High school geography summary look at pictures

This is the information my class teacher gave me before the college entrance examination~I am studying geography and have just finished the college entrance examination~

Must-memorize test points for high school geography

The first unit map topic

1. Gradual change of longitude: the degree increasing eastward is east longitude, and the degree increasing westward is west longitude.

2. Gradual change of latitude: increasing degrees to the north is northern latitude, and increasing degrees to the south is southern latitude.

3. The shape and length of latitude lines: circles that are parallel to each other, the equator is the longest latitude line, and it gradually shortens towards the poles.

4. The shape and length of longitude lines: All longitude lines are semicircles that intersect at the north and south poles, and their lengths are equal.

5. Judgment of east-west longitude: The east longitude increases along the rotation direction, and the west longitude decreases along the rotation direction.

6. Judgment of north and south latitudes: The degree that increases toward the north is northern latitude, and the degree that increases toward the south is southern latitude.

7. Division of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres: The Eastern Hemisphere is from 20°W to the east to 160°E, and the Western Hemisphere is from 20°W to the west to 160°E.

8. Judgment of east-west direction: the law of minor arcs (for example, 80° east longitude is to the east of 1° east longitude, and is to the west of 170° west longitude)

9. Scale size Range of the figure: For the same picture, the larger the scale, the smaller the range; the smaller the scale, the larger the range.

10. Determination of the direction on the map: Generally speaking, "up, north, down, south, left, west, right, east"; on a map with a pointing mark, the pointing arrow points to the north;

Jingwei.com On a map, longitude lines indicate north-south directions and latitude lines indicate east-west directions.

11. Density of contour lines: The denser the contour lines in the same picture, the steeper the slope; the denser the isobars, the greater the wind force; the denser the isotherms, the greater the temperature difference

12. The convex direction of contour lines and topography: The places where contour lines protrude toward high places are valleys, and the places where contour lines protrude toward low places are ridges.

13. The convex direction of the contour lines and the river: The convex direction of the contour lines is opposite to the flow direction of the river.

14. The convex direction of the isotherm and the ocean current: The convex direction of the isotherm is the same as the direction of the ocean current.

Unit 2 Special Topic on Earth Movement

1. Categories of celestial bodies: nebulae, stars, meteors, comets, planets, satellites, gases and dust in interstellar space, etc.

2. Levels of celestial systems: General galaxy - Milky Way (extragalactic galaxy) - Solar system - Earth-Moon system

3. Large planets are classified according to their characteristics: Earth-like planets ( Water, metal, earth, and fire), giant planets (wood and earth), and abysmal planets (sky, sea).

4. Moon: (1) The front side of the moon is always facing the earth, and there is also an alternation of day and night.

(2) There is no atmosphere, so the temperature difference between day and night on the moon's surface is large, there are many craters, there is no sound, and there is no wind.

(3) There are mountains and plains on the moon's surface (that is, the moon sea), volcanoes.

5. Reasons for the existence of life on earth: stable lighting conditions, safe space environment, suitable atmosphere and temperature, and liquid water.

6. The external structure of the sun and its corresponding solar activities: photosphere (spots), chromosphere (flare), corona (solar wind).

7. Solar activity - sunspots (signs), flares (the most intense), the sunspots change cycle is 11 years.

8. Impact of solar activity: sunspots - affecting climate, flares - ionosphere - radio communications, charged particle flow - magnetic field - magnetic storms

9. Solar radiation Impact: ①Maintaining surface temperature and promoting the main driving force of water, atmosphere, and biological activities and changes on the earth.

② Solar energy is the energy we use daily.

10. Rotation direction: from west to east, counterclockwise when viewed from above the North Pole, clockwise when viewed from above the Antarctic

Speed: ①Linear speed (decreasing from the equator to the poles) 0) ② Angular velocity (equal everywhere except the poles 0)

Period: ① sidereal day (23h56m4s real period) ② solar day (24 o'clock, day and night cycle)

Significance : ① The change of day and night ② In different places with different longitudes ③ The deviation of horizontally moving objects (north, right, south and left)

11. Dawn-evening line: Along the direction of rotation, the transition from night to day becomes the morning line, and the transition from night to day becomes the morning line. The transition from night to night is the twilight line (the sun's altitude angle is 0 degrees on the twilight line).

