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The history of the mouse

[ Edit this paragraph] Introduction to the Mouse

English: mouse

Chinese Pinyin: shǔ biāo

"mouse" is named "mouse" because it looks like a mouse (in Chinese mainland, and Taiwan use mouse). The standard name of "Mouse" should be "mouse", and the full name is "rubber ball driven grating wheel with LED and phototransistor chip pulse signal converter" or "light source pulse signal sensor with light emitting semiconductor and photoelectric sensor for infrared scattered spot irradiation particles". It has a history of 4 years since it appeared. The use of the mouse is to make the operation of the computer easier, instead of the tedious instructions of the keyboard.

mouse interface type

According to the interface type, the mouse can be divided into four types: serial mouse, PS/2 mouse, bus mouse and USB mouse (mostly photoelectric mouse). The serial mouse is connected to the computer through a serial port, and there are two kinds of 9-pin interface and 25-pin interface. PS/2 mouse is connected to the computer through a six-pin mini DIN interface, which is very similar to the keyboard interface, so pay attention to the distinction when using it. The interface of the bus mouse is on the bus interface card; The USB mouse is directly plugged into the USB port of the computer through a USB interface.

working principle of mouse

According to different working principles, mouse can be divided into mechanical mouse and photoelectric mouse. Mechanical mouse is mainly composed of rolling ball, roller column and grating signal sensor. When you drag the mouse, it drives the ball to rotate, which in turn drives the roller column to rotate. The photoelectric pulse signal generated by the grating signal sensor installed at the end of the roller column reflects the displacement change of the mouse in the vertical and horizontal directions, and then the movement of the cursor arrow on the screen is controlled through the processing and conversion of computer programs. The photoelectric mouse device detects the displacement of the mouse, converts the displacement signal into an electric pulse signal, and then controls the movement of the mouse arrow on the screen through the processing and conversion of the program. The photoelectric mouse uses photoelectric sensors instead of rolling balls. This kind of sensor needs a special backing plate with stripes or dot patterns.

1: move the mouse to drive the ball.

2: Rotate the lever in X direction and Y direction to transfer mouse movement.

3: optical dial.

4: the infrared ray emitted by the transistor can pass through the small hole of the dial.

5: the optical sensor receives infrared rays and converts them into plane moving speed.

[ Edit this paragraph] Category introduction

The mouse can be divided into mechanical mouse and photoelectric mouse according to its working principle. Mechanical mouse is mainly composed of rolling ball, roller column and grating signal sensor. When you drag the mouse, it drives the ball to rotate, which in turn drives the roller column to rotate. The photoelectric pulse signal generated by the grating signal sensor installed at the end of the roller column reflects the displacement change of the mouse in the vertical and horizontal directions, and then the movement of the cursor arrow on the screen is controlled through the processing and conversion of computer programs. The photoelectric mouse device converts the displacement signal into an electrical pulse signal by detecting the displacement of the mouse, and then controls the movement of the cursor arrow on the screen through the processing and conversion of the program. The photoelectric mouse uses photoelectric sensors instead of rolling balls. This kind of sensor needs a special backing plate with stripes or dot patterns.

In addition, the mouse can be divided into two-button mouse, pc mouse mouse, roller mouse and induction mouse according to its appearance. The left and right buttons of the two-button mouse and the three-button mouse have the same function. Generally, we don't need the middle button of the three-button mouse, but this button will also play some roles when using some special software (such as AutoCAD). Roller mouse and induction mouse are widely used in notebook computers. Turn the small ball in the middle of the mouse in different directions, or move your finger on the sensor board, and the cursor will move in the corresponding direction. When the cursor reaches the predetermined position, click the mouse or the sensor board to perform the corresponding function.

wireless mouse and 3D mouse: the newly emerging wireless mouse and 3D vibrating mouse are relatively novel mice. Wireless mouse is produced to adapt to large screen display. The so-called "wireless" means that there is no wire connection, but two No.7 batteries are used for wireless remote control, and the mouse has the function of automatic dormancy. The battery can be used for one year and the receiving range is within 1.8 meters. The 3D vibrating mouse is a new type of mouse, which can not only be used as an ordinary mouse, but also has the following characteristics:

1. It has omni-directional stereoscopic control ability. It has six moving directions: front, back, left, right, up and down, and can combine the moving directions of front, right, left and down.

2. The shape is different from that of an ordinary mouse. It generally consists of a fan-shaped base and a movable controller.

3. It has vibration function, that is, tactile feedback function. When playing some games, when you are hit by the enemy, you will feel your mouse vibrate.

4. It is a real three-button mouse. No matter in DOS or Windows environment, the middle button and right button of the mouse are of great use.

Wired wireless mouse

On the basis of photoelectric mouse, wireless is realized by RF wireless transmission, and the inside is a rechargeable battery. As a wired mouse, it is the first in the world to use the 3R, data expansion cable, which can be long or short, and it is very convenient to carry. 3R brand wired wireless mouse.

optical mouse

is an improvement on the basis of pure mechanical mouse, and the positioning accuracy of the mouse is improved by introducing optical technology. Like the mechanical mouse, the optical mouse also has a colloidal ball connected to the X and Y axes. The difference is that the optical mouse no longer has a circular decoding wheel, but is replaced by two grating codewheels with grating slits, and light-emitting diodes and photosensitive chips are added. When the mouse moves on the desktop, the rolling ball will drive the two grating code disks of the X and Y rotating shafts to rotate, and the light emitted by the X and Y light-emitting diodes will shine on the grating code disks. Because there is a grating gap in the grating code disks, the light emitted by the diodes can directly shine on the detection head composed of two photosensitive chips through the grating gap at an appropriate time. If an optical signal is received, the photosensitive chip will generate a "1" signal, and if no optical signal is received, it will be designated as a "" signal. Next, these signals are sent to a special control chip to generate the corresponding coordinate offset and determine the position of the cursor on the screen.

Optical mouse

There is no wheel at the bottom, and there is no need to use a reflector to achieve positioning. Its core components are light-emitting diode, miniature camera, optical engine and control chip. When working, the light-emitting diode emits light to illuminate the surface at the bottom of the mouse, and at the same time, the miniature camera continuously takes pictures at certain time intervals. The different images generated by the mouse in the moving process are transmitted to the optical engine for digital processing, and finally the digital matrix of the images generated is analyzed by the positioning DSP chip in the optical engine. Because two adjacent images always have the same features, by comparing the position change information of these feature points, we can judge the moving direction and distance of the mouse, and this analysis result is finally converted into coordinate offset to locate the cursor.

The bottom of the mechanical mouse

does not have a flaky round wheel perpendicular to each other, but uses a colloidal ball that can roll in four directions. When the ball rolls, it will drive a pair of rotating shafts (X axis and Y axis respectively). There is a circular decoding wheel at the end of each rotating shaft, and a metal conductive sheet is attached to the decoding wheel to directly contact with the brush. When the rotating shaft rotates, these metal conductive sheets will contact with the brushes in turn, and there will be two forms of "on" or "off", the former corresponding to the binary number "1" and the latter corresponding to the binary number "". Next, these binary signals are sent to a special chip inside the mouse for parsing and generating corresponding coordinate change signals. As long as the mouse moves on the plane, the ball will drive the rotating shaft to rotate, which will change the on-off situation of the decoding wheel and produce groups of different coordinate offsets, which will be reflected on the screen, that is, the cursor can move with the movement of the mouse.

mechanical mouse is cheap and easy to maintain, so people use it the most. When the mouse is disassembled, we can see that there is a rubber ball, and there are two vertical transmission shafts close to the rubber ball, and there is a grating wheel on the shaft. The two sides of the grating wheel correspond to light emitting diodes and phototransistors. When the mouse moves, the rubber ball drives the two transmission shafts to rotate, and at this time, the grating wheel is also rotating. The phototransistor is intermittently blocked by the grating wheel when receiving the light emitted by the LED, thus generating a pulse signal, which is processed by the chip inside the mouse and accepted by the CPU. The number and frequency of signals correspond to the distance and speed on the screen.

Optical mouse

At the same time as the development of optical mouse, a digital optical mouse with no mechanical structure appeared. The original intention of designing this photoelectric mouse is to improve the accuracy of the mouse to a new level, so that it can fully meet the needs of professional applications. This photoelectric mouse has no traditional design such as rolling ball and rotating shaft, and its main components are two light-emitting diodes, a photosensitive chip, a control chip and a reflective plate with a grid (equivalent to a special mouse pad). When working, the optical mouse must move on the reflecting plate, and the X light-emitting diode and the Y light-emitting diode will respectively emit light to illuminate the reflecting plate, and then the light will be reflected back by the reflecting plate and irradiated on the photosensitive chip after passing through the lens assembly. The photosensitive chip converts the optical signal into the corresponding digital signal and sends it to the positioning chip for special processing, thus generating X-Y coordinate offset data.

this kind of optical mouse has indeed made some progress in the accuracy index, but it has exposed a lot of defects in its later application. First of all, the optical mouse must rely on the reflective plate, and its position data is generated entirely according to the grid information in the reflective plate. If the reflective plate is dirty or worn, the optical mouse cannot judge the position of the cursor. If the reflector is seriously damaged or lost, then the whole mouse will be scrapped; Secondly, the use of the photoelectric mouse is very inhuman, and its moving direction must be perpendicular to the grid texture on the reflection board, so it is impossible for the user to move the cursor directly from the upper left corner to the lower right corner of the screen quickly; Third, the cost of the optical mouse is quite high, and the price of several hundred yuan is not great today, but in those days people were only willing to pay about 2 yuan for the mouse, so the high price of the optical mouse seemed unreasonable. Due to a large number of disadvantages, this kind of optical mouse has not been popular, at best, it has only been applied to a certain extent in a few professional drawing occasions, but with the full popularity of optical mouse, this kind of optical mouse was quickly eliminated by the market.

There is no mechanical device in the optical mouse, but there are only two pairs of photoelectric detectors perpendicular to each other. The phototransistor works by receiving the light reflected by the light-emitting diode on the photoelectric board. Many small black and white squares are printed on the photoelectric board, and the light shines on the black grid. Because the light is absorbed by the black, the phototransistor can't receive the reflected light. On the contrary, if it shines on the white grid, the phototransistor can receive the reflected light, and so on, forming a pulse signal. It should be noted that the position of the photoelectric mouse relative to the photoelectric panel should be positive, and a slight deviation will cause the mouse to fail to work normally.

laser mouse

The principle of laser mouse is similar to that of photoelectric mouse, except that the light-emitting diode is replaced by laser diode to illuminate the surface where the mouse moves. The laser light has consistent characteristics, and when the light reflects from the surface, it can produce Gao Fancha graphics, and the graphics appearing on the sensor will show the details on the surface of the object, even the smooth surface; Conversely, if inconsistent LEDs are used as light sources, such surfaces will look exactly the same. No wonder Logitech introduced MX1, claiming that the accuracy of MX laser engine is 2 times higher than that of traditional optical mouse on average.

The advantage of the laser mouse is mainly the improvement of the surface analysis ability. With the help of the high resolution ability of the laser engine, it can effectively prevent the sensor from receiving incorrect or ambiguous displacement data. More accurate feedback of moving surface data will be very beneficial to the positioning of the mouse, so that we can operate on many surfaces that cannot be used by the optical mouse.

trackball mouse

The trackball mouse looks like an upside-down mechanical mouse, and the trackball is moved by hand to control the movement of the cursor. Sometimes you can see this kind of mouse on the laptop, which is clamped on one side of the laptop and is very close to your hand.

[ Edit this paragraph] Mouse development

In 1968, the prototype of the mouse was born;

in 1981, the first commercial mouse was born, still a mechanical mouse, and a rolling ball mouse appeared;

in 1983, Logitech invented the first optical mechanical mouse, which became the industry standard in the future.

The first generation of optical mouse appeared in the early 198s, which required a special mouse pad with a grid, and its application range was limited by the high cost.

in 1999, Microsoft and Agilent jointly released the IntelliEye optical engine and the first optical mouse.

on December 9, 1968, the world's first mouse was born in Stanford university, California, USA, and its inventor was Dr. Douglas Englebart. The original intention of Dr. Englebart to design the mouse is to make the operation of the computer easier, instead of the tedious instructions of the keyboard. The mouse he made is a small wooden box. The working principle is that the ball at the bottom of the mouse drives the pivot to rotate, and drives the rheostat to change the resistance to generate displacement signals. After the signals are processed by the computer, the cursor on the screen can move. Since then, the mouse and PC have forged an indissoluble bond that is difficult to express in words.

Since the computer came into being, the keyboard has been accompanying it and has been playing the role of the main input device. Typing with a keyboard is really good, but when it is used to move the cursor, it shows its limitations. So, Engelbert, who works for NASA and deals with computers all day, had a bold idea-can you use the "point control" method instead of typing on the keyboard?

after years of hard work, in 1982, Engelbert's idea finally came true: a product called "vertical and horizontal movement indicator of cursor position in display system" came out. It has two functions, one is to control the movement of the cursor on the screen, and the other is to replace the enter key. However, its name is too long to be called.

One day, in the laboratory where Engelbert worked, an "indicator of vertical and horizontal movement of cursor position of display system" fell off the computer desk. Because there was a wire connected to the host, it hung in the air, looking like a Mouse with a long tail from the side. This scene triggered Engelbert's inspiration, so the "indicator of vertical and horizontal movement of cursor position of display system" got the name "mouse". When the computer input device "Mouse" was used in China, people translated it as "mouse", which appropriately reflected the appearance and function of this device.

The mouse was invented by DouglasEngelbart in 1964, when Douglas Engelbart worked at Stanford Research Institute (SRI), an institution sponsored by Stanford University, Douglas Eng.