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Attributive clause guided by relative pronouns
The antecedents replaced by relative pronouns are pronouns of nouns or people or things, which act as subjects, objects, attributes and other components in sentences. When a relative pronoun is used as the subject in an attributive clause, the person and number of the predicate verb of the clause should be consistent with the antecedent.
1) So-and-so
The antecedents replaced by these words are human nouns or pronouns, which are used as subjects and objects in clauses. For example:
Is he the man who wants to see you? Is he the person you want to see? (who/that is the subject in the clause)
He is the man whom I saw yesterday. He is the man whom I saw yesterday. (whom/that is the object in the clause)
2) whose is used to refer to people or things (only as an attribute, and can also be interchanged with of which if it refers to things). For example:
They rushed to help the man whose car broke down. The man's car broke down and everyone ran to help.
Please pass me the book with a green cover. Please pass me the green book.
3)which, that is, instead of the antecedent, is the noun or pronoun of the thing, which can be used as subject, object, etc. In the clause. For example:
There has been unprecedented prosperity in the countryside.
There has been unprecedented prosperity in the countryside. (which/which is the object in the sentence)
The package you are holding is about to open. The bag you are carrying is going to be scattered. (which/which is the object in the sentence)
Two. Attributive clause guided by relative adverbs
The antecedents that relative adverbs can replace are time, place or cause nouns, which are used as adverbials in clauses.
1) The relative adverbs when, where and why are equivalent to the structure of "preposition +which", so they are often used interchangeably with the structure of "preposition +which". For example:
When one has to give in, there will always be accidents. Everyone gives in sometimes.
Beijing is the place where I was born. Beijing is my birthplace.
Is this the reason why he refused our proposal? Is that why he refused us to help him?
2)that instead of relative adverbs can be used to replace when, where, why and attributive clauses guided by "preposition +which" after nouns indicating time, place, way and reason. This is often omitted in spoken English. For example:
His father died in the year when he was born. His father died in the year when he was born.
He can't find the place where he lived forty years ago. He is unlikely to find the place where he lived forty years ago.
Three. Judging relative pronouns and adverbs
Method 1: Whether to use a relative pronoun or a relative adverb depends entirely on the predicate verb in the clause. If there is no object after the transitive verb, use a relative pronoun; Intransitive verbs need relative adverbs. For example:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I will never forget the day when I worked with you. I will never forget the day when I worked with you.
Correct one's judgment:
This is the mountain village that I visited last year.
I will never forget the days I spent in the country.
This is the mountain village that I visited last year.
I will never forget the days I spent in the country.
It is customary to associate nouns representing places or times with relational adverbs where and when. These two problems lie in the misuse of relative words.
Method 2: Accurately judge the antecedent components (subject, predicate, object, definite, form) in the attributive clause, and also correctly select relative pronouns/adverbs.
Example 1. Did you visit this museum a day ago?
A. which place
Example 2. Is this the museum where the exhibition is held?
A. which place
Answer: example 1 D, example 2 a.
1 become affirmative: This museum was visited by you the other day.
This is an exhibition held by the museum.
In the 1 sentence, the missing part is the object, and where, that and on can't play the role of object. Only the one can be the predicate of the main clause and the object of the clause, and the relative pronoun can be omitted, so D should be chosen.
In the second sentence, there are subject, predicate and object, and the clause part is an adverbial of the sentence, indicating the place. Due to the museum phrases of adverbs where and in, the preposition in+ can guide the locative adverbial. The preposition on in this question is not used correctly, so choose a.
The choice of related words is based on the components in clauses. When antecedents are used as subjects, definite articles and objects in clauses, they choose relative pronouns (who, Who, that, which, Who). When the antecedent is used as an adverbial in a clause, we should choose relative adverbs (where adverbial, when adverbial, why adverbial).
Four. Restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses
There are two kinds of attributive clauses: restrictive attributive clauses and non-restrictive attributive clauses. The restrictive attributive clause is an indispensable part of the antecedent, without which the meaning of the main clause is often unclear; The non-restrictive attributive clause is an additional explanation of the antecedent, and its removal will not affect the meaning of the main clause. It is usually separated from the main sentence by commas. For example:
This is the house we bought last month. This is the house we bought last month. (restrictive)
This house is very beautiful, which we bought last month. This house is very beautiful, which we bought last month. (Not limited to this)
2) When the antecedent is modified by proper nouns or possessive pronouns and demonstrative pronouns, the attributive clauses behind it are usually non-restrictive. For example:
Charles smith retired last year. He was my former teacher. Charlie Smith retired last year. He used to be my teacher.
