Methods and skills suitable for planting in wasteland
The method of planting wasteland. Land selection? Choose sandy loam or loam field with high and dry terrain, good drainage and deep and soft soil layer, and require the upper and lower soil layers to be consistent. There is a thin cohesive soil layer on the lower layer, which can also be planted when digging ditches. The soil should be slightly acidic to neutral.
Second, ditching and soil preparation? For long-rooted varieties, according to the row spacing of 1m, dig a deep ditch with a width of 28-30cm and a depth of 140cm in the field. When digging, the upper and lower layers of soil are piled on both sides of the ditch, and 20 cm of sand at the bottom of the ditch is dug out and crushed on the spot. After airing for a few days, the bottom soil shall be leveled and compacted first, and then the bottom soil and the top soil shall be filled separately. Leveling and compacting every 20cm 1 pass, and removing all sundries. In order to facilitate ditching, it is generally to excavate alternately first, and then excavate the remaining half ditch after half ditch is filled.
Third, seed block treatment? Before planting, choose the roots without disease blocks that meet the characteristics of the planted varieties as seeds, and soak one end of the roots in sterilized lime powder to sterilize and accelerate germination.
Tiantuan management
1, brackets lead vines. As soon as the yam emerges, it is necessary to set up scaffolding in time to guide the vines to grow upwards. Generally, thin bamboo poles or branches are used to insert the herringbone frame, and the height of the frame is 2-2.5m. If limited by materials, it should be at least as high as1.5m.. Brackets should be firmly inserted to prevent being blown down by typhoon.
2, intertillage filling. In the early growth stage, intertillage weeding in Qin Ying is generally carried out 1 time every half month until the stems and vines grow on the first half frame, and then weeds are pulled out. It is necessary to dig out part of the soil between the rows outside the frame and fill it in the rows inside the frame, so that high ridges are formed inside the frame, and furrows with a depth of 20 cm and a width of 30 cm are formed between the rows outside the frame, which is convenient for drainage in rainy season.
3. Top dressing. When the stems and vines are in the first half of the frame, topdressing for l times, and applying urea 10- 15 kg according to the plant growth. Only when there are fewer strong seedlings and more weak seedlings can the balanced development of the whole field be realized. In the future, when the stems and vines are full, if there is a phenomenon of yellow thinning, 1 time can be applied again.
4. Irrigation and drainage. Yam is a drought-tolerant crop, but it should be watered properly if it is to produce high yield. Generally, before and after 1 topdressing, if the soil turns white after a long drought, it should be lightly watered 1-2 times until the soil surface is wet. At the turn of summer and autumn, if the dry and hot weather lasts for more than 1 week, cold water should be poured in the morning to fight drought. Yam is more afraid of waterlogging, so it is necessary to clear the ditch and drain in time in rainy season to ensure that there is no water in the field.
Planting Skills of Rehmannia glutinosa (1) Rehmannia glutinosa is a plant of Scrophulariaceae, which is used as medicine by tuber. Fresh rehmannia: clearing away heat and promoting fluid production, cooling blood; Rehmannia glutinosa: clearing away heat and promoting fluid production, moistening intestines, breaking blood stasis and promoting tissue regeneration, relieving pain and regulating menstruation, removing blood stasis, cooling blood and stopping bleeding; Rehmannia glutinosa: nourishing yin and tonifying kidney, regulating menstruation and enriching blood, headache due to blood deficiency and pain in liver area. Originated in wen county, Mengxian, Wuzhi, Aibo, Qinyang and other counties, it has been introduced and cultivated in all provinces and regions of China.
(II) Plant Features Perennial herbs are 25-40 cm tall, covered with gray villi and glandular hairs, with stout roots, thick and tender stems, 2.5-5.5 cm in diameter, orange-yellow surface with crescent-shaped nodes and bud marks, clustered stems and leaves, inverted oval or rectangular, 3- 10 cm long. From April to May, the flower buds are pulled out from the leaves, leaving only a few smaller sessile leaves, and there are sparse racemes at the top of the flower plug. Flowers homomorphic, 5-lobed; Corolla purple, with yellow-purple stripes, about 4 cm long. Corolla tube slightly curved, 5-lobed at the top, showing two lips. Stamens 4, 2 strong, inserted near the base of corolla tube, ovary superior, 2-loculed, style single stigma enlarged, capsule ovoid or top with persistent style, base with persistent calyx.
(3) Where there are growth characteristics, the requirements for climate conditions are not high, but mild climate is required. There is plenty of sunshine. Well-drained, deep, fertile and loose loam and sand. Shade doesn't grow well on sand. Low-lying or saline-alkali land should be rotated to avoid continuous cropping.
