A 1,200-word essay on Northern Shaanxi Yangge, urgent! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Want it tomorrow morning! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Cultural anthropologists have a basic knowledge: human culture originated from early shaman culture. Acheng’s narration made me suddenly realize that Yangge should be no exception. Today's Yangko in northern Shaanxi includes more than ten methods such as visiting the temple, colorful gates, and nine tunes, including the singing and dancing in the square, all of which should have the origin of witchcraft. "Zhou Li Chunguan" records: "The witch is in charge of the political orders of the group of witches. If there is a severe drought in the country, he will lead the witches to dance the Yu." Yu (yú) is a ritual for praying for rain, and it is a dance performed by the big witch and the little witches. Sacrifice ceremony. This should be one of the sources of Yangko. To this day, in the riverside bay of Ansai, northern Shaanxi, on the night of the 15th day of the first lunar month, after singing the nine-melody Yangko to ward off disasters, everyone still kneels on the ground in groups following the umbrella leader, praying to God for good weather this year. . In northern Shaanxi, which relies on the sky for food, farmers prepare for rainy days. This etiquette toward the sky inherited from the Zhou Dynasty has never been lost. Then, where does the tradition of "Yanmenzi" - also called "Paimenzi" and "Zhuanyuan" - of northern Shaanxi Yangko come from?
At the time when I jumped in line, there was no yangko in Yujiagou. But the tradition of Yangko is to go from village to house and visit the hospital to pay New Year greetings. If you go to a house, you will drive away evil spirits and diseases for that house, ensuring that the house can be safely produced and free from illness and disaster all year round. In addition, the Yangko team also has to worship livestock pens, temples, etc. After the political leadership and the people's communes were established, the concept of ghosts and gods to exorcise evil spirits and eliminate disasters was rejected. Individual disasters were far less important than the overall overall situation of the collective, and Yangko was just a matter of trouble for the overall situation. However, although Yangko in northern Shaanxi has become a great entertainment, the tradition of exorcising evil spirits and diseases along the door has never disappeared.
Northern Shaanxi Yangge
Many people believe that the ancient Nuo ritual is the origin of Yangge. Nuo is an ancient ritual to drive away plague ghosts. "Zhou Li" has left us a record of exorcising evil spirits and diseases along the door at that time: "Fang Xiangshi's palms were covered with bear skin, and he had four golden eyes. He wore black clothes and red clothes. He held a gun and raised a shield. He commanded hundreds of officials and performed Nuo. It is said that Fang Xiangshi led more than a hundred people to carry out Nuo activities and drive away epidemic ghosts from door to door. If there is a plague ghost in the house, evil things will happen, causing illness or even death in the population. The purpose of door-to-door exorcism is to drive away evil spirits and diseases from house to house, completely eliminate hidden dangers of disease, and ensure the safe reproduction of the tribal population.
There are more than one similar records. Some say that the oracle bone inscriptions have already recorded the indoor "sacrifice to drive away ghosts and plagues", as well as the Nuo ritual dance to drive away ghosts and plagues; some say that Fang Xiang's sow room to drive away plagues is the beginning of Nuo rituals; others say that five thousand years ago Zhuanxu's son became a ghost, and at that time, he used his family to drive away the epidemic, which pushed the appearance of Yanmenzi by another two thousand years. Although it seems to be an attachment, it also reflects the reality of life in ancient society. The "along the door" form of Yangko in northern Shaanxi no longer has Nuo masks, and there is no need to enter the house. Just sing and dance in front of the door, which will drive away the disease, but the purpose of the drive is the same as three thousand years ago.
禓歌
"The Analects of Confucius Xiangdang Chapter" records: "The villagers wear Nuo and stand on the steps in court clothes." It is said that when Confucius saw people in the village performing Nuo rituals to drive away ghosts, he would wear Put on the court clothes and stand on the east steps of the family temple. Nuo is a ritualized and institutionalized witchcraft activity. It inherits the power and methods of witchcraft, relies on strong sound rhythms and divergent dance forms to gather energy, achieves a supernatural realm, and achieves the purpose of communicating between humans and gods and stabilizing the world. .