The house I bought last year has a lovely garden. The house I bought last year has a beautiful garden.
This novel is so touching that I have read it three times. This novel is very touching. I have read it three times.
3) Non-restrictive attributive clauses can also be modified with the whole main clause as the antecedent. At this time, the predicate verb of the clause should be singular in the third person. For example:
He doesn't seem to understand what I mean, which makes me very uneasy. He didn't seem to understand me, which upset me.
Liquid water becomes steam, which is called evaporation. Liquid water becomes steam, which is called evaporation.
Note: the relative pronoun that and the relative adverb why cannot guide the non-restrictive attributive clause.
Preposition+relative words
The relative words after the preposition 1 cannot be omitted.
2) There can be no preposition before 2)that.
3) Some "preposition+relative words" structures that act as adverbials of time, place or reason in clauses can be interchanged with relative adverbs when and where. For example:
This is the house where I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day when you joined our club? Remember the day when you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
The intransitive verb as, which non-restrictive attributive clause?
Non-restrictive attributive clauses guided by as and which, as and which can replace the whole main clause, which is equivalent to and this or and that. As is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence, while which is in a sentence. For example:
As we all know, smoking is harmful to health. As we all know, smoking is harmful to health.
It is important for us that the sun heats the earth. The sun warms the earth, which is very important to us.
Typical example
1) Alice received an invitation from her boss, which surprised her.
A.which one is he
Answer C. This is a non-restrictive clause and cannot be modified by that, but that. It and he make the latter sentence into one sentence, and two independent sentences cannot be connected by commas alone. Besides, there is no point in choosing him.
As a result, the weather was very good, which was beyond our expectation.
A.which c. d. it
Answer B. What can replace sentences, which can be used in non-restrictive attributive clauses and which can't? That can't be used in non-restrictive attributive clauses, nor is it a conjunction, which makes it impossible to merge two sentences connected by commas in English grammar.
It rained so hard yesterday that I couldn't go to the park. ..
A. which c is d?
Answer B. as and which refer to all the meanings expressed in the main clause when guiding the non-restrictive attributive clause, which can be used as both the subject and the object. But there are two main differences:
(1)as-guided attributive clauses can be placed at the beginning of a sentence, but which can't.
(2) When As stands for the whole preceding main clause and is the subject in the main clause, the predicate in the main clause must be a copula; If it is a behavioral verb, the relative pronoun in the clause can only be used which. In this question, prevent is a behavioral verb, so the correct option should be B.
Usage of as
Example 1. Be the same as; As is a fixed structure, just like … For example:
I have the same trouble as him. I have the same trouble as him.
Example 2. As can lead to non-restrictive clauses, often used with as. For example:
As we all know, smoking is harmful to health. As we all know, smoking is harmful to health.
As we all know, smoking is harmful to health.
As is a relative pronoun. For example, 1 is the object of understanding; As the subject of a clause in Example 2, the predicate verb know should be passive.
Seven. Combination of antecedent and relative words
1) Whoever spits in public places will be punished.
Parents will use all their money to send their son to a technical school.
Eight. What/whatever; That/what; Who/who
1)what = this which； Anything. For example:
What you want has been delivered here. All the verbs you want have been issued.
What you want is all the same to me. What you want has nothing to do with me.
Who = that someone. For example:
Those who break the law will be punished.
It is not clear who robbed the bank.
Anyone who breaks the law will be punished. The prince broke the law and committed the same crime as the common people.
It is not clear who robbed the bank. It is not clear who robbed the bank.
3) That and what?
When that leads an attributive clause, it is usually used as a relative pronoun, while when it leads a nominal clause, it is a conjunction that does not act as any component. That in object clauses and predicative clauses can often be omitted. What can only lead to nominal clauses can be used as a concrete component connecting pronouns and clauses and cannot be omitted. For example:
I think you will like these stamps. I think you will like these stamps.
What we need is more practice. What we need is more practice.
Nine. Usage of relative pronoun that
1)。
A) When introducing non-restrictive attributive clauses. For example:
This tree, which has been hungry for four years, is very famous here.
B) you can't use it after prepositions. For example:
We depend on the land for food. We depend on the land for food.
We depend on the land where we get food.
2) You can only use that as the relative pronoun of the attributive clause.
In the be sentence pattern, only that is used, not which.
B) In indefinite pronouns, when any, nothing, one, all, more, less, any, less, etc. Used as a antecedent, but with that instead of which.