(4) Cultivation techniques
1. The selected land is susceptible to diseases, and the requirements for previous crops are very strict. Continuous cropping of Leguminosae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Cruciferae is prohibited. Gramineae is the best of the previous crops. Choose enough light. Gramineae, vegetables, sweet potatoes and other crops with good drainage, fertility and looseness are better. After harvesting the previous crop and before freezing, dig the land deeply about 30 cm. Before planting in the spring of the following year, apply base fertilizer (farmyard manure) of 60,000 kg/ha and plough once. The furrow should be flat and carefully cultivated, with a width of about 150cm. The length depends on the number of seeds and the terrain. In rainy areas, furrows should be raised to a height of about 20 cm, or ridged with a width of 45 cm.
2. Reproductive methods There are two reproductive methods: sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Rhizome propagation is widely used in large-scale production, and seed propagation is mostly used for breeding.
In cold regions, Rehmannia glutinosa should be harvested in autumn and stored in the cellar. If the next spring is even in thickness, with thick fingers and no pests and diseases, the middle part should be broken into 6-8 cm segments, each segment should have 2-3 bud holes, and then it can be planted by plant ash adhesive fracture. In warmer places, when the local yellow is harvested, the selected ones are left in the field for planting in the next year. Rehmannia glutinosa planted in spring is dug out at the end of July, planted with new plots, cut into small pieces with the length of 1cm, and planted at the spacing of1.2cm * 25cm.. Pay attention to irrigation, drainage, fertilization, weeding, field management and other growth and cultivation after planting, and create a planting in the spring of the second winter. It is better to use it to dig and plant. This method is better. Rehmannia glutinosa has strong vitality, high yield and good quality, which can prevent variety degradation.
Planting method: Early maturing or spring rehmannia glutinosa is planted in the north from early April to late April, and late rehmannia glutinosa or wheat is planted in the rehmannia glutinosa from late May to early June after wheat harvest in the north. It has been planted in the south since the vernal equinox. On the prepared border surface, ditches with a depth of about 7 cm and a width of 10 ~ 13 cm are opened at a row spacing of 45 cm, and the roots are staggered by 25 ~ 30 cm, and the border surface is covered with soil. If planted in early spring, the outer ditch 13 cm deep. Plant 450-600 kilograms of seeds per hectare.
3. The seedling stage of intercropping land is long, and some short and early-maturing crops should be intercropped on the ridge, so the intercropping density is low. Broad beans, adzuki beans, green beans, early-maturing corn and other plants with few branches.
4. After the cultivated land in the field emerges, plough and weed on the closed ridge for three times. Be especially careful not to hurt the seedlings for the first time, and the depth should not exceed 3 cm. Combined with intertillage weeding, topdressing is applied twice, mainly farmyard manure, each time about1.5000 kg/ha. When the height of the first seedling is 6-65,438+00 cm, the height of the second seedling will be 65,433.
Drainage and irrigation: the raw land is afraid of both drought and waterlogging. When planting in spring, water it in case of drought. Water more for the first time after planting, and then always keep the soil water content at 30%. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season to prevent root disorder.
5. Pest control
(1) Leaf blight is a fungal infection, which infects the leaves of Rehmannia glutinosa, and there are round irregular yellow-brown spots and small black spots on the leaves.
Prevention and treatment: at the initial stage of the disease, spray 1: 150 bordeaux solution every 13 days for 3 ~ 4 times continuously. Or use 60% zineb 500 ~ 600 times solution 13 once a day for 3 ~ 4 times continuously. Burn the diseased leaves and drain them properly.
(2) Fusarium oxysporum infection. At the early stage of the disease, the petiole was soaked in brown spots, infected by mesenchymal leaves, the petiole rotted, and the overground part withered and drooped. There is a drainage ditch, and it will not get sick every four years. Irrigation with 50% bacitracin 1000 ~ 1500 times or 50% carbendazim 1000 times at the initial stage of the disease. 7 ~ 10 day 1 time, 2 ~ 3 times in a row.
(3) Macular disease is caused by the infection of aphids and cicadas, which makes the leaves turn into yellow-white near-circular spots, and the veins are raised, uneven and shriveled.
Control method: 80% enemy-enemy ratio 1500 ~ 2000 times to kill aphids.
(4) In May, the adults and nymphs of red spider sucked juice on the back of leaves, and the damaged leaves were yellow and white spots until the leaves were brown and dry.
Control method: use dimethoate emulsion 0.5 kg and water 1000 kg to control and remove litter.