The important thing is that Nuo is also called "禓". The same thing happened with Confucius. "Book of Rites: Jiao Te Sheng" records: "Zi, a native of the country, Confucius's court uniform was erected in the palace, and he was the god of the house." During the Warring States Period, the history book "Shiben" of the State of Zhao said, "Wei Zuo, "Five Sacrifice." It is said that Shangjiawei, the eighth generation leader of the Shang clan, created the "Hu Wu Sacrifice" ceremony - there was no Shang Dynasty at that time. According to this, some scholars speculate that in the Shang Dynasty, it was called "Xiangren Yu", and in the Zhou Dynasty, it was called "Xiangren Nuo". The meaning of "禓" is explained in "Shuowen" of the Han Dynasty as "sacrifice on the road." In this regard, later generations mostly said that it was a sacrifice on the road. "Book of Rites Collection" says: "禓, like 禬." 禬 (guì) is also the name of a ritual for praying to eliminate disasters. Zheng Xuan's note on "Countryman Yu" says: "禓 is a strong ghost. It is called Nuo at that time, and it is used to drive away epidemics and drive away strong ghosts. Yu is either a sacrifice or a Nuo." This means that "禓" is an abnormal death. People turned into ghosts, and this ghost name was used as the name of sacrifice, which refers to the Nuo ritual along the door to drive away diseases. Yu, also called Xian, also called Nuo. So, isn't this "禓" the kind of "road sacrifice" where people walk up and down and offer sacrifices along the road? This "禓" has always had two pronunciations. Now it is pronounced as shāng. In addition, it is also pronounced as yáng.
"Shuowen" says that "禓" is the "?#91; sound", Xu Xuan notes that the sounds of "禓" and "?#91;" are both "with Zhangqie." In "Guangyun" and "Jiyun" Here, "禓" has the same sound as Yang,?#91;, Yang, Yang, Yang and so on. "Kangxi Dictionary" also contains: ""Yun Hui" Yu Zhangqie, "Zheng Yun" Yi Zhangqie, and the sound is 'Yang'".
In "Book of Rites Zhengyi", the 禓 in "countryside people 禓" is "yin chang", and "Shuowen" says that the 禓 in "daoshangji" is "?#91; (yáng) sound", There are two sounds to explain the same thing. When thinking about "禓, either for Xian or Nuo", it will be easier to understand if "禓" is pronounced as "Yang".
Northern Shaanxi Yangge
Because at that time, the initial consonant of "Xian" was quite similar to h?h?, and it is still the same sound in Hakka and Hokkien today. As for "禓", the initial consonant at that time was a voiced sound close to h. As for "probably Nuo", we can only know that nowadays people still often refer to people's "yang" as if they are "mother". It is difficult to say that in ancient times, "Hu" and "Nuo" did not have similar initial consonants.
I am afraid that before the Tang Dynasty, people no longer pronounced "禓" as "shang". Yan Shigu said the reason in "Kuang Mao Zhengsu": "The country people's music is hurt...but Xu Xian's music is Nuo. Today's readers don't talk about it, and they also lose it." It is said that Xu Miao in the Jin Dynasty said "禓" When reading "Nuo", everyone stopped reading "Shang" after reading his books, and the "Shang" sound of "禓" was lost.
Historically, the word "禓" from "countryside people" did read "Yang". Ming Dynasty Hao Jing's "Book of Rites Comprehensive Interpretation" says that the villagers "禓" (xī) are exposed to each other, which is not pronounced as "yang". He was mainly saying that the character "禓" was written wrong. But we can see from it that at that time, the word "禓" in "国人禓" obviously meant "Yang". "禓(yáng)" is still a witchcraft in northern Shaanxi. After people from northern Shaanxi died, there was a witchcraft sound "qiyang" (qiyang) in the funeral ceremony. From today's perspective, it actually means "qiyang (yáng)". This is a ritual performed before the coffin is carried to the cemetery. Mr. Yin and Yang uses witchcraft to drive away the surrounding ghosts and gods so that the souls of the dead can travel smoothly. At this time, everyone avoided, and Mr. Yin Yang took a kitchen knife or even a guillotine and danced around in the cave where the deceased had died, while he was mumbling. I could only hear him ringing the bell in his hand as loudly as the school bell, and then throwing the rooster with its legs to the ground like "ping ping ping ping pong". The chicken was tortured and screamed tragically. Finally, a "dang" sound was heard. When he looked again, he was already standing in the cave courtyard, smashing a bowl filled with firewood ash, and spreading the ash and bowl crumbs on the ground in front of the coffin. That chicken is a symbol of evil spirits, and mistreating it is to make the evil spirits leave without being tortured, so as to achieve the purpose of driving them away.
