Which dynasties experienced large-scale plagues?
Plague is very common in the history of China, not only in China, but also in many places and even the whole world. Therefore, the plague is still very, very terrible. What were the major plague events in ancient China?
Plague, also known as epidemic situation, is the most common plague, also known as the Black Death. There are three types: glandular type, lung type and septicemia type, and it has been contagious across continents for three times in human history. As early as the Old Testament, there have been records of similar plagues attacking Assyrian troops. The first epidemic occurred in the 6th century BC and lasted for more than 50 years.
/kloc-The Black Death broke out in Europe in the 4th century./kloc-died within 0 to 3 days, and about 1 7 million to 28 million people died, accounting for more than a quarter of the European population. Half of the deaths in Italy and Britain were allegedly imported by China businessmen and Mongolian troops. The third plague epidemic began in 1860, which was in the late Qing Dynasty in China. Other epidemic diseases include smallpox, big head plague, hairy plague, pimple plague and hematemesis plague.
ancient times
There have been written records of "insect", "disaster", "malaria" and "year of illness" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of ancient Yin Ruins in China. The word "furuncle" is found in Shangshu, Shan Hai Jing and Zuo Zhuan.
Han Dynasty
In a.d. 2, there was a great epidemic in the Qing dynasty, and Emperor Han Ping declared that "those who suffer from diseases and epidemics should leave their families to practice medicine." . 」
three kingdoms period
In the winter of the 22nd year of Jian 'an (2 17), an epidemic occurred in the north. Cao Pi, the then prince, said in a letter to Wu Zhi the following year: "Friends and relatives suffered many disasters, and Xu, Chen, Ying and Liu all died at one time." In addition to the premature deaths of Kong Rong and Ruan Yu, five of the seven children in Jian 'an died of infectious diseases. Cao Zhi's "Talking about Epidemic Qi" describes the tragic situation of the epidemic disease at that time, saying: "In the twenty-second year of Jian 'an, furuncle qi prevailed, and everyone suffered from zombie pain and wailed in the room. Either close the door and die, or lose your family. 」
Wei, Jin, southern and northern dynasties
In the first year of Guangxi (306), Emperor Jinhui said, "There were frequent famines and epidemics in Ningzhou, and hundreds of thousands of people died. Five Qin Yi was strong, the state soldiers were defeated repeatedly, and many officials and people flowed into Jiaozhou. (Purple Tongzhi Sword)
In Yongjia period (307-3 12), wars were frequent, to the east of Yongzhou, "the people were hungry, sold to each other, and ran endlessly, countless." ","major diseases and epidemics, as well as hunger, ... there are corpses everywhere along the river, and the bones cover the field. " ("The Book of Jin". Records of food ")
In the first year of Yixi (405), Qiao Zongyi, an Yizhou ethnic group, claimed to be the King of Chengdu in Sichuan. In the second year (406), Emperor Wu of Song sent Liu with 5,000 men to attack Shu. Yixi four years (408) in September, Jingxuan's army arrived in Suining County, Huang Hu. After Qiao Zong requested to send troops, Yao Xing sent Yao Shang, the general of the day, to lead the troops to reinforce. In the battle, Liu's progress was blocked and the two sides were deadlocked for more than 60 days. Jingxuan's army ran out of food and grass. At this time, the condition is serious, "most of them have died", and Jingxuan ordered to withdraw from Sichuan. In health, soldiers don't save one over ten.
Sui dynasty
In the 10th year of Emperor Kai (590), an epidemic occurred in the capital Chang 'an. In the eighth year of Daye (6 12), floods occurred in Shandong and Henan, and soon there was an epidemic of diseases. The disaster in Shandong province is particularly tragic.
the Tang Dynasty
In the first year of Dade (763), there was a great epidemic in Jiangdong, "more than half of the dead". "Xin Chou is old (762), and there is a drought. The three Wu people are very hungry, and people eat each other. There will be a great epidemic next year, and the dead will be seventeen or eighteen, and the city will be empty, and the living will have no food, and the dead will have no coffins and no burial. Generally speaking, although his parents and wife vomited their meat, they abandoned their bones in the field. Because Lu accumulated bones and raised pillows and borrowed people for two thousand miles, they have not written since the Spring and Autumn Period. " ("Hanging Road")
Song dynasty
In the eighth year of Li Qing in the Northern Song Dynasty (1048), a flood occurred in Hebei, and a plague occurred in March the following year.
In the first year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (1208), a pandemic occurred in Jianghuai area. ("Song Shi Wu Xing")
During the reign of Emperor Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty for seven years (127 1), a great epidemic occurred in Yongjia, Zhejiang.
In June of the first year of Deyou in the Southern Song Dynasty (1275), Changzhou and other cities were occupied by the Yuan Army, and the residents in the city fled everywhere. "People are suffering from epidemic diseases, and the death toll is incalculable."
In the second year of Deyou in the Southern Song Dynasty (1276), the Yuan army surrounded Lin 'an Prefecture, and in the second year of Deyou, Lin 'an Prefecture suffered a great epidemic.