12. The twilight line and the meridian: the twilight line coincides with the meridian ----- the spring and autumn equinoxes; the twilight line and the longitude intersect at the largest angle - the summer solstice and winter solstice

13. Time Calculation: required time = known time ± zone time difference + en route time

14. Time zone = longitude/15° (if not divisible, round off) Zone time difference = time zone difference

15. Universal Time: Taking the prime meridian (0°) time as the standard time, it is also called Greenwich Time and is also the zone time of the zero time zone.

16. Date division: From the zero point longitude to the east to the date line (180°) is "today" on the earth, and to the west to the date line is "yesterday".

17. Date line: When crossing the date line from west to east (not completely passing through the 180° longitude), the date will be subtracted by one day, and when crossing from east to west, the date will be added by one day.

18. Location selection of satellite launch base:

Natural factors (① Meteorological conditions require clear weather ② The initial speed of the earth’s rotation: depends on the latitude and terrain ③ The terrain is flat and open);

Human factors (vast land, sparsely populated area, convenient transportation, in line with national defense and security needs).

① Taiyuan: strong technical strength; ② Jiuquan: continental climate, many sunny days; ③ Xichang has low latitude and high initial launch speed;

④ Hainan Wenchang: low latitude and early launch speed High speed; convenient shipping.

19. Revolution speed: early January - perihelion - fast, early July - aphelion - slow;

Meaning: ① changes in the length of day and night ② height of the sun at noon Changes ③ Change of four seasons ④ Formation of five belts

20. Revolution and rotation form the yellow-red intersection angle (23°26′):

①The existence of the yellow-red intersection angle--- Movement of the direct sun point---changes in the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon---four seasons

The existence of the yellow-red angle---movement of the direct sun point---seasonal movement of the pressure belt and wind belt---Mediterranean climate , the formation of savanna climate

②The dividing lines of the five zones: the tropical zone between the north and south Tropic of Cancer, the temperate zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the polar circle, and the frigid zone between the poles of the polar circle

③ If the angle between the yellow and red zones becomes larger, the tropical and cold zones become larger, and the temperate zone becomes smaller; if the angle between the yellow and red zones becomes smaller, the tropical and cold zones become smaller, and the temperate zone becomes larger

If the yellow-red crossing angle is zero, the sun Always shining directly on the equator, day and night are equally divided around the world, and the Mediterranean climate and savanna climate disappear.

21. Changes in the height of the noon sun: ① Decreases from the direct point to the north and south sides

② Calculation of the height of the noon sun = 90°—△ (the distance between the direct point and the desired point Latitude interval)

③The maximum value of the noon altitude angle in the area north of the Tropic of Cancer on the summer solstice and the minimum value in the year in the southern hemisphere;

The noon altitude of the area south of the Tropic of Cancer on the winter solstice The angle is the maximum value of the year and the minimum value of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.

④The area between the Tropic of Cancer and the South -----there are two direct opportunities---two maximum values

⑤The higher the latitude, the smaller the noon solar altitude angle. The greater the distance between buildings.

22. Time distribution of day and night length:

① In which hemisphere is the sun’s direct rays, and which hemisphere has longer days and shorter nights? In the northern hemisphere summer, the sun’s direct rays are in the northern hemisphere, and the days and nights in the northern hemisphere are longer and shorter. .

② Which hemisphere the sun’s direct point moves to, the day in that hemisphere will become longer. The longest day is on June 22 and the shortest on December 22 in the northern hemisphere.

③The maximum day length between the Tropic of Cancer and the South Tropic of Cancer and the maximum solar altitude angle at noon do not occur on the same day, such as in Haikou City.

23. Latitudinal distribution of day and night length:

During the summer half of the year in the northern hemisphere, the days are longer and the nights are shorter. The further north you go, the longer the days (the earlier the sunrises, the later the sunsets), such as Beijing>Shanghai ＞Guangzhou

In the winter half of the year in the northern hemisphere, the days are short and the nights are long. The farther south you go, the longer the days (the earlier the sunrises, the later the sunsets).

