Senior one geography compulsory one key knowledge point induction notes

(1) Pay attention to compare the differences between rotation and revolution from the aspects of center, direction, period, speed and geographical significance, and focus on understanding the differences between solar day and sidereal day, and the changes of the revolution speed of the earth.

(2) The northern end of the earth axis points to the vicinity of Polaris, so the place where you can see Polaris must be in the northern hemisphere, and the elevation angle of Polaris is equal to the local latitude.

(3) The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. Although the clockwise direction of the earth's rotation is different from the north and south poles, it is from west to east.

(4) Pay attention to the difference between perihelion (65438+1early October) and winter solstice (65438+February 22nd), apohelion (early July) and summer solstice (June 22nd) in Earth orbit.

(5) Pay attention to the difference between the noon sun height and the sun height. The midday sun height is the sun height at a special moment (local time is 12). The relationship between sun height and object shadow length: the greater the sun height, the shorter the object shadow; On the contrary, the longer the shadow.

(6) On any day, the noon sun height at the point with the same latitude difference as the direct sun point is equal; At noon, two parallel lines with the same height of the sun are symmetrical about the parallel line where the direct point is located.

(7) Pay attention to the diurnal variation characteristics of the solar height at the poles of the polar sun: the solar height has no diurnal variation, and its value is equal to the latitude of the direct point of the sun on that day.

(8) When interpreting the illuminance chart and statistical chart, we should pay attention to the comprehensive analysis by using all kinds of information in the chart, such as the morning line and dark line in the illuminance chart, the latitude of direct sunlight, the central meridian of the solar hemisphere and the night hemisphere, the names of abscissa and ordinate in the statistical chart, positive and negative values, and the rise and fall of lines.

(9) Generally speaking, when it comes to sunrise, sunset, noon, day length and night length, it is the calculation of local time; Anything that is not specified is a calculation area.

(10) Beijing's time zone (East Eighth District) and London's time zone (Zero Time Zone or Middle Time Zone) should be regarded as unchangeable memories.

(1 1) Beijing time is the universal time standard in China. Beijing time = local time in East Eighth District = = 120 E, so Beijing time is not equal to Beijing local time (1 16 E).

(12) Time in local time calculation should be different from time in daily life. Time in daily life is often aimed at the same place in the morning and evening, so the smaller the time value, the earlier the time; The time in the calculation of local time is for different places, generally speaking, it is distinguished according to the morning and evening of sunrise at the same latitude, so the greater the time value, the earlier the local time.

(13) When calculating the old and new days, you can judge the old and new days according to the local time. It is suggested to draw the top view of the pole to assist the calculation to avoid confusion. When calculating the time zone, you only need to calculate it directly according to the time zone calculation formula, without considering international date line.

(14) It should be clear that seasons and solar terms are two different concepts and cannot be confused. The seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres are always opposite, but the solar terms are the same, so we must pay special attention when examining and answering questions.

(15) When calculating the length of day and night by using the longitude spanned by the day arc and the night arc, we must pay attention to the longitude interval between two adjacent meridians, which cannot be habitually considered as 30 or 45.

(16) Grasp the variation law of the length of day and night: in the northern hemisphere, the days are long in summer, and the longer the days are, the higher the latitude, the longer the extreme sunrise appears near the poles, the longer the days and nights are from summer to day, and the extreme sunrise appears in the polar circle; Winter is the opposite. The southern hemisphere is the opposite. The world is evenly divided into day and night in two minutes; The equator is equally divided day and night throughout the year.

(17) The length of day and night is closely related to the position and movement of the hemisphere where the direct point of the sun is located. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the basic law of the movement of the direct point of the sun, as well as the seasonal variation and spatial distribution of the length of day and night.

(18) In any place, the sum of the longest and shortest days in a year is always 24 hours; On any day, A and B, which are located in the northern and southern hemispheres and have the same latitude, have a day length equal to B's night length.

(19) The seasonal change caused by the earth's rotation and revolution is the most important change law of the earth, and many natural phenomena and human production and life activities also have obvious seasonal changes. We should pay attention to summarizing the natural phenomena and human activities with seasonal changes and their reasons.

2. High school geography compulsory one key knowledge points summary notes two

1. The inner circle of the earth: crust (surface to Moho), mantle (Moho-Gutenberg) and core (below Gutenberg).

2. The lithosphere includes the crust and the top of the upper mantle (above the asthenosphere).

3. Genetic classification of rocks: magmatic rocks (extrusive rocks and intrusive rocks), sedimentary rocks (layered structures and fossils) and metamorphic rocks.

4. Crustal material cycle: magma cooling and solidification → magmatic rocks → external force → sedimentary rocks → metamorphism → metamorphic rocks → melting → magma.

5, geological process:

① Internal forces (crustal movement, magmatic activity, earthquake, metamorphism)

(2) External forces (weathering, erosion, handling, deposition, rock consolidation)

6. Geological structure type: fold (anticline, syncline) and fault (rising rock-horst, sinking rock-graben).

7. Reasons for the formation of anticlinal valley and syncline mountain: external force erosion (anticlinal valley and syncline valley formed before external force erosion).

The top of the anticline is in a stretching state and is easily eroded into a canyon; The syncline trough is squeezed, and the lithology is hard and not easy to be eroded, but it becomes a mountain.

8. horst-Lushan and Taishan; Graben-East African Rift Valley, River Plain and Fenhe River Basin.

9. Influence of geological structure on human production activities: anticline (oil storage) and syncline (water storage), and the location of large-scale projects should avoid faults.

3. High school geography compulsory one key knowledge point induction notes three

1, celestial body:

Concept: the existing form of matter in the universe

Type: nebula, star, planet, satellite, comet, meteor, interstellar matter.