After a person dies, the family members have to step over the threshold and throw a chicken to death. If a person dies abnormally, throw the chicken to death at the place where he died. Today in the countryside of northern Shaanxi, it is said that this is a "vicarious death" for chickens. But people are dead, how can they be replaced? In fact, killing chickens to drive away ghosts—in the past, dogs were also killed to drive away ghosts—is a long-standing witchcraft tradition that has also been included in rituals. Liang Zongmao of the Southern Dynasty said in "The Chronicles of Jingchu Years": "It is etiquette to kill chickens at the door to drive away epidemics." "Old Book of Tang·Etiquette" also records: "At the end of the winter season, Nuo sacrifices are often given to the palace gate. and four city gates, each with a rooster." It can be seen that killing chickens is a Nuo ritual item, and its purpose must be deeply related to Zheng Xuan's "禓, strong ghosts." Instead of killing them, they tortured them because the rooster could continue to chase and trample the hens and announce the dawn in the morning.
There is a saying in Beijing that "it's like being beaten", which means that the person is depressed and lacks energy. In the old days, it was said in Beijing that after a person dies, there is an evil spirit called "disaster" that comes out a few days after death. If a living person is hit by a calamity, he or she will suffer a serious illness even if he or she does not die. However, "disaster" is not the name of ghost. Maybe, this "disaster" is the "禓" ghost that Zheng Xuan talked about. It would be more appropriate to write this character as "禓".
Judging from the nature and purpose of the witchcraft ceremony in northern Shaanxi, it is undoubtedly "to drive away evil spirits" or even "to drive away Nuo". Because Hu and Nuo may have had the same pronunciation. Regardless of whether it is Hu or Nuo, everyone drives away the same kind of ghosts. What about this "start"? The Hakka people who went south from the north during the Long March, the current pronunciation of "drive" is consistent with the modern pronunciation of "qi" since the Yuan Dynasty and the current pronunciation of the Fujian dialect. In this way, this "driver" is a low-level vocabulary that has been hidden for many years in the northern Shaanxi dialect.
The dance methods of Hu and Nuo originated from ancient witchcraft. The explanation of the word "witch" in "Shuowen" is: "Witch Zhu. Women can do invisible things, and can use dance to subdue gods. Like a person dancing with two sleeves." The "Drive" in northern Shaanxi is a dance performed by a shaman. kind of residue. The collective method of witchcraft evolved into the later collective singing and dancing.
There is a sacrificial dance in Shandong called "Shang Yang Dance". This name reminds people of the two sounds of "禓", shāng and yáng - could it be "禓 (shāng)禓 (yáng) dance"? In addition, the role phenomenon in singing and dancing has also developed into Nuo opera and Yang (
Northern Shaanxi Yangko
禓) opera. These retain the content of "禓" to drive away epidemics along the door, as well as the country songs and dances that started from the "Daoshang Sacrifice" and integrated the worship of heaven and earth, fertility worship, and worship of ghosts and gods. They are collectively called "禓 (yáng) songs".
No one knows when the word "禓歌" came into being in spoken language. I only know that the meaning of "禓" has long since faded out of the memory of literati, and the relevant written expressions have been replaced by "nuo". However, this word has been deposited in the folk language passed down orally and in folk customs. Although it was written as "Yang" thousands of years later, its cultural connotation is just like the rotating pattern that expresses the Yangko field, which is constantly flowing.
It has a long history
The Yangko dance in northern Shaanxi has a long history. It is said that it existed in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was originally called Yangge. "The time is more sunny, and the spring song is for fun." "Yan'an Prefecture Chronicles" "" records that "Spring Festival in the Society is commonly known as Yangge." From this we can see that Yangge originated from the activities of worshiping the Lord of the Land on Society Day. "Notes on Eastern Guangdong" written by Li Tiaoyuan of the Qing Dynasty says: "Farmers, every spring, dozens of women go to the fields to plant rice. There is a big Lao drum, and the drums are beating loudly. The group competes to perform, and it goes on all day long. This is the day of Yangko. ". Therefore, some people pointed out that Yangko originated from the south and is a foreign culture in northern Shaanxi. Writer Cao Guxi said in "Talk About Northern Shaanxi Yangko Again": "People in northern Shaanxi perform Yangko just to make it prosperous. Every year starting from the 23rd day of the first lunar month, the festivities last almost the entire first lunar month. It is not until the second day of the second lunar month that the five tones of gongs and drums are played." It has various forms and is a kind of folk square collective singing and dancing art. When performed, it is colorful and lively. Shaanxi
Suide County No. 1 Middle School Yangko Team
The custom of "making Yangko" in the northern region has been around for a long time. For example, in Suide, Mizhi, Wubao and other places in northern Shaanxi, each village organizes a yangko team every Spring Festival. Before the performance, they first go to the temple to worship the gods and perform songs and dances, and then start to perform at various houses in the village day by day, commonly known as "Paimenzi" ", to wish the New Year and bring blessings to everyone's home. This is a continuation of ancient sacrificial activities. On the 15th day of the Lantern Festival, the Yangko team will also "circle the fire tower" and "turn nine tunes". The "fire tower" is also called the "fire tower". It first uses large rocks and bricks to build a ventilated base, and then builds it into a tower shape with large pieces of coal. There are gaps between the coals, which are filled with firewood and branches. Randian. Because the local coal is of good quality and there is firewood to support combustion, after it is lit on the night of the 15th, the flames illuminate the night sky red, and the yangko team sings and dances around the tower, which is very beautiful. This custom is the legacy of the ancient "sacrifice to Taiyi" and "accumulation of salary" to pray for fire to eliminate disasters and drive away evil spirits. This custom was recorded in the county annals of the Qing Dynasty, such as "Suide County Annals" "Pile coal blocks together like a tower, and at night, burn them, and the light will be as bright as day." "Mizhi County Annals" "Buyers gathered coal blocks to form a tower." It is built in the shape of a tower (commonly known as "fire tower") and is as bright as daylight. "This shows that this custom has a long history.
