Basic qualities of debaters participating in the debate.
According to my understanding of debates and debates over the years, the basic qualities that a debater should cultivate include five aspects: expression, communication, cooperation, adaptation and analysis. At the same time, according to their own tasks in the team and their own characteristics, targeted exercise. As for the relationship between defensive position and these abilities, it will be discussed in other articles later. The following lists the influence of each ability on debaters, and how to evaluate this ability semi-quantitatively. Ranking has nothing to do with the importance of this ability.
1, expression ability
Debate is an activity to convey ideas by language, so good expressive ability is undoubtedly necessary for a debater. Of course, here mainly refers to the ability of language expression. Judging a debater's expressive ability mainly depends on whether he expresses his thoughts in words and whether he can express them clearly and clearly. The ability of expression can be said to be the basis of debater's debate, because no matter how good an argument is, it can only reflect its value from the debater's mouth, and if it is properly expressed, some very simple opinions can also be greatly appreciated. Therefore, as debaters, everyone should put the training of language expression ability in the first place, and combine their own personality and expression characteristics to hone.
Qualified (3 points /5 points): fluent in impromptu discussion 1 minute, fluent in reading a 3-minute manuscript, and able to briefly describe life events in words;
Good (4 points /5 points): be fluent and clear in impromptu discussion for 2 minutes, control the pause when reading the manuscript and have a certain sense of rhythm, highlight the key points clearly, and describe the events in life vividly and concisely;
Excellent (5 points /5 points): Be able to speak fluently and clearly for 3-4 minutes, be good at using the rhythm and pause of language in the process, make the key points prominent and clear-headed, and preferably express your emotions and true feelings through words. When reading the manuscript, you should be able to reach the same level and describe the events in your life vividly and concisely.
2. Communication skills
As an interactive activity among debaters, judges and audience, debating competition requires debaters to have certain communication skills. Communication is different from expression, because expression only requires you to make it clear, while communication requires you to make what you express acceptable to the audience, that is to say, to speak well. At the same time, communication also includes the ability to listen, that is, to understand the exact meaning and meaning of what others say. Communication is not a one-way indoctrination, but a two-way discussion, and this is the source of the so-called "confrontation" in the debate process-in the final analysis, confrontation is also a way of communication. Without communication, it becomes self-talk, and such debates are often boring. Of course, communication depends not only on language tools, but also on expressions, gestures and body movements, which is what we usually call politeness, and the latter is often the biggest reason why an excellent debater has excellent communication skills.
Qualified (3 points /5 points): when discussing with others, the way of expressing opinions is not annoying, and people can stop speaking in time to express their opinions, and they can face different opinions with an appropriate attitude without excessive emotional reaction;
Good (4 points /5 points): When discussing with others, you should express yourself appropriately, use reasonable words, behave appropriately, and have certain body language, so that people are willing to listen, better listen to and understand other people's views, and make others willing to continue discussing with them. When facing different opinions, you can listen generously and respond politely;
Excellent (5 points /5 points): When discussing problems with others, the expression and wording are properly chosen, and the behavior is generous and appropriate, which is consistent with one's own personality and makes people willing to further think and understand their own views. In addition to understanding the literal meaning expressed by others, they should also be able to understand the hidden information such as hints and emotions to a certain extent, and be able to properly handle people who put forward different opinions and guide them to further explore, giving people a feeling of friendliness, reason and courtesy.
3. Collaboration ability
Any group activity requires participants to have certain cooperation ability, and the debate is no exception. Whether building a system or playing a game, it is impossible and should not be done by one person alone. Debate is not a matter of one person or four people, but a systematic project of a team. There are indeed differences in division of labor among members, but only when the debaters of various positions work together can a truly wonderful game be presented. As an off-court player, whether he can always be prepared and actively help the team without playing, and whether he can cooperate with his teammates to carry out tactical intentions as an on-court player are all important aspects to measure the quality of a debater.
