Coastal zone characteristics and climate characteristics of the Arctic Ocean region
The Arctic Ocean coastline is tortuous and has many types, including steep rocky coasts and fjord-type coasts, abrasive coasts, low-flat coasts, delta and lagoon-type coasts, and composite coasts. The broad shelf area developed many shallow marginal seas and bays. There are many islands in the Arctic Ocean, with a total area of about 3.8 million square kilometers. They are basically continental islands in the continental shelf area.
Climate: The winter in the Arctic Ocean lasts for 6 months from November to April of the following year. May and June and September and October belong to spring and autumn respectively. Summer only lasts for two months, July and August. The average temperature in January is between -20--40℃. The average temperature in August, the warmest month, only reaches -8℃. The lowest temperature measured on a drifting station near the pole of the Arctic Ocean was -59°C. Due to the influence of ocean currents and Arctic anticyclones, the coldest places in the Arctic are not in the central Arctic Ocean. A minimum temperature of -70°C was recorded in Verkhoyansk, Siberia, and a temperature of -62°C was recorded in the Prospect region of Alaska.
The closer you get to the pole, the more obvious the polar meteorological and climate characteristics are. There, there is only one day and one night in a year. Even in midsummer, the sun hangs far above the southern horizon, glowing with a pale white light. The sun never rises higher than 23.5°, and it moves quietly around the endless white world. A few months later, the sun's trajectory gradually approaches the horizon, and the Arctic twilight season begins.
The Arctic has boundless ice and snow and a long winter. The North Pole, like the South Pole, has polar day and night phenomena that become more obvious the closer you get to the North Pole. The Arctic winter is long, cold and dark. Starting from November 23rd every year, the sun will be completely invisible for nearly half the year. The temperature will drop to more than 50 degrees Celsius below zero. At this point all waves and tides have disappeared because the coast is frozen and only the wind is sweeping the snow around.
In April, the weather gradually warmed up, and the ice and snow gradually melted away. Large pieces of ice began to melt, break, and collide with each other, making loud noises; gurgling water appeared in the creek; the sky became brighter and the sun shone brightly on the earth. In May and June, plants are covered with the green color of life and animals become active and busy breeding offspring. During this season, animals can get enough food to accumulate enough nutrients and fat to survive the long winter.
The Arctic autumn is very short, and the first snowstorm will come in early September. The Arctic is quickly returning to the cold, dark winter months. The sun never rises high in the sky at the North Pole, and even in midsummer it rises no more than 23.5 degrees. The annual precipitation in the Arctic is generally 100-250 mm, and can reach 500 mm in the Greenland Sea. The main form of precipitation concentrated on offshore land is summer rain.