Liao, Jin and Mongolia
At the end of the Jin Dynasty, Zheng Da (1232) lost his life for nine years, and the Bianjing epidemic disease rose sharply. "There is no shortage of people who are not sick, and then the dead continue to follow." At that time, Bianjing had 12 gates, and as many as 2,000 bodies were sent from each gate every day.
the Yuan Dynasty
In the spring of the first year (1308), Shaoxing, Qingyuan and Zhaozhou were devastated and more than 26,000 people died. In the winter of the second year of Qing Dynasty (13 13), a major epidemic occurred in Beijing. ("Yuan Shi Wu Xing")
In the second year of Shunzhi (133 1), there were successive droughts and epidemics in Hengzhou, and Nineteen Deaths (Zongji in Yuan Dynasty).
1344, the Black Death broke out in the Huaihe River Basin of China, and merchants from Hebei spread to India, Syria, Mesopotamia and other places along the Silk Road. At the same time, when the Mongols went west, they threw the infected bodies into the city with a trebuchet, thus spreading the virus to all parts of Europe. It caused the European epidemic of 1347. The great writer Boccaccio's "decameron" is based on this plague and describes human nature under the catastrophe.
In the spring and summer of Zheng Zhi 19 (1359), an epidemic occurred in Yishui and Rizhao counties of Juzhou and Nanxiong Road, Guangdong Province.
Ming dynasty
In the eighth year of Wanli (1580), Datong suffered from plague, ten rooms and nine diseases, and the infected people died one after another. When several people in a family are infected with this plague, one or two people can't even close the door. " Volume 26 of Wanli's "Shanxi Tongforgetfulness" records that Lu 'an was "old and swollen, afraid to ask if he was ill, and afraid to die".
In the sixth year of Chongzhen, a plague appeared in Shanxi. Chongzhen in 78, Xingxian thieves killed people and injured them, and they were old. The plague in heaven will kill you every morning. Overnight, the people fled and the city was empty. "
Ten years after Chongzhen (1637), a plague epidemic broke out in Shanxi, which spread to Henan, killing 19 people and causing numerous extinctions. The "Great Plague" in Yulin area, ... the dead in Mizhi City are sleeping. Thirteen years later, there was a great plague in summer, fifteen years later, ... the great plague, sixteen years later, and the great plague in the county town in July.
In the summer of the twelfth year of Chongzhen, a plague prevailed in Shangluo Mountain, and rebel soldiers in Li Zicheng and Liu Zongmin were infected.
In the thirteenth year of Chongzhen, a great epidemic occurred in Shunde (now Xingtai), Hejian (now Hejian) and Daming (now Daming), and nine people died.
In February of the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, there was a great epidemic in Beijing. This disease is called "pimple disease" and "epidemic disease", and people and ghosts are mixed. Twilight screen is not good. Merchants get more paper money and throw it into the water. If there is sound, it is money; if there is no sound, it is paper. Even during the day, walking on walls and roofs, teasing people. Every night, I cry and shout, hear voices and chase shadows. "(Bao's" Subtotal of Korean Affairs "Volume 6)
In August of the sixteenth year of Chongzhen, pneumonic plague broke out in Tianjin: "There was a disaster yesterday, and the plague was prevalent. From August to now (September 15), it has spread to Sheng. Some died in a day or two, and some died at night. No fewer than hundreds of people die every day, even the whole family dies, leaving no one, going door to door, and no one is saved. " (Gu Yingtai's Ming History)
In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, Luo Yangxing, the military governor of Tianjin, said, "Yesterday, there was a plague in the capital, and ten rooms were empty. Even the households were exhausted and no one converged." 」
Ching Dynasty
In June of the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), a clear water epidemic occurred. In May of six years, Xianning was popular. In the spring of the eleventh year, Jimo plague. In June, a major epidemic occurred in Huangxian County. (Records of Disasters in Qing Dynasty)
Yu Yue's Notes on Qu Yuan records that "at the beginning of Tongzhi, there was chaos in Yunnan, and wherever thieves went, they killed people like hemp and their bones flew wild; The capital is Dayi, which is called Xu Qiu. After the chaos, the people left behind will gather little by little and sweep away their skeletons; Manage thatched roofs. When there is a big epidemic, there will be an epidemic, and the mice at home will hang themselves for no reason ... people can't see it, and people can smell it after a long time. Those who are not sick will suddenly get sick, ... or die on the same day, or the doctor can't prescribe it; ..... Only one in a thousand survived.
The epidemic started in rural areas and spread to cities. If a family gets sick, about a dozen families will move to avoid it. Those who stay in the Tao are not counted, but they are not spared. Even if the door is closed, it will be empty. The whole village will gather together and no one will be seen ... "
In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), a plague was discovered in Hong Kong and later became a plague. Popular all over the world. (Chen Bangxian, History of Chinese Medicine)
In June of the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), cholera broke out in Beijing and Tianjin. More than ten thousand people died. In a letter to Xu Shichang on June 10th, Yuan Shikai, governor of Zhili, said, "There has been a great epidemic recently, with many casualties. 」
19 10, Lian Dewu (1879-1960) recorded in the autobiography of Lian Dewu that "the Russians in Manchuria were probably the first to get this disease. Some Shandong immigrants who catch marmots are more miserable. They catch mice, skin them, dye them, pretend to be sable and sell them to western women. ..... As soon as I have twenty or thirty rat skins, I will live in an inn and wait for my employer. If a person has an epidemic disease, it can infect the whole inn and then spread to other places.
In fact, there are still plagues in various periods. As long as you are prepared and don't panic, it is still relatively easy to fight.