C) when the antecedent is decorated with the only, very and only, use that.
D) When the antecedent is ordinal, numerals and adjectives are superlative, and only that is used. .
E) The antecedent has both characters and things. For example:
All that is needed is oil supply. All it needs is oil supply.
Finally, the thief handed over everything he stole to the police. The thief finally handed over everything he stole to the police.
adverbial clause
1 locative adverbial clause
Location adverbial clauses are usually guided by where and where.
There are many trees where I live. There are many trees where I live.
No matter where I am, I will think of you. Wherever I am, I will think of you.
2 mode adverbial clause
Modal adverbial clauses are usually guided by as, (just) as … so …, if, as through.
1) as, (just) as ... Therefore, adverbial clauses are usually located after the main sentence, but at the beginning of the sentence (just) is ... therefore ... structure. At this time, the As clause has a figurative meaning, meaning "just like" and "just like", which is often used in formal styles, such as:
Do as you would be done by. Treat others as you want them to treat you.
Just as water is to fish and air is to man. We can't live without air, just as fish can't live without water.
Just as we clean the room, we should also sweep away the backward ideas in our minds. Just like cleaning the house, we should also sweep away the backward things in our minds.
As if, as if
Both of them have the same meaning and usage. Adverbial clause predicates are mostly subjunctive mood, indicating that they are contrary to the fact, and sometimes they have declarative mood, indicating that the situation is fact or more likely to be realized. Chinese translation is often "like" or "like", for example:
They completely ignored these facts as if they had never existed. They completely ignored these facts as if they didn't exist. Contrary to the fact, this predicate is subjunctive. )
He looks as if he had been struck by lightning. He looks as if he had been struck by lightning. Contrary to the fact, this predicate is subjunctive. )
It seems that the weather may get better soon. It seems that the weather will get better soon. It is more likely to be realized, and the predicate is declarative tone. )
Note: as if/as if can also guide participle phrases, infinitive phrases or verb-free phrases, such as:
He stared at me as if he had seen me for the first time. He stared at me as if he had seen me for the first time.
He cleared his throat as if to say something. He cleared his throat as if to say something.
The waves hit the rocks as if they were angry. The waves beat against the rocks as if they were angry.
3 Cause adverbial clause
Comparison: because, since, as and for.
1) Because it is the strongest language, it is used to explain unknown reasons and answer questions about why. When the reason is obvious or known, use as or since.
I didn't go because I was afraid. I didn't go because I was afraid.
Since the weather is so bad, we have to postpone our trip. Since the weather is so bad, we have to postpone our trip. Because the weather is obvious to all, AS or SINCE can be used instead.
2) If the clause led by is placed at the end of the sentence and there is a comma in front of it, you can use for instead. But if you don't explain the direct reason, but infer it from many situations, you can only use for.
He is absent today because he is ill. He is absent today because he is ill.
He must be ill, because he didn't come today. The clause guided by BECAUSE is placed at the end of the sentence with a comma in front, which can be replaced by FOR.
4 purpose adverbial clause
Clauses expressing adverbial of purpose can be guided by words such as that, so so, in order to, lest, because of fear, fear, in case, in case, etc. , for example:
You must speak loudly so that everyone can hear you. You must speak louder so that we can all hear you.
He wrote down his name so as not to forget it. He wrote his name out of fear so as not to forget it.
You'd better take more clothes in case it gets cold. You'd better take more clothes in case it gets cold.
5 adverbial clause of result
Adverbial clauses of results are often guided by so… that or so … that. To master these two sentence patterns, we must first understand the collocation rules of so and so with the following words.
Comparison: this and that.
Its law is determined by the different parts of speech of XXX. Adjectives are like this, and so are nouns or noun phrases and adverbs. Only adjectives or adverbs can be modified. So it can also be used with adjectives many, less, much and little to form a fixed collocation.
Stupid to be so stupid, stupid to be so stupid.
Such a beautiful flower, such a beautiful flower
So many/so few flowers, so beautiful flowers
So much/so little money. Such rapid progress.
So many people, so many people like so many people
(So much has become a fixed match. Although many are equivalent to many, many are nominal and can only be matched with this. )
The transformation between so ... so and so ... is the transformation between so and so.
The boy is too young to go to school. The boy is too young to go to school.
He is such a small boy that he can't go to school. Little boy like him can't go to school yet.
6 Conditional adverbial clause
Conjunctions mainly include if, unless, as long as, conditional and so on. .