Qualified (3 points /5 points): Being able to accept not playing the game due to personal ability or tactical needs, not being feverish after playing the game, being able to implement the tactical ideas arranged off the court, and being able to communicate and coordinate with teammates in time on the field;
Good (4 points /5 points): When you don't play because of your ability or tactical needs, you still keep a good positive attitude, basically ensure the attendance rate of training and discussion, pay attention to your teammates' speech intentions after playing and follow them up in time, have strong tactical execution ability and timely and effective communication on the field;
Excellent (5 points /5 points): On a good basis, I can understand my teammates' speech intentions well, and give them appropriate pursuit or supplement in combination with my own arguments and tactical arrangements, so as to effectively mobilize the teammates on the field to basically unify the team's speech intentions.
4. Adaptability
Debaters may encounter unexpected situations at any time in the competition. How to react at this time to control or reverse the situation depends on their adaptability. In addition, because an argument system contains multiple arguments and angles, how to adjust the tactical center of gravity in the game according to the situation at that time-that is, the "overall situation" is also a strain category, but it belongs to macro strain. An excellent debater depends on his extraordinary ability to cope with the crisis and grasp the whole game. In a sense, this is the most difficult quality for debaters to cultivate, and there are many factors of personality and talent.
Qualified (3 points /5 points): the total time of impromptu debate is 30 seconds, and there is no speech that obviously deviates from the topic of debate. During the game, you can know your opponent's main arguments and attack direction, and you can adjust your tactics with your teammates.
Good (4 points /5 points): the total time of impromptu debate is 1 minute, and there is no speech that is obviously divorced from the debate. During the competition, you can accurately understand the opponent's main arguments and attack directions, and you can actively adjust the tactics and the key points of argument refutation;
Excellent (5 points /5 points): the impromptu debate lasts for 2 minutes, and the speech can fully support your own views and make some effective attacks on the other side's views. In the course of the competition, we can accurately grasp the argumentation direction of both sides and sort out clear logical lines from it, and can lead teammates to adjust tactics and change the focus of argumentation and rebuttal.
5. Analytical ability
Debate is not lip service, otherwise it is easy to get caught up in listing facts or facts without depth, so debaters should have enough analytical and thinking skills. This ability is mainly reflected in the clarity, logicality and orderliness in analyzing the debate, that is, whether the two sides of a debate can think clearly about various premises, logical forms and possible contradictions and paradoxes. Different from contingency, there is no strict time limit for analysis, allowing debaters to think and demonstrate repeatedly and fully. Good analytical ability is not only the basis of argument, but also the basis of strain and the source of expression object. A debater who has only executive ability but lacks independent and in-depth analysis of the debate is often difficult to really attract the audience and say something worth remembering.
Qualified (3 points /5 points): able to put forward two or three non-contradictory views on one side of the debate and prove them, and the argumentation process can be understood without logical loopholes;
Good (4 points /5 points): able to put forward a set of systematic views on one side of the debate and prove it, the premise adopted is easy to be recognized, and the logic is clear and without loopholes;
Excellent (5 points /5 points): able to put forward a set of systematic viewpoints on one side of the debate and prove them, and be able to make a comprehensive and clear comprehensive dialectical analysis of the whole debate in combination with the other side's position. The premise adopted is basically recognized by the general public or easily recognized by most people, and the logic is clear and coherent. Debate rules 1. Determine the topic of debate (authentication analysis must be controversial and the pros and cons must be clear)
2. Determine the grading standards according to the students' culture and thinking level, and ask the judges to clarify the grading standards (if students need training).
At the same time, select the event host.
3. Clarify the debate session: First debate, second debate, third debate and fourth debate take turns to speak.
According to the actual situation, appoint a time (1) to demonstrate, 2 minutes, 2 minutes, 2 minutes, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 4 minutes, concluding remarks, 3 minutes, alternate speeches, and you can't continue to speak after running out of your own time).
