Genghis Khan died in the Yuan Dynasty.
Jenghiz Khan
On July 12, the Year of the Pig in Li Meng, that is, on August 25th, A.D. 1227, Genghis Khan, a generation of tianjiao, conquered the country for forty years and died in Xijiang, Qingshui County, eastern Gansu Province at the age of 66. The death of Genghis Khan had a far-reaching impact on the unified Mongolian grassland and Mongolian empires in previous dynasties, on the countries around Xixia, Jin and Song at that time, and on the descendants of his golden family.
Liuxia Xixia
Xixia was a political power established by the Tangut. After Liao, Northern Song, Southern Song and Jin Dynasties, it did not perish, but stubbornly expanded its territory and turned the vast land south of Hetao and west of the Yellow River into its own administrative area. Influenced by China culture, Xixia not only developed agriculture and animal husbandry, but also made outstanding achievements in culture. It once created its own characters-Xixia characters. After nearly 200 years' development, Xixia has a very strong national strength, especially in Hetao area, which borders on the south of the Yangtze River and is rich in products. Xixia's wealth made her the target of Mongolian cavalry led by Genghis Khan. In just 22 years, it was attacked six times, and eventually the country was destroyed and became a historical story.
In A.D. 1205, Genghis Khan pacified Naiman tribe and attacked Xixia on the grounds of hunting Sang Kun, the son of Wang Han, and surrounded Liji Temple (now Zhongwei County) on the Xixia border, begging for the neighboring ancient castle. At that time, the siege level of the Mongolian army was not high. It took the Mongolian army two months to capture these two cities and returned in anger.
1in the autumn of 2007 (the year of the rabbit in Li Meng), Genghis Khan led an army invasion for the second time on the grounds that the conquered area in the western summer refused to pay tribute, and the Mongolian army went straight to Woluohai City near Fengzhou (now south of Baotou, Inner Mongolia). "Woluohai" means "the passage in the Great Wall" in Xixia language. It is a military center in the northern defense line of Xixia, with many defenders and strong city defense. It took the Mongolian army more than 40 days and paid a huge price to conquer the city. Genghis Khan was very angry at his refusal to surrender, and was very sad at his heavy losses, and ordered a bloodbath of the city. After that, the Mongols stayed here for more than five months and retreated for lack of food.
Two years later, 1209, Genghis Khan attacked Xixia for the third time. The Mongolian army has made full preparations for this progress, and its experience in siege warfare has been greatly improved. So it went well, and it soon conquered Wolong Haicheng, and defeated the Xixia army in the dangerous customs of Helan Mountain, captured the commander-in-chief of the Xixia army, and went straight to Zhongxing House (now Yinchuan, Ningxia), the capital of Xixia. In July, Genghis Khan attacked Zhongxing Mansion for a long time and ordered the Yellow River levee to fill the city. As a result, the surging water of the Yellow River did not pour into Zhongxing House, but washed away the dikes of the Mongolian army outside the city, and Genghis Khan had to order a retreat. However, Li Anquan, the king of Xixia, was forced by Mongols to climb the wall, met Genghis Khan across the water, and promised to surrender as a woman.
After Xixia surrendered, it was unbearable for Mongolia's constant conscription requirements and gradually alienated Mongolia. Sometimes he even disobeyed orders and did not send troops or less to deal with the Mongols, which caused Genghis Khan's dissatisfaction. 12 17, he ordered Muqali, a general, to divide his troops and attack Xixia, while cutting gold south. Once again, the Mongolian army met with stubborn resistance in Zhongxing House, and had to accept the resignation of Li Zunsuo, then king of Xixia (known as "Gul Khan" in Mongolian history books) and withdraw for the fourth time.
In A.D. 1223, Li Zunsuo was forced to give way to his second son, Li, who claimed to be the emperor's father. Li didn't want to be attached to Mongolia any more, so he rebelled again when Genghis Khan went west. At this time, Muqali was dead. After his son Bo Lao learned the news, he led an army to attack Xixia from North China. 1September, 224, Shrike attacked Yinzhou, wiped out tens of thousands of troops in Xixia and slaughtered the city again. Seeing that the resistance was weak, Li had to surrender again. But when the Mongolian army retreated, Xixia immediately changed its strategy, made peace with Jin, and met as a brotherly country, together with Mongolia. In this case, regardless of the fatigue of the Western Expedition, Genghis Khan decided to personally send troops to destroy Xixia.