There are two kinds of conditional sentences guided by if: true conditional sentences and false conditional sentences. Unreal conditional sentences have been elaborated in subjunctive mood.
Unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk, you are too tired. If you are not tired, let's go out for a walk.
If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk. If you are not too tired, let's go out.
Typical example
You're going to be late. Leave at once.
A. unless b until c, if d or
Unless you leave at once, you will be late. This can be translated into, if you leave at once, you will be late. The meaning of b and d is incorrect, or the table is turned over. The sentence is that you leave at once, or you will be late.
7 adverbial clause
Despite, despite
Note: when there is through, although, the following clause cannot have but, but through and yet can be used together.
Although it is raining, they are still working in the fields.
Although it is raining, they are still working in the fields.
He is very old, but he still works very hard.
Although he is very old, he still works hard.
Although the wound has healed, the scar may remain.
Although the wound has healed, the scar still exists. (proverb)
Typical example
1) _ _ _ She is young and she knows a lot.
A. nevertheless, unless
Answer: C. Although she is young, she knows a lot.
2) as, leading inversion sentences
Concession clauses guided by as/though must be predicative or adverbial in advance (adjectives, adverbs, participles and notional verbs first).
Child as he is, he knows what to do.
Child as he is, he knows what to do.
Note: A. The noun at the beginning of a sentence cannot bring any articles.
B. the beginning of a sentence is a notional verb, and other auxiliary verbs are placed after the subject. If a notional verb has an object and an adverbial, it is placed before the subject together with the notional verb.
Hard as he works, he never seems to finish the work satisfactorily.
Despite his best efforts, his work is always unsatisfactory.
Even if, even if
Even if the weather is bad, we will go on a trip. Even if the weather is bad, we should make preparations for the trip.
4) No matter where ... or ... ...
Believe it or not, it's true. Believe it or not, it's true.
5) "No matter+interrogative words" or "interrogative words+suffix once"
No matter what happens, he will not mind. Whatever happens, he doesn't mind.
No matter what happens, he will not mind. Whatever happens, he doesn't mind.
Replace: Anyway
whoso
No matter when
No matter where
whichsoever
anyway/no matter what/ in any case
Note: neither the subject clause nor the object clause can be guided.
Whatever you say is useless now.
Now what you say is useless. What you say now is useless. Whatever you say is a subject clause.
No matter what is given to prisoners, they have to eat.
Prisoners can only eat anything given to them. Prisoners can only give what they want.
Compare while, when, as
1)as, when is a verb that causes an instant action.
Just as I was parking, a man came up to me. When I stopped the car, a man came to me.
2) when the action of a clause occurs before the action of the main clause, you can only use when to guide the clause, not as or while.
You can have a rest when you have finished your work. You can have a rest when you have finished your work.
3) The clause indicates that the conjunction "over time" can be used instead of when or while.
As time went on, the weather got worse. As the days passed, the weather got worse and worse.
9 Compare the till and the till
These two conjunctions have the same meaning. The affirmative means "do something until a certain time", and the verbs must be continuous. Negative expression means "Don't do something before a certain time". Verbs can be continuous or discontinuous. One of the keys to correctly use these two conjunctions is to judge whether the verbs in a sentence should be positive or negative.
Affirmative sentence:
I slept until midnight. I slept until midnight.
Wait for me to call you. Wait for me to call you.
In affirmative sentences, before can be used instead of let's get in the when that sun setting. )
Negative sentence:
She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
Don't get off the bus until it stops. Don't get off the bus until it stops.
I can't do it unless you explain clearly how to do it. I won't do it unless you teach me.
1)Until can be used at the beginning of a sentence, but till is generally not used at the beginning of a sentence.
I knew nothing about what happened before you told me. I didn't know what happened until you told me.
2) In interrogative sentences, Never should not be placed at the beginning of the sentence.
-How long are you staying? How long will you stay?
-Until next Monday. Stay until next Monday.
Note: Negative sentences can be expressed in two other sentence patterns.
(1) Until the beginning of the sentence, the main sentence is inverted.
It was not until the early19th century that man knew what heat was. It was not until the beginning of19th century that people knew what heat energy was.
I didn't realize how much time I wasted until I started working. I didn't realize how many years I had wasted until I started working.
Until...... Just......
10 means the structure of "one ... just ..."
Almost/hardly … when/before, not earlier than and as soon as possible can mean "as soon as possible", for example:
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
Note: if you put hardly, congress or note at the beginning of a sentence, the sentence must be inverted:
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.