4. Organize the debate group to draw lots-prepare for the debate-start the debate-judge's comments
Remarks: This work must be strongly supported by teachers in China.
Yue Ming 19:2 1:06
I don't know what to talk to you about.
Debate program (introduction)
1, the debate begins
2. declare the debate open
3. Introduce the teams and their positions.
Step 4 introduce team members
5. Introduce the rule judges and reviewers.
6. Debate contest
7. Rule judges and examiners withdraw from comments.
8. The audience can ask questions freely.
9. Rule the referee to speak and comment on the guest's speech.
10, announce the result of the game.
1 1, the debate is over.
Detailed rules of the debate competition
1, time prompt
In the free debate stage, when each party has 30 seconds left, the timekeeper will use a short bell to remind them; Time's up. End the speech with a bell. In the summary stage of attack and defense, when each side has 10 seconds left, the timekeeper will remind you with a short bell, and when the time is up, he will end his speech with a bell. At other stages, when each player has 30 seconds left, the timekeeper will remind him with a short bell, and when the time is up, he will stop speaking with the bell. When the bell rings, the speaker must stop talking, otherwise it will be dealt with in violation of regulations.
2. Introduction meeting; exhibition
Advocate impromptu statements and quote classics appropriately.
3. Opening remarks
Because most of the debates in this contest are full of life colors, there is no need to dwell too much on the theoretical level in the opening debate. Argumentation requires clear logic and conciseness.
4. Attacks and debates
(1) The debate on offense and defense begins with two debates, and the pros and cons alternate.
(2) The pros and cons participate in the debate. A summary of the debate between the pros and cons. Two or three arguments must be used as an attacker once; The defense is arbitrarily designated by the attacker, and the number of times is not limited. Both the offensive and defensive sides must complete this round of attack and defense independently, and cannot be replaced in the middle.
(3) Both sides must answer each other's questions directly, and the questions and answers should be concise and clear. Repeated questions and evasive questions will be deducted. In each round of attack and defense, the roles of attack and defense shall not be exchanged, the defense shall not ask questions, and the attacker shall not answer questions.
(4) The pros and cons have completed the first round of attack and defense. When either side is seated, it is deemed that it has completed its own attack and defense, and the other player can play at will (make a statement or continue to ask questions) within a limited time.
(5) The stage of each round of defense is 1 minute and 30 seconds, and each question of the attacker shall not exceed 10 second, and more than three questions must be asked in each round. The defense cannot answer for more than 20 seconds at a time. Don't talk with the bell when the time is up. If both sides have not finished asking or answering questions, no points will be deducted.
(6) After four rounds of attack and defense, the team will summarize the attack and defense by the positive side and then by the opposing side, with a time limit of 1 minute and 30 seconds. Both sides should summarize the situation and content involved in the offensive and defensive stage, and it is strictly forbidden to recite the manuscript from the actual situation of the game.
5. Free debate
At this stage, the pros and cons automatically take turns to speak. The speaker's seat marks the beginning of the other speaker's speech at the end of the speech, and the other debater must speak immediately after it; If there is a gap, the accumulation will proceed as usual. There is no limit to the order in which the same debater speaks. If one party runs out of time, the other party can continue to speak or signal the chairman to give up speaking. Free debate advocates active confrontation, and the party who avoids confrontation more than twice on important issues will be deducted, and the questions that the other party has clearly answered will be deducted appropriately.
Step 6 ask questions from the audience
The performance of the pros and cons in the audience questioning stage is included in the competition results. The questions raised by the audience can only be answered after more than two judges have judged them valid. The pros and cons each answer questions raised by two spectators, and both sides answer any debater except the four debates. The answer time of a question is 1 minute. If one debater's answer time is not full, other debaters can supplement it.
7. Closing arguments
Both sides of the debate should make a summary statement on the overall situation of the debate; Be divorced from reality, recite the manuscript prepared in advance, and deduct points appropriately.