Heishui Town was the military center of the northern Xixia Dynasty. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, the Heishui River diverted northward and was swallowed up by the desert, becoming an uninhabited dead city.
In A.D. 1226, Mongolian soldiers attacked Xixia in two ways. On the East Road, Genghis Khan personally led the army to conquer Heishui Town (now Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia), defeated the Xixia Army again in Helan Mountain, and captured its commander-in-chief, Ahe. On the road to the Western Expedition, the Expeditionary Force went to Europe, led by Commander Su Butai (another commander died on the way back to Li), and successively occupied Shazhou (now Dunhuang West, Gansu), Suzhou (now Jiuquan, Gansu) and Ganzhou (now Zhangye, Gansu). In June 5438 +065438+10, the Mongolian army defeated the Xixia army in Lingzhou (now southwest of Lingwu, Ningxia). In February+February, 65438, the Mongolian army surrounded Zhongxing House again, and Genghis Khan's two most capable sons, Wokuotai and Tuo Lei, personally led the troops to attack. In June of the following year, a major earthquake occurred in Zhongxing Prefecture, which seriously shook the resistance will of Xixia soldiers and civilians. King Xixia sent messengers to Genghis Khan stationed in Liupanshan to beg for surrender, and Xixia's national luck finally came to an end. But by this time Genghis Khan's life had come to an end.
Make a will.
Genghis Khan's personal expedition to Xixia was a passive expedition, and his physical resistance was extremely poor. He was seriously ill in Liupanshan. On his deathbed, he was still obsessed with expanding his territory. The remaining Jin kingdom is a thorn in Genghis Khan's side, so in Genghis Khan's will, except for the choice of heirs, the rest of the first part is about the strategy of destroying gold. According to the records in the Romance of the Yuan Dynasty, Genghis Khan instructed
Xu Jin's elite soldiers gathered in Tongguan in the west, with mountains in the south and rivers in the north. After that, when our army attacks, it will be defeated, but it may not be destroyed quickly. But the plan is to pretend that the feud between the Southern Song Dynasty, Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty will be willing to promise me. When I went to Tang and Deng, I went straight to the girder, and all the money was trapped. I decided to recruit Tongguan. At that time, it was useless, which made his soldiers come from afar and traveled thousands of miles to help, and their troops were exhausted. I'm no match for me. It's easy to destroy gold.
Later, Wokuotai destroyed the gold, basically following this general plan, leading the way from Tuo Lei to the Song Dynasty, jumping thousands of miles and hitting the hinterland of gold.
Regarding Xixia, Genghis Khan told him not to mourn for him after his death, so as not to let the enemy know that he was dead. When the Xixia monarch and his subjects surrendered from the city, they were wiped out in one fell swoop. How deep the heart is, how poisonous it is.
Mystery of Genghis Khan mausoleum
After Genghis Khan's death, his philosophers and generals were ordered by him to destroy Xixia and then escorted his coffin back to the north. The generals kept a secret and killed all the pedestrians on the road to avoid leaking news. Finally, Khan's coffin was buried in Bourhan Mountain. Genghis Khan was chased by beggars when he was young, and avoided the Bourhan Mountain, thus avoiding the disaster. Mount Bourhan is the birthplace of the Nanhe River and the Chellelian River. Genghis Khan once meditated for a long time under a big tree in the valley, saying that he would be buried under this big tree after his death. His son obeyed his will. There was no grave after burial, and Mongolian soldiers rode a large group of horses to level the land. Later, it was surrounded by dense forests, and so far the true location of Genghis Khan's mausoleum has not been found.
Mausoleum of Genghis Khan
For hundreds of years, Mongolians sacrificed eight White Houses where Genghis Khan lived as symbolic tombs. Eight hundred has been guarding the Ordos Division.
Migration, and finally 1649 settled in today's Yijinhuo Banner, Yike Zhaomeng, Inner Mongolia. "Yijinhuoluo" means "Imperial Mausoleum" in Mongolian. 1956, the mausoleum of Genghis Khan was built here. Its main body is a magnificent building composed of three yurt-style halls, with golden domes, pines and cypresses, majestic and solemn. Although only the saddles, bows and arrows used in front of Genghis Khan are collected here, it is the most important place for Mongolian people to sacrifice and remember Genghis Khan, so a grand sacrifice activity is held here every year.
The dispute between "the youngest son keeps the birth" and "Huliletai"-the dispute of Khan's status
The most important part of Genghis Khan's will is about the heir. The all-powerful Mongolian hero was most worried that his sons would kill each other for the position of Khan after his death, so he repeatedly told the philosopher the story of a snake and a multi-headed snake. However, despite this, the contradiction between philosophers has not been resolved, but has a growing trend.