For example, Haikou > Guangzhou > Shanghai,

24. Day length = sunset time - sunrise time; day length = 24 hours - night length

Sunrise time = 12:00 - daytime Length/2 (or 0:00 + night length/2); the sunrise time at a point on the equator is 6:00

Sunset time = 12:00 + day length/2 (or 24:00 - night Long / 2); the sunset time of the point on the equator is 18:00

25. The earth is a non-luminous, opaque sphere - day and night phenomena appear

The earth rotates - Day and night replacement (the rotation speed cycle affects the temperature difference between day and night)

The tilted and revolving sphere of the Earth - the movement of the direct point, the altitude of the sun at noon, and the changes in the length of day and night - the four seasons and five zones

26. Typical seasonal phenomena

Geographical phenomena Time seasons

Northern hemisphere summer half of the year Northern hemisphere winter half of the year

Earth's revolution in early July, near aphelion, the earth's angular speed , linear speed is the slowest in early January, near perihelion, the Earth's angular speed and linear speed are the fastest

The height of the sun at noon is around June 22, reaching the maximum in the area north of the Tropic of Cancer, and the minimum in the equator and southern hemisphere in December Around the 22nd, the area south of the Tropic of Capricorn reached the maximum, and the equator and the northern hemisphere reached the minimum.

The length of day and night is short, and polar day and night are short and short in the Arctic Circle, and polar night occurs in the Arctic Circle

Isotherms and land isotherms all bulge to the north. Land isotherms all bulge to the south, and the opposite is true for oceans

The air pressure belt and wind belt move northward with the direct sun point and move southward with the direct sun point

The snow line rises and the snow line falls

The North Indian Ocean currents are affected by the southwest monsoon, and the ocean currents flow clockwise. Affected by the northeast monsoon, the ocean currents flow counterclockwise

China Precipitation is affected by the summer monsoon, and precipitation is high due to the winter monsoon, with less precipitation

my country's inner rivers have a lot of melted ice and snow due to high temperatures, while outer rivers are affected by the summer monsoon, and most rivers have entered the flood season. Most of the Northeastern region has entered the dry season during spring floods and summer floods. The rivers north of the Huaihe River in the Qinling Mountains have a freezing period, and some rivers have stopped flowing.

my country's monsoon in most parts of the country is affected by the summer monsoon from the ocean. Most parts of the country are hot and rainy. Affected by the winter monsoon from the mainland, most parts of the country are cold and dry.

my country's agricultural production generally has high temperatures throughout the country. Crops have entered the growth period, and crop ripening gradually increases from three crops a year from south to north. In the transition from three crops in two years to one crop in a year, most crops in the north are in the overwintering period, and the tropical areas in the south have sufficient water and heat to produce off-season vegetables and fruits

Meteorological disasters such as drought and flood (North China Spring Drought, Yangtze River drought), heavy rains, typhoons (manifestations: strong winds, heavy rains, storm surges) cold waves, sandstorms, droughts, heavy snows

Geological disasters include more landslides and mudslides

No. Unit Three Atmosphere Topic

1. Characteristics of the troposphere: ① The temperature decreases with increasing height; ② Atmospheric convection (12km) is significant; ③ The weather is complex and changeable.

2. Characteristics of the stratosphere: ① The temperature increases with height; ② The atmosphere is stable and horizontal movement is the main force, which is conducive to high-altitude flight.

3. Thermal processes of the atmosphere: solar radiation - ground warming - ground radiation - atmospheric warming - atmospheric (reverse) radiation - atmospheric insulation

4. The weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation: absorption, reflection, scattering.

5. The relationship between solar radiation (light) and weather and terrain: sunny weather, high terrain and thin air, the stronger the light;

The distribution of solar energy in my country is highest in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Sichuan Basin lowest.

6. The thermal insulation effect of the atmosphere: strongly absorbs long-wave radiation from the ground and returns heat to the ground through atmospheric reverse radiation.

7. Temperature and weather: It is cloudy during the day and the temperature is not high (cloud reflection is strong); it is cloudy and the temperature is high at night (the atmospheric reverse radiation is strong).

8. Vertical distribution of temperature: Tropospheric temperature decreases with increasing height

9. Horizontal distribution of temperature: ① Latitude distribution: the higher the latitude, the lower the temperature, the lower the temperature in our country The richest area: Hainan Island

②Sea and land distribution: land in summer>ocean, ocean in winter>land;

③In places with high temperatures, isotherms protrude to high latitudes, and vice versa. , where the temperature is low, the isotherms protrude toward low latitudes.

10. The annual temperature difference: ① Influencing factors: thermal properties of sea and land; moisture status of surface vegetation; amount of clouds and rain.

②Change pattern: inland > coastal, continental climate > oceanic climate, bare land > grassland > woodland > lake, sunny day > cloudy day.

11. Characteristics of thermodynamic circulation

(1) Places where the adjacent ground is hot in the horizontal direction - rising vertical airflow - low pressure (cyclone) - rainy

(2) Places where the adjacent ground is cold in the horizontal direction - vertical airflow sinks - high pressure (anticyclone) - clear

(3) Temperature and pressure distribution in the vertical direction: with As the altitude increases, although the temperature decreases, the air becomes thinner and the air pressure decreases.

(4) Air flow from low latitudes - warm and humid (5) Air flow from high latitudes - cold and dry

(6) Air flow from the ocean - wet (7 ) Air flow from the continent (offshore wind) - dry

(8) Two air flows with different properties meet - front - rain, wind

12. Horizontal air pressure and Temperature: Near the ground, when the temperature is high, the air expands and rises, forming low pressure on the ground; conversely, when the temperature is low, the air near the ground contracts and sinks, forming high pressure on the ground.

13. The formation of wind: The horizontal movement of the atmosphere is called wind. The horizontal pressure gradient force is the direct cause of the formation of wind. The denser the isobars, the greater the wind speed.

14. Wind direction: (1) Wind direction - the direction of the wind;

(2) Determine the wind direction based on the distribution of isobars: Take the picture on the right as an example to draw point A Wind direction and its force

① Determine the direction of the horizontal pressure gradient force: perpendicular to the isobars and pointing from high pressure to low pressure

② Determine the direction of the geostrophic deflection force: perpendicular to the wind direction, The northern hemisphere deviates to the right and the southern hemisphere deviates to the left

③The near ground is affected by friction (the direction is opposite to the wind direction), and the wind direction intersects with the isobars

15. The wind direction of the upper atmosphere is The result of the simultaneous action of the pressure gradient force and the geostrophic deflection force, the wind direction is parallel to the isobars;

The wind near the ground is affected by the pressure gradient force, the geostrophic deflection force and the friction force** *With the same influence, the wind direction and the isobars form an angle.

16. Fronts and weather (different warm and cold air masses move horizontally and meet)

①The cold front passes through the rainy area behind the front, and rain, snow, and cooling weather appear. After passing through, the air pressure rises, the temperature drops sharply, and the weather turns sunny;

②The rainy area where the warm front passes is in front of the front, with mostly continuous precipitation. After crossing the border, the temperature rises, the air pressure drops, and the weather turns sunny.

17. The main front that affects the weather in my country is the cold front: such as heavy rains in northern my country in summer, cold waves in my country in winter, and sandstorms in winter and spring.

18. Air pressure system and weather (the same air mass moves vertically):

① The vertical airflow of a cyclone (low pressure) rises, and the weather is cloudy and rainy. ②Anticyclonic (high pressure) vertical airflow sinks, and the weather is clear;

19. Three-circle circulation and pressure belt wind belt:

①Three-circle circulation (vertical distribution)

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Draw the three-circle circulation diagram on the right

②Pressure zone and wind zone (horizontal distribution)

Draw the distribution diagram of the pressure zone and wind zone on the right

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("turn north and hold south")

③The red flag of the Great Wall Research Station flies to the northwest, and the window should avoid the southeast;

The red flag of the Yellow River Research Station flies to the southwest , the window should avoid the northeast direction.

20. The movement of air pressure belts and wind belts: moves with the movement of the direct sun point.

Moving direction: As far as the northern hemisphere is concerned, it generally moves northward in summer and southward in winter

21. Monsoon circulation: The thermal difference between sea and land causes the centers of Asia and the Pacific to change with seasonal changes Situation:

In summer: the Asian low pressure forms on the Asian continent and the Hawaiian high pressure forms on the Pacific Ocean;

In winter: the Asian high pressure forms on the Asian continent and the Aleutian low pressure forms on the Pacific Ocean.

22. Monsoon circulation in East Asia and South Asia: (as shown on the right)

East Asia: Southeast wind in summer and northwest wind in winter; mainly caused by the difference in thermal properties between sea and land.