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Suide can be said to be the center of Yangko in northern Shaanxi. The rural areas there still retain the traditional Yangko performance procedures, etiquette and style characteristics, including ancient rural folk dances. There are also "Shen Hui Yangko" and "Twenty-eight Su Old Yangko" that were used to drive Nuo, as well as new Yangko that only emerged after 1942. There are often dozens of yangko performers, sometimes as many as nearly a hundred. Under the leadership of the umbrella leader, they dance to the sonorous gongs and drums and the loud suona, twisting, swinging, walking, jumping and turning. . Immersed in the joyful and festive atmosphere, the Yangko performance on the Northern Shaanxi Plateau is very popular. Yangko absorbs artistic elements from local popular forms such as water boats, running donkeys, stilts, lions, and kicking balls to form a mighty Yangko team.
In the early years, men mostly dressed up as women. With the development of the times, women also participated. The men's and women's teams wear colorful uniforms or costumes with cloud horns
Northern Shaanxi Yangko
Yangko uniforms. The men wrap their heads with towels, and the women hold colorful shoulders and Han towels. For New Year greetings, there are Paimenzi Yangko and Caimen Yangko; on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, there are Jiuqu Yangko and Lantern Yangko. The small field is also called the kicking field, which is divided into two-person field, four-person field and eight-person field. The dance is rich in movement, bold, bold, and elegant, which fully embodies the simple, honest, cheerful and optimistic character of the people of northern Shaanxi.
The main feature of Northern Shaanxi Yangko performance is "twisting", so it is also called "twisted Yangko", that is, with the accompaniment of gongs and drums, the waist is the center point. The head and upper body twist greatly with the arms. , use the "cross step" with your feet to move forward, backward, left, and right.
The up and down movements are harmonious, the steps are neat, the colorful silks are flying, the colorful fans are tumbling, and you can also sing along with it.
There are three main roles in Northern Shaanxi Yangko, namely umbrella head, Wen, Wu Shenzi and Harlequin. The leader of Northern Shaanxi Yangko is called Umtou. He holds an umbrella in one hand and a "tiger support" in the other. Both props have auspicious meanings. Umbrellas mean protecting all living beings and bringing good weather; tiger branches are related to Sun Simiao, a famous doctor in the Tang Dynasty. It is said that Sun Simiao once treated a tiger. In order to facilitate observation and treatment, he used an iron ring to open the tiger's mouth. This iron ring was called "tiger support". Later, the tiger brace evolved into the "chuan bell" that made a sound in the hands of folk doctors in Chuanxiang for treating diseases, and became the symbol of folk medicine. In the hands of the umbrella head, it becomes a symbol of warding off disasters and illnesses, and is also a sounding instrument for directing the performance of the Yangko team and changing formation patterns. The umbrella leader is the leader of the Yangko team. He is familiar with traditional Yangko verses and can improvise and sing new lyrics, and he can formulate them according to the atmosphere of the venue or the situation of each family. During the singing, he led the singing, and all the members repeated his last line. The form was simple and lively, the words were vivid and easy to understand, and the audience was very happy when singing. Today's Yangko dance has different roles after reform. The costumes can be modern, with a red ribbon tied around the waist. The props in hand can be sickles, hammers, or flower umbrellas. The Harlequin is optional, or can be combined with the Overlord Whip.