Among the thinkers of Genghis Khan, Shu Chi, the eldest son, got along well with Tuo Lei, the fourth son, and Chahetai, the second son, and Wokuotai, the third son. Since then, the opposition between the two parties in the Mongolian court has become the main line of court struggle in the future.
On the Mongolian grassland, the custom of "keeping the youngest son alive" has been popular since ancient times. In a family, only the youngest son born to his wife can always live with his parents and eventually inherit all their property. As the youngest son of Queen Bertie, Tuo Lei fought Genghis Khan in the East and West since he was a child, and his military talents were outstanding. If he is an heir, he can completely conform to the custom of "the youngest son keeps the property" and can also inherit and develop Genghis Khan's career. However, Genghis Khan thought that the Mongolian empire needed a politician more than a military commander, so he broke the convention of "the youngest son kept the property" and chose Sanzi Wokuotai as his successor. In order to compensate Tuo Lei, Genghis Khan gave him a large piece of land and10.10,000 of the 129000 sergeant, which created favorable conditions for Tuo Lei's sons to compete for the position of Khan in the future.
Although it broke the system of "the youngest son keeps the birth", Genghis Khan clearly stipulated in his will that Khan should be elected by the "Huriletai" meeting. The "Huli Letai" meeting was originally a discussion meeting attended by the leaders and nobles of tribes or tribal alliances. In the early days, it was mainly used to recommend leaders and decide major issues such as war. In Genghis Khan's period, it evolved into a Mongolian king's meeting, and important ministers could also attend the meeting at the same time. The reservation of the "Huriletai" conference directly affected the smooth handover of Khan's post in the Mongolian Empire, and provided legal ways and means for the descendants of the gold family to compete for Khan's post.
Genghis Khan defined Wokuotai's inheritance right in his will and appointed Tuo Lei as the temporary supervisor of the country. After his death, Tuo Lei did not immediately hold a "Huliletai" meeting to elect Wokuotai as Khan, but held a Khan meeting in Tuo Lei for more than two years. At this time, it is the spring of 1229. It is hard to believe that Tuo Lei, armed to the teeth and monopolizing power, will not covet Khan's position, not to mention that he is the legal heir of the youngest son's birth system. According to historical records, during this period, the demand for Tuo Lei's accession to the throne was also very high, and Tuo Lei did a lot of work to make Wokuotai successfully acclaimed as a great Khan in Huli Letai. In fact, this is also very suspicious. If that's the case, why did "Huli Letai" open for 40 days? The other is that Tuo Lei's death is also suspicious. According to legend, Wokuotai was seriously ill and dying on his way back to Mongolia after winning a decisive victory in the March 3rd Battle of Zhou Jun, Tuo Lei. The wizard said that only his relatives could cure him, so Wokuotai suggested that Tuo Lei and Tuo Lei, who were waiting on him, drink the water brought to him by the wizard's spell. Perhaps coincidentally, Wokuotai recovered a few days later, but Tuo Lei died of a sudden illness. There is no coincidence. Maybe there is something in that bowl of water, but it won't be a wizard's spell.
If such a struggle is still wrapped in a veil of tenderness, then the descendants of the gold family will compete for the position of Khan more directly and bloodily. After Wokuotai's death, his son Gui You acceded to the throne; Only three years later, Gui You also died. At this moment, with the help of the kings of Shu Chi, headed by Ba Dou, Mongo, the eldest son of Tuo Lei, successfully ascended the Khan's throne through the legal procedure of the "Huliletai" meeting, and suppressed the coup of the descendants of Wokuotai and Chagatai. Meng Ge died in the battle to conquer the Song Dynasty. Kublai Khan, the fourth son of Tuo Lei, and Ali Bouguer, the youngest son, met for the position of Khan. Kublai Khan won. He was Yuan Shizu, but Kublai Khan had to be busy with the rebellion of the grandson Haidu of Wokuotai and the Khanate of Chagatai. At this time, the Mongolian Empire was already a huge empire, including the Mongolian Plateau, the Golden Curtain khanate (also known as the Chincha khanate), the Wokuotai khanate, the Chagatai khanate, and the Ilkhan khanate, but the Yuan central government had lost control of other khanates.
Genghis Khan left his descendants the rudiment of a huge empire, but the empire fell apart from the day he founded it.