6. It is very important to choose excellent varieties that are asexual and easy to degenerate, so it is very important to cultivate seeds. From July to August, among the Rehmannia glutinosa planted in the spring of that year, excellent varieties of plants with strong growth and no pests and diseases were selected as seeds, and the roots were dug out and folded into small pieces of 3.3-6 cm. Dye the slices with plant ash and dry them in the shade. Plant a seedling in a deeply-turned bed with sufficient decomposed compost, with the row spacing of 30cm * 5cm, covering soil of about 1.5cm, and watering. Strengthen field management, weed control and drainage. When it is dug out and planted in the next spring, it will be planted with the digging, with high yield and good quality, which can prevent the variety from degradation.
In cold areas, it is impossible to survive the winter by planting in the fields. When harvesting Rehmannia glutinosa in autumn, choose medium-sized tubers without diseases, pests and wounds, put them in a cool place to dry slightly, put them into a dug pit more than 3 meters deep, spread a layer of sand at the bottom of the pit, plant 5 cm thick soil, and cover them with a layer of fine soil without exposing Rehmannia glutinosa. Later, as the temperature dropped, the soil layer became thicker, with the maximum thickness exceeding 30 cm. In spring, with the temperature rising, gradually evacuate the winter shed, or turn over once to remove the rotten tubers, then put them in the fire pit and cover them with a thin layer of soil until planting.
(5) Harvesting and processing cold dew, harvesting in early winter, ditching at one end of the border, ditching in turn, removing stems, leaves, fibrous roots, removing soil, washing-free, grading, placing on the kang and stewing for 3 days. After most people sweat, they can increase the fire. Turn it once a day before 1 ~ 3 days, and then turn it 2 ~ 3 times a day until the rehmannia root becomes soft, there is no hard core inside, the color turns black, and the skin becomes hard, so it is taken out.
Key points of raw land planting 1. Growing habit
Rehmannia has strong adaptability and mostly grows in sandy land, barren slopes and ridges with good drainage. Like sunshine, it is suitable for planting in loose and fertile soil. If the soil is too sticky and hard, it will lead to the development of its tuberous roots and reduce the yield. Water in the soil makes the roots rot easily.
Second, the cultivation techniques
1. Land selection and soil preparation: select a plot with loose soil and deep soil layer, which is suitable for the growth and development of raw land. Avoid continuous cropping, the rotation cycle is 3-4 years, and avoid planting adjacent to melon fields and sorghum. It is best to plant vegetables, cotton, millet and sweet potatoes in the previous crop. After the previous crop is harvested, 5000 kilograms of manure can be applied as base fertilizer per mu.
Second, the selection of seedlings should choose the spring sowing place without pests and diseases, vigorous growth and concentrated results. Dig out the spring seeds, fold them into 5 cm long pieces and air them for 2 hours. After the wound is healed, plant with 7-8 cm row spacing, cover with 7 cm soil, and use 80- 100 kg seeds per mu.
Third, planting began around March 20 (around the vernal equinox). The seedbed is1.2m wide and1.2cm deep. Spread wet sand on the bottom of the seedbed and level it. Erect the rhizome of Rehmannia glutinosa, cover it with sand fertilizer for 2-3 cm, and cover it with plastic film. After 25 days, the ground seedlings can be unearthed. Around April 20, the local temperature is stable above 16℃. When the seedlings grow 4-5 leaves, they can be transplanted into the field. According to the row spacing of 40 cm and the plant spacing of 30 cm, 3500-4000 plants can be planted per mu.
Four field management
1. More phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied to fertile land, and sufficient base fertilizer is very important for high yield of land. Water the seedlings after they come out, and apply human excrement and urine 1500-2000 kg per mu. In the middle growth period (July), topdressing phosphate fertilizer 7-1000 kg or plant ash1000 kg per mu.
2. During the watering growth period, Qin Ying waters to keep the ground moist; Fear of water accumulation in the late growth stage is likely to cause root rot. Watering is based on the principle of no drought, no watering on cloudy days and no watering at noon.
3. In the early stage of weeding and loosening soil, the small roots of seedlings are shallow, so it is advisable to hoe weeds shallowly for 2-3 times. You can pull the grass by hand in the future to avoid hurting the roots.
4, thinning, bud picking When the seedlings grow to 10- 12 cm, it is necessary to carry out thinning in time, leave a strong seedling in each hole, and cut off the excess seedlings with scissors. Except for seed buds, other buds should be removed in time to reduce nutrient consumption and promote root growth.
5. If yellow spots appear on the leaves in order to prevent diseases, it is a precursor of leaf blight, and Ku Ling should be sprayed in time for control. Generally, spraying twice will have a good control effect. Plants with serious diseases should be removed in time.
Third, harvesting and processing.
After the spring seeds are buried in the soil, they can be excavated when the ground stems and leaves are yellow and spotted around 1 1 month that year. First, remove the fibrous roots of fresh rehmannia glutinosa, classify them according to size, and then air-dry them until the color gradually turns black, which is rehmannia glutinosa.
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