2. Celestial system

Concept: Celestial stars and nebulae in the universe form celestial systems.

Level: Earth-Moon System → Solar System → Galaxy → Universe.

Sun:

1. Celestial bodies in the solar system: The mass of the sun accounts for 99.86% of the solar system, and other celestial bodies are attracted by it to move around the sun.

2. Solar radiation:

Energy source: nuclear fusion inside the sun

Impact on the earth: maintaining the surface temperature and promoting the activities and changes of water, atmosphere and living things on the earth are the energy sources of human activities and production activities.

3. Solar activity:

Structure of the solar atmosphere: From inside to outside, it consists of photosphere, chromosphere and corona.

Types of solar activity:

① Photosphere: a sunspot with an active period of 1 1 year.

② chromosphere: Flare.

Impact on the earth: it will cause ionospheric disturbance, affect radio short-wave communication, and produce the phenomenon of "magnetic storm", which will make the magnetic needle unable to indicate the direction correctly and affect the climate.

4. High school geography compulsory one key knowledge point summary notes four

Water on the earth

1. Water cycle in nature

(1) The interconnected water bodies exist in gaseous, solid and liquid forms. Gaseous water has the least quantity and the widest distribution. Liquid water, followed by quantity distribution. Solid water only exists in high latitudes and mountainous areas or under special conditions.

(2) the process and significance of water cycle

A) Water cycle refers to the continuous movement of water in nature through various links in hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Can be divided into land-sea circulation, land-based circulation and ocean-based circulation.

B) Main links: evaporation, plant transpiration, precipitation, water vapor transport, surface runoff, underground runoff and infiltration.

C) Significance: maintaining global water balance, renewing terrestrial fresh water resources, regulating global heat balance, and shaping surface morphology.

2. Large-scale seawater movement

(1) Distribution of the World Ocean Surface Current

A) Ocean current, also known as ocean current, refers to the surface seawater that flows in a certain direction on a large scale all the year round.

B) According to the causes: wind current, compensation current and density current, according to the nature: cold current and warm current.

C) Distribution law of ocean current:

① The mid-low latitude current circle is clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.

② Anti-clockwise circulation circle at middle and high latitudes in the northern hemisphere.

(3) west wind drift is formed in the sea area of 40-60 degrees in the southern hemisphere.

(4) Monsoon currents form in the North Indian Ocean, counterclockwise in winter and clockwise in summer.

(2) the influence of ocean currents on geographical environment

A) Warm current can increase the temperature and humidity of coastal climate, while cold current can reduce the temperature and humidity of coastal climate.

B) The sea area where cold current and warm current meet forms a large fishing ground.

C) It also has an impact on ocean navigation, and the cold and warm air currents meet to form sea fog, which is unfavorable to navigation; Ocean currents also carry icebergs.

D) Due to the rapid diffusion of pollutants, it can not only accelerate the dilution and purification of pollutants, but also expand the scope of pollution accordingly.

3. Rational utilization of water resources

(1) The degree of water resources and their distribution is usually measured by the average runoff for many years. Apart from Antarctica, Asia has the largest number, followed by South America and Oceania. In terms of countries, Brazil has the largest number, followed by Russian and China. China is unbalanced, with more in the south and less in the north, and less in the east and west; More time in summer and autumn, less time in winter and spring.

(2) The quantity and quantity of water resources in human society will affect the scale of economic activities, and the quality will affect the benefits of economic activities in a region. Scientific and technological progress has promoted the development of the relationship between man and water.

(3) The rational utilization of water resources, the increasing demand of human beings for water resources, and pollution and overuse have aggravated the shortage of water resources. Promote the sustainable utilization of water resources from two aspects: open source and throttling.

5. Senior one geography compulsory one key knowledge point summary notes five

Salinity and ocean currents

(1) Salinity is Red Sea because:

① Located in subtropical sea area, precipitation is scarce and evaporation is vigorous.

(2) Surrounded by tropical desert areas, lacking river injection.

(2) The Baltic Sea has the lowest salinity for the following reasons:

① Located at higher latitude, with low temperature and weak evaporation.

② Surrounded by temperate maritime climate zone, fresh water is injected.

(3) The reason why Balkhash Lake is salty in the east and weak in the west:

① East: located inland, with scarce precipitation and intense evaporation; Lack of river injection.

② West: There is river injection, which plays a diluting role.

③ The narrow middle part is not conducive to the exchange of water bodies on both sides, resulting in a great difference in salinity between the two sides.

(4) The horizontal distribution of salinity in surface water in the world:

It decreases from the subtropical waters in the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere to the low latitudes and high latitudes on both sides respectively.

(5) The reasons for judging whether the ocean current is cold (warm) are:

Temperature: the temperature of the sea area where ocean currents flow is lower (higher) than that of other sea areas at the same latitude.

Direction: From higher (lower) latitude to lower (higher) latitude.

6. Senior one geography compulsory one key knowledge point induction notes six

The basic forms of the earth's motion: revolution and rotation

Around the sun-earth axis

The direction is from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole) and from west to east (counterclockwise over the North Pole and counterclockwise over the South Pole)

Periodic sidereal year (365 days, 6: 9: 10 second) sidereal day (23: 56: 4 second)

The average angular velocity is 1o/ perihelion (65438+1early October), perihelion (early July) is equal everywhere, and the hourly rate is 15o (except for the poles).

The average linear velocity is 30 km/h, decreasing from the equator to the poles. Equator 1670KM/h, pole is zero.

The relationship between the earth's rotation and revolution;

(1) Equatorial angle: the intersection angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane. Currently it is 23o26'

(2) The movement of the direct point of the sun between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer.