out. It is more difficult to touch the interests than the soul.
So the purpose and reason of the Grand Canal are definitely different. For example, the reason may be cruising south.
But there are actually three purposes:
1, control the south, and grain transportation drives military mobilization and logistics capabilities.
2. Prepare for the Northern Expedition with the grain and grass from the south.
3. Reduce logistics costs and increase transportation volume.
If the old man waited with peace of mind, or if Indiana Jones crossed the peninsula directly instead of advancing in Liaodong, maybe history would be different.
Excavation of the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty
The Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties is centered on Luoyang, with Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) in the north and Yuhang (now Hangzhou) in the south. Later generations extended to Huiji (now Shaoxing) and Ningbo through the East Zhejiang Canal.
From the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the working people in ancient China dug a large number of canals, almost distributed in half of China. In the west, there are artificial canals with Guangdong in the south and North China Plain in the north. These artificial canals are connected with natural rivers and can reach most parts of China. For example, from Tongxian County, not far from Beijing, you can take a boat from Quanzhou Canal to Mizoguchi and enter the sea. After a short sea trip, you can enter Weihe River, Pinglu Canal, Zhangshui, Cao Li Canal and Baigou, the Yellow River, the upper reaches of the side canal, the sloping canal, Shui Ying and its tributaries. Or from Jiangling back to the Yangtze River to Bashu, to the southwest. This waterway extending in all directions laid the foundation for future generations to open up the Sui and Tang Grand Canal. 【 1 】 From the first year to the sixth year of Daye (from 605 to 6 10), Yang Di used more than one million people to dredge the rivers left over from past dynasties and build the Sui and Tang Grand Canal.
The Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties spans more than 0/0 latitude of the earth, runs through the richest North China Plain and southeast coastal areas in China, and spans eight provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government, including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. It is the main artery of north-south traffic in ancient China, which played a great role in the history of China. It is a great water conservancy construction project created by working people in ancient China.
2065438+On June 22nd, 2004, ten sections of three major rivers, namely the Sui and Tang Grand Canal, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and the East Zhejiang Grand Canal, were listed as world cultural heritage and became the 46th world heritage project in China.
Excavation history of the grand canal in sui and Tang dynasties
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Wu dug three canals: Xu Xi, Hangou and Huanggou. After the excavation of Xu Xi is completed, Wu people can start from Taihu Lake in the east and follow Xuxihe River in the west, then turn to the Yangtze River near Wuhu today, cross the Yangtze River again, go north to Chaohu Lake along Zhashui, and enter Huaishui in the north.
Fu Cha was the last king of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period, and his canal digging played a pioneering role. Is it the Grand Canal? First shovel? Excavator.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the vassal states attacked and annexed each other, wars continued and military transportation was very frequent. Fu Cha was bent on the Northern Expedition and dominating the Central Plains. At that time, there was no waterway between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, only the river flowed into the sea. This is not only a long voyage, but also a crazy and urgent sea wave, which is easy to lose fighters. In order to enter the army safely and conveniently, and shorten the route of military supplies, Fu Cha decided to build Seoul on Shugang, dig a Han ditch at the foot of Shugang, and open the waterway between Jianghuai. There are four words in the history books describing the labor scenes of building Seoul and digging Han ditch. What are they? Like a cloud? It can be seen that its momentum is huge.
Fu Cha mobilized migrant workers to dig ditches. Named after passing through Hancheng. Gully? . Wuhangou started at the foot of the ancient Hancheng in the southeast of Yangzhou City, and dug a deep ditch under the city to lead the Yangtze River water to the north. The canal starts between Wuguang Lake (now Wu 'an Lake) and Luyang Lake (now Yang Lake) in the north, enters Zhi Bo Lake in the northeast, then enters Sheyang Lake, and finally enters the North Shenyan River at five miles northeast of Huai 'an today. It's about a mile long. Hangou connects the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, becoming the earliest section of the Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The excavation of Hangou is the earliest recorded section of the Grand Canal in history and is considered as the beginning of the Grand Canal. Yangzhou and Huai 'an, two famous historical and cultural cities, were born because of the excavation of this ditch. Hangou has been an important part of the Grand Canal since then, and it is still the main waterway.
Fu Cha, the king of Wu, built Seoul and dug the Han ditch, which objectively played a great role in the political, economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south of eastern China at that time, and also played a great role in the later construction of Yangzhou and even the development of economy, culture and shipping.
After Wu opened the Hangou, the Huanggou Canal between Shang (Song) and Lu was further excavated northward, connecting Surabaya and Jishui. After the Yellow River ditch is dug, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, can go along Hanshui ditch to Huaishui, Surabaya, Jishui, Huangchi and other places in the west to compete with Qi Jin for the position of leader.
Qin Shihuang dug a canal between Hunan and Guangxi to transport water. In Sichuan, Li Bing dug a hole and left the team. In Guanzhong, Guo Zheng became Zheng Guoqu, which not only irrigated farmland, but also provided water transportation. Can anyone sail? .
In the Han Dynasty, a canal was dug to lead the Weihe River into the canal from Chang 'an, along the foot of Nanshan and all the way to the Yellow River. Ban Gu's Xi Du Fu says there is a channel? Boating in Shandong, controlling the diversion of Huaihe River and Lake, Haitong Bo? . Wang Jing ruled canal river in the Han Dynasty. One door in ten miles, pay more attention, don't miss the recurrence? . The Yang Canal was dug in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it can be transported from the Bianhe River, from the Bianhe River back to the Yang Canal and into Jianchun Gate in Luoyang. During the period of Shun Di in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Chen Min built Hangou, opened up a new road, and diverted water from Jiangdu to Jinhu via Liangfan Lake, and then directly from Jinhu to Huaihe River, thus avoiding the risk of wind and waves in Sheyang Lake and bringing great convenience to water transportation. The Han dynasty also often maintained the Lingqu.
In the fifth year of Yonghe, Shun Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and Ma Zhennan, the satrap of Huiji County, built Jianhu Lake with water from 36 sources on the Shanhui Plain. Jianhu Lake was built in Jin Dynasty, and the main route in Shanhui area is Jianhu Lake. After the Jin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the route of the western line (Shanyin County) was gradually replaced by the Xixing Canal, while Jianhu, the eastern line (Huiji County), remained the main route and continued to modern times.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, some local canals were dug, which played a positive role in the opening of the Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao successively dug Baigou, Pinglu Canal, Quanzhou Canal, Xinhe River and aqueduct. Baigou was dug in the ninth year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (1600). When Qishui entered the Yellow River, it lowered into a weir, cut off the ancient Yellow River Road in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and formed a canal. With Qishui, Dangshui and Huanshui as the upper sources, it was injected into the Hutuo River near Qingxian County by using the ancient Qinghe Road running through the Hebei Plain. The Pinglu Canal was dug in the 11th year of Jian 'an (in), and the Hutuo River diverted water from the northeast of Linqing County to the north of the river. Quanzhou Canal was also dug in the eleventh year of Jian 'an, starting from quanzhou county (now southwest of Tianjin Wuqing) in the south, connecting Luhe River and Baoqiu River, and also digging a canal from the mouth of the ditch to the east, entering Suishui River, which is called the new river. Cao Li Canal was dug in the 18th year of Jian 'an (1860), leading to Zhangshui. From then on, Quzhou in the south of Hebei Province, east to the northwest of Daming, was injected into Baigou to communicate the water transportation in Ye and other places, hence the name. The excavation of Baigou Canal, Pinglu Canal, Quanzhou Canal, Xinhe Canal and Cao Li Canal has completed the canal system project running through Hebei Plain and promoted the waterway transportation in Hebei Plain.
Cao Pi moved to Luoyang after the establishment of Wei State in Han Dynasty. Canal facilities in Cao Wei are mainly canal projects such as repairing Bianqu, digging Houjia Canal, Qiulu Canal and Cao Guang Canal. Cao Cao once dredged a section from the upper reaches of the side canal to Suiyang, which was called Suiyang Canal. Two years ago, Cao Wei rearranged the branch canal, this time from upstream to downstream, so that navigation could be carried out. Du Yu wrote a letter urging him to lead the water army after Wu's demise, to enter Huaishui from the Yangtze River, then into Bianqu from Huaishui, then into the Yellow River from Bianqu, and return to Luoyang, the capital.
The Houjia Canal was opened by Jia Wei Kui. Volume 15 of the reflection records:? (Jia Kui) curbed Yan and Confucianism, causing a new vicious circle, breaking mountains and slipping, causing a vicious circle of Xiaoyangyang, which transported more than 200 miles of the Canal, also known as the Canal. ? The old road is in the northwest of Huaiyang, Henan Province, and later with other waterways? A stumbling stranger? . In the sixth year of Huang Chu, the Lu Tao Canal was opened. According to Gu Zuyu's Minutes of Reading Historical Records, his old road is in the east of Yancheng County. The canal was dug in the second year of Wei, passing between Chen and Cai, and located in the downstream of Yaodang Canal. The History of the Three Kingdoms (Volume 28) records that two years ago, the Cao Guang Canal was opened, and every time something happened in the southeast, the army flourished and went boating down to Jianghuai, so that the grain was not destroyed by water. (Deng) Esojian was also built. ?
Sun Quan dug a canal in the south, connecting Huaishui in the west and Yunyang in the east, and broke the governor. This canal is the water transport network connecting the eastern part of Nanjing today.
Huan Gong Du, also known as Huan Gong Gou, was dug in Huan Wen, Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the fourth year of Taihe, Huan Wen led the northern expedition in Yan Qian. The army went to the shore of the lake and attacked Murong Yong, the general of Murong Yong, and won the victory and entered the second Jinxiang. When the drought is severe, the waterway is impassable, so it takes more than 300 miles to dig a huge field and ship it from clear water to the river? . Juye Ze, or Water Margin, lies between Juye and Liangshan County. This canal is called Huan Gong Di, which starts from Juye Ze in the north and connects with the river in Changqing County in the west, so Huan Wen can enter the Yellow River from Jishui. In the 13th year of the Eastern Jin Emperor Yi Xi, Emperor Wu of Song continued to dredge the blasphemy of Huan Gong.
The Yangkou Canal was dug by Du Yu when he was making a secretariat of Jingzhou. This canal starts from the place where Shui Yang entered the Hanshui River, goes straight to Jiangling, leads to the Yangtze River, and even leads from Jiangling to Dongting Lake. Is there any record in the Book of Jin, Volume 34, Tu Yuchuan? The old waterway is only a few hundred miles away from Handa Jiangling, and there is no access to the north at all. And Baqiu Lake (now Dongting Lake), the meeting of Yuanxiang, has mountains and rivers outside, which is really dangerous and solid, and Man Jing relies on it. (Du) Opening the Yangkou ahead of schedule, the summer water (now Hanshui) reached more than a thousand miles in Baling (now Yueyang, Hunan), which leaked the risk of the Yangtze River inside and opened the Lingui waterway outside. ? After the canal was dug, the traffic situation in Jiangling became more important. From Jiangling to the riverside, you can go to Bashu; Down the river, you can reach Jianye; You can also echo water from Dongting Lake along the Lishui River to Panyu.
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