South Asia: Southwest wind in summer and northeast wind in winter, which are formed by the seasonal movement of wind belts and pressure belts and the differences in thermal properties between sea and land.

23. my country's drought and flood disasters and the movement of rain belts are closely related to the strength of the subtropical high.

①The movement of the rain belt

In late spring (May), the rain belt moves in South China (Pearl River Basin) (spring drought in North China, spring flood in Northeast China)

Summer At the beginning of the month (June---July), the rain belt moved to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River--Meiyu (quasi-stationary front)

In July--August, the rain belt moved to the northeast and North China, and to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The lower reaches enter an "anticyclone" (anticyclone)

In September, the subtropical high retreats southward, the rainy season in the north ends, and the south enters the second rainy season.

②The rainy season in the north starts late and ends early, and the rainy season is short; the rainy season in the south starts early and ends late, and the rainy season is long

③The subtropical high moves northward faster in drought and flood disasters (summer monsoons are stronger) , causing floods in the north and drought in the south

The subtropical high moves slowly north (the summer monsoon is weak), causing drought in the north and floods in the south.

The fundamental cause of floods and droughts in my country is: summer The strength of the wind and the sooner or later it advances and retreats.

24. Climate formation factors: solar radiation, atmospheric circulation, underlying surface, human activities

25. Steps to determine climate type: ① Determine the northern and southern hemispheres, ② Determine the thermal zones, ③Judge the rain pattern.

①Four climate types in the tropics: the average monthly temperature is above 15 degrees, the precipitation is different, and the climate types vary greatly

Tropical rain forest climate (affected by equatorial low pressure all year round, High temperature and rainy)

Tropical desert climate (perennially affected by the subtropical high or the trade winds from the land, high temperature and little rain all year round)

Tropical monsoon climate (in South Asia, northeasterly winds prevail in winter, which is the dry season , the southwest monsoon blows in summer, and June to September is the rainy season)

Tropical grassland climate (when the equatorial low pressure moves in, it is the wet season, when the trade wind moves in, it is the dry season, agricultural activities are sowing in the rainy season, and in the dry season Harvest)

②Subtropical climate type: The coldest monthly average temperature in winter is above 0 degrees. There are only two climate types in the world:

Mediterranean climate: Except for Antarctica, all other continents have Distributed on the west coast of the continent at latitudes 30o to 40o north and south, between the westerly belt and the subtropical high, with mild and rainy winters and hot and dry summers

Subtropical monsoon climate: winter - northerly wind - low temperature Little rain, summer - summer monsoon - high temperature and rainy weather.

③ Temperate climate type: Except for oceanic climate, the average temperature of the coldest month in winter is below 0℃.

Temperate maritime climate: distributed on the west coast of the continent between 40o and 60o north and south latitude (the high latitude side of the Mediterranean climate), controlled by westerly winds all year round, and mild and rainy all year round

Temperate monsoon climate: distribution On the east coast of the continent at 35o--55o north latitude (the high latitude side of the subtropical monsoon), affected by the winter monsoon, it is cold and dry, and affected by the summer monsoon, it is hot and rainy.

Temperate continental climate: controlled by continental air masses throughout the year, with large diurnal and annual variations, and scarce precipitation, mainly in summer.

26. The different characteristics of continental and oceanic climates (taking the Northern Hemisphere as an example for analysis):

Continental climate has large daily and annual temperature ranges, and the highest monthly temperature In July, the lowest temperature is in January. Annual precipitation is low.

The oceanic climate has daily range and small annual range. The hottest month is August and the coldest month is February. The annual precipitation is relatively high.

27. Major meteorological disasters: refer to disasters directly caused by heavy rains, floods, droughts, typhoons, cold waves, strong winds and dust, heavy (dense) fog, high and low temperatures and other factors.

Typhoon drought, flood and cold wave

Occurrence time: spring, summer, late autumn, winter, early spring

Occurrence area: tropical ocean or subtropical ocean: Mongolia, Siberia

Affected areas include the eastern coastal areas of my country, except for some desert areas in the west, and the vast areas across the country except Qinghai-Tibet, Yunnan-Guizhou, and Hainan

Weather changes include strong winds, extremely heavy rains, and storm surge rainstorms. , Heavy rainstorm or extremely heavy rain, strong wind, rain, snow, freezing rain

28. Main atmospheric environmental problems: global warming (greenhouse effect CO2), ozone layer destruction (chlorofluorocarbons consume O3), acid rain (SO2, NO2 )

29. Greenhouse effect

① Burning fossil fuels in large quantities - increasing CO2 in the atmosphere - increasing atmospheric reverse radiation

② Indiscriminate deforestation - —Weakened photosynthesis—relative increase in CO2—increased atmospheric reverse radiation

③Intensified atmospheric reverse radiation—greenhouse effect—increased temperature—changes in the distribution of global heat zones—adjustments to the economic structure (The adjustment of the agricultural economic structure has damaged mid-latitudes and benefited from high latitudes, shrinking the area suitable for planting production and reducing food production.)

④ Polar icebergs melt, sea levels rise in coastal areas, and groundwater quality in coastal areas Go bad.

30. Environmental benefits of greening:

① Maintain the balance of O2 and CO2 in the atmosphere through photosynthesis and purify the air;

② Greening plants and protective forests can Regulate climate, conserve water sources, maintain water and soil, prevent wind and fix sand

③The functions of urban green spaces are to remove dust, filter air, reduce pollution, reduce noise, and beautify the environment

Unit 4 Water Environment

1. Water cycle: ①According to its occurrence areas, it is divided into large inter-sea cycle, inland cycle and internal sea cycle.

②The main links of the water cycle are: evaporation, water vapor transport, precipitation, and runoff.

③ Its important significance lies in: continuously replenishing and renewing freshwater resources, regenerating water resources, and maintaining the dynamic balance of global water.

2. Interrelationships between terrestrial water bodies:

① The changes in runoff of rivers mainly fed by rainwater are consistent with changes in rainfall: a. Rivers dominated by Mediterranean climate, The flow is largest in winter; b. Monsoon climate is the main river, and the flow is largest in summer; c. The flow of rivers in temperate maritime and tropical rain forest climates has small changes throughout the year;

② The relationship between runoff changes and temperature in rivers mainly supplied by ice and snow Close: Rivers mainly fed by glacier meltwater have the largest flow in summer.

③River water and groundwater can replenish each other, and lakes play a role in regulating and storing river runoff.

3. Differences in river supply in my country: ① The rivers in eastern my country are mainly supplied by precipitation (summer flood type, and there is snow melt water in the northeast in spring)

② The rivers in northwest my country are mainly supplied by precipitation. Mainly supplied by melting water from ice and snow (summer flood season, dry flow in winter)

4. Interpretation of seawater isotherms: ① Determine the northern and southern hemispheres (the farther north, the colder the northern hemisphere)

② Ocean currents The flow direction is consistent with the convex direction of the seawater isotherm: high temperature flows to low temperature, which is a warm current, and vice versa is a cold current.

5. Factors affecting seawater temperature - solar radiation (income), evaporation (expenditure), ocean currents

6. The formation of ocean currents: directional winds (wind belts on the earth) are The most basic driving force for the formation of ocean currents, wind currents are the most basic type of ocean currents.

7. Distribution of ocean currents (draw a picture of the ocean current distribution pattern on the right):

① Mid- and low-latitude ocean currents are clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.

② Counterclockwise ocean currents at mid-to-high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere

③Westerly drifts form in the 40-60 degree sea area of ​​the Southern Hemisphere

④Monsoon currents form in the North Indian Ocean, counterclockwise in winter , clockwise in summer.

8. The impact of ocean currents on the geographical environment: ① Impact on climate (warm current - increasing temperature and humidity, cold current - reducing temperature and humidity)

② Impact on marine life - fishing grounds ③ Impact Navigation ④ affects marine pollution

9. The world's major fishing grounds: Hokkaido, North Sea, Newfoundland fishing grounds---the intersection of cold and warm currents; Peruvian fishing grounds--upwelling

10. Marine fisheries are concentrated The reasons for being on the continental shelf: ① The sunlight is concentrated here and the biological photosynthesis is strong;

② The rivers entering the sea bring rich nutrient salts, plankton are prosperous, and fish bait is abundant.

