Where is the center of the Sui Grand Canal?
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, with a total length of 1 797 km, was built in 486 BC. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu fought for the hegemony of the Central Plains for the Northern Expedition, and dug a canal (named Hangou) near Yangzhou, Jiangsu. On this basis, it continued to develop and extend to the north and south, especially after the second large-scale expansion and transformation in Sui and Yuan Dynasties, and basically completed the scale of today's Beijing-Hangzhou Canal. In 605 AD, Emperor Yangdi ordered the canal to be dug to promote economic development.
As we all know, during the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, although the world was unified in territory, the north and the south were physically separated. After all, the north and south have been separated and isolated for more than 300 years. Although the wounds carved by history have stopped bleeding, it is difficult to sew up the invisible and huge cracks between them in a short time. This kind of crack is inevitably manifested in politics, economy, culture, social fashion, folk customs and other aspects, which seriously weakens the cohesion and stability of a unified country.
Chang 'an, the capital, is located in the northwest corner of the empire, where "the river hangs in the air and the soldiers are in no hurry". Once there is a rebellion in Shandong (east of Lushan Mountain) or Jiangnan, by the time the central government gets the news and reacts, not only the fighter plane has been delayed, but the local area is likely to have been destroyed. Therefore, in order to strengthen the central government's control over the territory of the Quartet, especially the south of the Yangtze River, eliminate the historical gap between the north and the south, and complete the real unity from form to spirit, it is imperative to establish a new capital in Luoyang, which is located at the junction of the north and the south, and move the power center of the empire from the northwest corner to the Central Plains. This is a long-term stable plan of the Sui Empire. Once the capital is moved to Luoyang, it is not only of great political significance, but also has a far-reaching effect and influence on promoting the economic and cultural integration between North and South.
As the 46th World Heritage Project in China, the significance of the historical value, commercial value and cultural value of the Grand Canal is beyond doubt. It, together with Erie Canal, Albert Canal, Suez Canal, Moscow Canal, Volga River, Kiel Canal, Hetai Canal, Panama Canal, Manchester Canal, etc. , also known as the top ten canals in the world. Among them, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is the longest and largest project.
The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty was divided into four sections. Which sections were they? The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty generally refers to the Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties. China has a history of utilizing natural water sources, building artificial canals, irrigating farmland and transporting in ancient times. During the separatist period, the local government dug some local canals for the Dadu River, which objectively prepared for the opening of the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty. The opening of rivers in the Sui Dynasty only turned some natural rivers or old ditches into a kind of gas. Without digging local canals, there would be no basis for opening the Grand Canal for the Sui Dynasty.
What are the four sections of the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty?
Yang Di connected these small canals and finally built the Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty, which was mainly divided into four sections. Tongji Canal, Han Canal, Yongji Canal and Jiangnan Canal.
In March of the first year of Daye (605), more than one million troops were sent to various counties in Henan Province to dig Jiqu. Tongji Canal is divided into three sections: the western section starts from Xiyuan, Luoyang, the eastern capital, and the Shui Gu, Luoshui and Dongyang canals enter the Yellow River from Luoshui via the ancient road; Luokou to the middle section of Bambusa is a natural channel that uses the Yellow River. The eastern section starts from Bambusa bambusa, and draws the Yellow River water to the Qian Canal and enters the Huaihe River.
In the first year of Daye (605), Yang Di opened the Hangou, but Chen Deng's straightforward Hangou in the Eastern Han Dynasty was not Hangou. In the early Sui Dynasty, Han ditch was often silted up. At that time, the fairly long Hangou River was flat and motionless, controlled by dammed lakes and dams, and it took 45 days from Huai 'an to Yangzhou. The riverbed gradient in the north bank of Hangou River is large and the velocity is high. When the water level is high in summer, it is difficult for ships to go upstream. Therefore, there is a Beishen weir in Gumukou (the ancient town of Jinhexia) at the northern end, which mainly uses the weir gate to adjust the lake water. In 605, in order to facilitate shipping, Yang Di dredged and expanded the Hangou Ancient Road and renamed it Shanyangdu, which is an important part of the Sui and Tang Grand Canal.
In the fourth year of the Great Cause (608), Yang Di ordered more than one million troops in Hebei counties to open the Yongji Canal to divert water from Qinhe River to Qinhe River in the south and Zhuo Jun County in the north. Yongji Canal was also dredged from canals and natural waterways dug in past dynasties. From today's Wudi, Henan to Jixian, dredging with Qinshui and Qingshui (that is, Weihe River); From Jixian to Guantao, it is basically an ancient road where Cao Cao floods the Yellow River. The Guantao-Cangzhou section partially utilized Tunxi River in Han Dynasty and the Great River in Western Han Dynasty. From Cangzhou to Zhuo Jun, a new road was opened up by partly using Zhangshui, which was connected with Tahe River and reached Zhuo Jun from Tahe River with unique flow and Zhangshui.
In 6 10, Yang Di ordered the construction of the Jiangnan Canal. But the Jiangnan Canal did not begin in the Sui Dynasty. The history of building canals in Jiangnan can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period, when Wu Kaitong opened a canal from Jiangsu to the Yangtze River. The Jiangnan Canal in Sui Dynasty was dredged on the basis of the Jiangnan Canal dug since the Six Dynasties, but it was not dug during the reign of Yang Di.
The Grand Canal in Sui and Tang Dynasties spans more than 0/0 latitude of the earth, runs through the richest North China Plain and southeast coastal areas in China, and runs through eight provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government, including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. It is the main artery of north-south traffic in ancient China, which played a great role in the history of China. It is a great water conservancy project created by working people in ancient China.
What was the general construction process of the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty? The Grand Canal of Sui Dynasty was opened from 605 to 6 10, with four sections: (1). Tongji Canal was opened in 605, when Yang Dizheng had "more than one million people in Henan and Huaihe counties". As early as the early Warring States period, Wei dug a gap (water was led into the river). Dredging Tongji Canal draws valley water and Luoshui into the Yellow River from the west of Luoyang, and then draws the Yellow River into the Bianhe River from Banzhu (short for Zhukou of Bancheng, northeast of the Yellow River in Suishui Town, Xingyang, Henan), and then flows into the Huaihe River in the southeast of Kaifeng, Henan. (2) in 605, the emperor Yang Di levied "more than ten Huainan citizens. So it's called Hangou. Han Gou of the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty was dredged on the basis of Han Gou of the State of Wu in the Spring and Autumn Period. It goes from Yang Shan (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu) to Jiangdu and enters the Yangtze River. (3) Yongji Canal In 608, Yang Di recruited more than one million able-bodied men from Hebei counties and dug Yongji Canal. Understaffed and expropriated. Cross Shui Gu (Baihe) and Sanggan River (Yongding River) to reach Zhuo Jun. (4) Jiangnan River 6 10, Kaijiang South River. From Jingkou to Yuhang, it is "more than 800 miles wide". There are imperial roads, willows, more than 40 detached palaces (from Chang 'an to Jiangdu) and many granaries on both sides of the canal. Just south of Weishui, a canal was opened from Chang 'an East to Tongguan, which flows into the Yellow River, with a total length of more than 300 miles, called Guangtong Canal. After the completion of the Sui Grand Canal, materials from north and south can reach Chang 'an directly.
In the Grand Canal of Sui Dynasty, Yang Di expropriated the people's power on a large scale three times. According to documents, in March of the first year of Daye (605), more than one million men and women were recruited in various counties of Henan Province, and the water in Xiyuan of Luoyang reached the Yellow River through the canal. Draw the Yellow River from Banzhu (northeast of Xingyang, Henan) and enter Bianshui from Yingze. In the same year, more than 100,000 Huainan residents renovated the Hangou (Shanyangdu) and led the Huaihe River into the Yangtze River from Yang Shan (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu) via Jiangdu (Yangzhou). (2) In the first month of the fourth year of Daye (608), more than one million men and women from all counties in Hebei were recruited to open Yongji Canal to "divert water from Qinshui".
Enjoy the world.
Conditions for the opening of the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty: During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the economy in the south of the Yangtze River developed significantly, especially Huiji County (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), which became the richest area in the south of the Yangtze River. Although the political center of the Sui Dynasty was in the north, the economy in the north developed rapidly, but Beijing and the border guards needed quite a lot of food, which needed to be supplied by the Jianghuai area. Land transportation is slow, small in size and high in cost, which can't meet the demand in the north. Social economy of sui dynasty.
The purpose of Emperor Yang Di's canal opening: building a canal is a waste of people and money, a feat of Emperor Yang Di, and a tyranny. It strengthened its rule over the southeast, connected the economy of the north and the south, and strengthened the military strength of North China. The Grand Canal has brought a heavy burden to the people, but it has become the main artery of north-south traffic, strengthened the ties between the north and the south, played a great role in national unity and economic and cultural development, and still benefits the people today.
The Grand Canal of Sui Dynasty, its position and function: The Sui Canal, with Luo as the center, starts in the north and reaches Yuhang in the south, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. It is divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Shanyangdu (Hangou) and Jiangnan. It is one of the most magnificent projects in the world, connecting five major water systems, namely the Yellow River, the Yangtze River, the Haihe River and the Qiantang River. The length of this canal is second to none in the world. (Pi, author of Bian River Inscription). "Looking back on the past by the Bian River" (Pi Rixiu) said: "The road is long, and it is a river in Xiu Yuan." The Grand Canal, like the Great Wall, enjoys a high reputation in the world. It embodies the intelligence and creativity of the working people in ancient China. The opening of the canal promoted the development of the city, and Jiangdu, Yuhang and Zhuojun flourished rapidly. It has safeguarded national unity and promoted centralization and stability. [Edit this paragraph] Sui Grand Canal-Yangzhou Grand Canal: Yangzhou has been the economic and cultural center of Jianghuai and an important port for foreign exchanges since ancient times. Known as "the capital of Huaizuo". Yangzhou has many cultural relics, one of which is the ancient canal. The Grand Canal is a great water conservancy project in ancient China, which has a history of more than 2,400 years since its excavation. It was first excavated in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Fu Cha opened a canal from Jiangdu (now Yangzhou) in Jiangsu to Huaikai for the Northern Expedition to Qi Jin, named Hangou. In order to strengthen the economy and transport water, Yang Di ordered the use of natural rivers and old channels to open the canal system, including Hangou.