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Northern Shaanxi Yangko mainly includes two categories: "Big Yangko" and "Kicking Field". Yangko is a collective singing and dancing activity held in the square. It is large-scale, warm in atmosphere, vigorous and bold in movement, and cheerful and unrestrained in mood. It is also accompanied by social fire programs such as lions, dragon lanterns, bamboo horses, land boats, and donkey races, and formations. There are many variations, including "dragon swinging its tail", "cabbage roll", "cross plum blossom", "two dragons spitting water", "twelve lotus lanterns" and hundreds of other arrangements. Small performances include "water boat", "running donkey", "stilts", "king whip", etc. It can also be divided into "Wen Changzi", "Martial Arts", "Kicking Field", "Ugly Dance", etc. according to the style and content of the movements. Among them, "Kicking Field" is a pas de deux that expresses the love life of men and women. The number of participants is an even number and they are in pairs. Form a team, the men wait for the colorful fans, and the women dance with colorful silks. There are relatively difficult dance moves, including "soft waist", "two feet", "three feet without landing", "dragon claws through the clouds", "golden rooster independence", Difficult skills such as "Golden Hook Hanging Upside Down" are both strong and soft, free and easy, and delicate. During festivals, yangko teams are organized in both urban and rural areas to wish everyone a happy new year. Neighbors in the village also performed Yangko to visit each other
and competed in singing and dancing, which was very lively. The male character is called "Guangguzi" and the female character is called "Baotou". In the past, they were all played by men. The movements of "Guangguzi" are sincere and have the explosive power of martial arts. The movements of "Baotou" are simple and lively, with the characteristics of rural women. Although the performance has routines, it has a great element of improvisation and is full of the interest of rural life in northern Shaanxi. Actors with superb skills are deeply loved by the masses. For example, the "Baotou" played by Li Zengheng has a handsome image, free and easy and dexterous performance, and has the stage name "Liu Liu Dan".
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In the early 1940s, the New Yangko Movement was launched in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region with Yan'an as the center, and the majority of literary and art workers deeply
Northern Shaanxi Yangge
I went to the countryside to learn Yangko and waist drum. After mastering the basic rhythmic characteristics and typical dance dynamics, I sublimated it into standardized and new farmer image dance movements, forming a new type of Yangko and waist drum. The leader's umbrella head was changed to the image of a worker and peasant holding a wooden sickle and axe, and Yangge Opera with new content was created, such as "Brother and Sister Opening up Wasteland", "Couple Literacy", "Twelve Sickles", etc. Among them, new Yangko such as "Fanshen Yangko" and "Shengli Waist Drum" have become popular throughout the country. The new yangko includes the Dachang yangko "Good Place in the Border Area" and the fan yangko "Nanniwan", etc., which are very popular among the masses. In the War of Resistance Against Japan and the War of Liberation, it played a role in inspiring fighting spirit and celebrating victory. In the 1950s, folk dances were in the ascendant, and Yangko dances were performed in various places. People put place names in front of the Yangko dances to show the difference.
Northern Shaanxi Yangge reflects the simple, honest and optimistic character of the people in northern Shaanxi and has outstanding historical and cultural value.
The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20, 2006, Northern Shaanxi Yangge was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists.
The Development of Suide Yangko
Suide is a famous historical and cultural city with outstanding people. It is the hometown of Chinese Yangko, the hometown of Chinese stone sculpture, the hometown of Chinese suona, and the hometown of Chinese paper-cutting. There is a touching legend here: "Mizhi's mother-in-law, Suide's Han". Here is the famous general Han Shizhong, and there are prosperous young people and beautiful women here.
The cultural inheritance here is perfect. Every year on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, there will be a prosperous Yangko festival in Suide County. Each township and middle school has its own Yangko team
The No. 1 Middle School of Suide County
Yangko team. Every year, more than a dozen yangko teams perform on the streets. After the reform and opening up, they danced a new style of yangko. Men and women usually dance in four rows. Women mostly use double fans, and men hold umbrellas. Performing the cheerful Yangko dance. Suide County No. 1 Middle School is a middle school with a long history. It attaches great importance to the cultural and entertainment life of students. In the past, the Yangko team of Suide No. 1 Middle School performed yangko every year. Later, it was changed to Suide No. 1 Middle School and Suide Middle School to alternate performances. , but when people mention the Yangge of Suide No. 1 Middle School, they are full of praise. Because they have the rugged handsomeness of the Suide descendants and the beauty of the women, because they have brought out the new atmosphere and vitality of the new generation! ! !