11. Marine disasters refer to natural disasters originating from the ocean: tsunamis and storm surges.

12. Marine environmental problems refer to the damage to marine ecology caused by human activities: marine pollution, sea level rise, red tide

Unit 5 Terrestrial Environment

1 , The Earth’s inner spheres: crust (surface to Moho interface), mantle (Moho surface-Gutenberg surface), core (below Gutenberg surface)

2. The scope of the lithosphere includes The top of the earth's crust and upper mantle (above the asthenosphere)

3. Petrogenic classification: igneous rocks (extrusive rocks and intrusive rocks), sedimentary rocks (stratified structures, with fossils), and metamorphic rocks.

4. Cycle of crustal material: magma cooling and solidification → magmatic rock - external force → sedimentary rock - metamorphism → metamorphic rock - melting → magma

5. Geological processes: ① Internal force (crust Movement, magmatic activity, earthquakes, metamorphism)

②External force (weathering, erosion, transportation, sedimentation, consolidation diagenesis)

6. Types of geological structures: folds (back Oblique, syncline), faults (rising rock blocks - horsts, sinking rock blocks - grabens)

7. The reasons for the formation of anticlinal valleys and syncline mountains: external erosion (before the action of external erosion) Anticlines form mountains and synclines form valleys)

The tops of anticlines are subject to tension and are easily eroded into valleys; the syncline troughs are squeezed and the lithology is hard and difficult to be eroded but instead become mountains.

8. Terrestrial horsts - Mount Lushan and Mount Tai; grabens - the Great Rift Valley, river plains and Fen Valley.

9. The impact of geological structures on human production activities: anticlines (oil storage), synclines (water storage), and large-scale project sites should avoid faults

10. External forces and common landforms:

①Flowing water erosion - valleys, canyons, waterfalls, the surface of the Loess Plateau with thousands of ravines, caves (karst landforms)

Curved river courses - -Concave bank erosion, convex bank sedimentation (ports should be built on concave banks)

②Flowing water sedimentation - foothill alluvial fans, estuary deltas, alluvial plains in the middle and lower reaches of rivers

③Wind erosion ——Wind-eroded ravines, wind-eroded depressions, mushroom rocks, wind-eroded pillars, wind-eroded castles, etc.

④Wind deposition—sand dunes, sand ridges, loess piles on the edge of deserts, and loess plateaus;

11. Integrity of the terrestrial environment: The interconnection, mutual restriction and mutual penetration of various elements of the terrestrial environment (atmosphere, water, rocks, organisms, soil, landforms) constitute the integrity of the terrestrial environment. For example, all environmental factors in northwest my country show drought characteristics.

12. Regional differences in the terrestrial environment include: ① Regional differentiation (heat) from the equator to the poles --- Latitude zonality

② From the coast to the inland Regional differentiation (moisture) --- longitude zonality

③ Vertical regional differentiation (moisture and heat) of mountains --- vertical zonality

13. Factors that affect the vertical band spectrum of mountains: ① the latitude of the mountain; ② the altitude of the mountain; ③ sunny slopes and shady slopes; ④ windward and leeward slopes.

14. Factors that affect the height of the snow line (the snow line refers to the altitude of the lower limit of the existence of ice and snow)

There are two main influencing factors: one is the altitude of the 0℃ isotherm (sun) Slope, shady slope); the second is the amount of precipitation (windward, leeward slope)

15. Non-zonal factors: sea and land distribution, topographic relief, ocean current influence, etc. For example, the oases in northwest my country.

16. Major geological disasters: earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and mudslides.

①The two major seismic zones are: the Pacific Rim zone and the Mediterranean-Himalayan zone. The reason why there are many earthquakes in our country is that our country is located in two major earthquake zones.

② Defense against geological disasters: Improve the seismic strength of buildings; implement slope protection projects to prevent landslides and collapses; protect vegetation and improve the ecological environment;

Unit 6 Seasonal Knowledge Special Topic

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The key to learning good seasonal knowledge: ①The seasons in the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere are opposite, that is, the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere are in different seasons at the same time.

②The position and direction of movement of the sun’s direct point; the positional relationship between the twilight line and the longitude and day and night; the changes in the length of day and night;

③Four important solar terms in the Northern Hemisphere: March 21 The vernal equinox is on June 22, the summer solstice is on June 22, the autumnal equinox is on September 23, and the winter solstice is on December 22. Hope you will adopt it.