The Grand Canal is centered on Luoyang, with Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south.
It is said that Emperor Yang Di opened the canal to see Qionghua (in fact, it is not accurate, it should be to consolidate his rule, and seeing flowers refers to legend. )
Significance of digging the Grand Canal
Subjectively, Yang Di's motives for digging canals include three points: first, strengthening north-south traffic and consolidating national rule; The second is to strengthen the economic plunder of Jiangnan area; The third is a tour of the prosperous areas in the south of the Yangtze River. Because Jiangnan's economy had caught up with the north before the reunification of Sui Dynasty, the canal digging in Sui Dynasty was related to the improvement of Jiangnan's economic status.
Objectively speaking, it is divided into two aspects. On the one hand, digging canals will inevitably bring a heavy burden of corvee, leading to the intensification of class contradictions, which is also one of the contents of the tyranny of the Sui Dynasty. On the other hand, the opening of the canal has also had a long-term and positive impact. It has become the main artery of north-south traffic, promoted economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south, and played an important role in consolidating unity and social and economic development.
Reasons for applying for world cultural heritage
There are many national-level historical and cultural cities along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, with rich scenic spots and cultural relics. As the first city in China to declare the canal heritage, Tongzhou Canal Cultural Landscape Belt has been included in the six scenic spots of the 2008 Beijing People's Olympics. 17 the person in charge of the cities (districts) along the canal said that the greatness of the canal civilization lies in its compatibility and integration with the north and south cultures, so it is an inevitable choice to jointly apply for heritage along the canal.
What was the time, purpose and significance of the opening of the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty? The opening time of the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty: it started in 605 AD and was completed in 6 10 AD, which took five years.
The purpose of building the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty:
The political purpose of 1 is that every emperor wants to have some symbolic achievements when he is alive. On the one hand, he wants to fight or rule more firmly, on the other hand, he wants to shape his eternal monarch image.
After Yang Guang ascended the throne in 605 AD, he moved to Luoyang in 606. Then, after the Sui Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang, the whole political center moved to the north, and the ancient traffic was very inconvenient. Due to the southerly terrain, it is unfavorable for Yang Di to control the national situation in Luoyang. In other words, if there is a war or rebellion in the south, it will take several days to send a letter. The imperial court sent troops, and the waterway was blocked. Of course, far water could not put out the near fire. At that time, the regime of the Sui Dynasty was not so impregnable. For military reasons, Emperor Yang Di decided to build the Grand Canal.
3. Strengthened the economic and cultural prosperity of North and South. After the Grand Canal was completed, many cities along the river experienced great economic prosperity. It created 1. Yangzhou, Jiangsu, including Hangzhou, Zhejiang, and Xi 'an, including Luoyang, Kaifeng, Beijing and Tianjin. It can be said that without the Grand Canal in Yang Di, there would be no later dry dragon down the south of the Yangtze River. Without the Grand Canal, the south of the Yangtze River would not be a very rich land. After the prosperity of the city, it attracted all kinds of literati. Nowadays, culture, goods and people are transported to various places by various ships. These influences on future generations are infinite.
The impact of building the Grand Canal:
Economy and culture 1: Without the Grand Canal in Yang Di, there would be no later Qianlong down the south of the Yangtze River. Without the Grand Canal, the south of the Yangtze River would not be a very rich land. After the prosperity of the city, it attracted all kinds of literati. All kinds of ships transport culture, goods and people to various places. These influences on future generations are infinite.
The diversity and complementarity of China's culture are particularly evident after the construction of the Grand Canal. The integration of several major water systems has promoted the integration of national cultures. Businessmen seek profit, and the world is bustling, bringing the culture and products of the northern or nomadic people to the south, and now they bring all kinds of silks and satins and cultures from the land of fish and rice in the south to the north. China culture has experienced great fusion and collision. Let China become a more dynamic and passionate country.
The Grand Canal is the earliest and longest canal in the world. It extends from Luoyang to the north and south and to Yuhang in the south. From north to south, it is divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou River and Jiangnan River, connecting five major water systems: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, with a total length of more than 5,000 miles. In order to build the longest canal, Yang Di wasted people's money and lives. But this canal did play a long-term role in the unification of the country and the great development of economy and culture.
The predecessors planted trees, while the descendants enjoyed the cool. The Grand Canal in Yang Di ushered in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty and laid the foundation for the splendid and colorful national culture of the Tang Dynasty. In China, it will last forever for future generations to sing and look forward to. Although the Sui Dynasty was a flash in the pan, the Tang Dynasty carried forward the Grand Canal culture developed in the Sui Dynasty and restored China's former glory and prosperity. From the perspective of national unity and long-term economic stability, Emperor Yang Di made great contributions.