About the Normandy landing (urgent need! ! ! Ok, extra points)
Date:1June 6, 944-1August 25, 944
Venue: Normandy, France
Operation code: Operation Overlord
Participants:
America, Britain, Canada, Free France, Poland
Nazi Germany
War zone map
commander
Allied forces:
Dwight eisenhower (Commander-in-Chief)
Arthur William Tedder (Deputy Commander)
Walter bedell smith (Chief of Staff)
Bernard law montgomery (Army)
Bertram Ramsay (Navy)
Trafford Leigh Mallory (Air Force)
Omar bradley (USA 1 Army)
Millie Dempsey (British Second Army)
Duncan Grenim (Canada 1 Army)
German army:
Gerd von Rundstedt (Commander-in-Chief of the Western Front)
Owen Rommel (Group B)
Friedrich DOLLMANN (7th Army)
Forces of both sides:
Allied forces: 2.876 million (July 25th)
German army: 1, 380,000 (July 23)
casualties
United States: 29,000 people died, 1.0 1.600 people were injured or missing;
Britain: 1 1, 000 people died and 54,000 people were injured or missing;
Canada: 5000 people died, 13000 people were injured or missing;
France: 12200 civilians are dead or missing.
Germany: 23,065,438+09 dead, 67,060 injured, 65,438+098,665,438+06 missing or captured.
The allied forces fighting in Normandy were mainly composed of Canada, Britain and the United States. But after landing on the beach, basically only France and Poland took part in the battle, among which soldiers came from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, the Netherlands and Norway.
The night before the Normandy landing, airborne operations and large-scale aerial bombing began. The amphibious landing war began on the morning of June 6. Before landing, the "D-Day" troops were mainly deployed in the coastal areas of southern England, especially Portsmouth. The battle of Normandy lasted more than two months. In the end, the Allies successfully established a beachhead position, and liberated Paris on August 25th, announcing the end of the Normandy campaign.
strategic decision
As early as September 194 1, Stalin asked Churchill to open a second front in Europe and carry out a strategic attack on Germany, but at that time, the United States had not entered the war, and Britain was simply unable to organize such a large-scale strategic landing operation. For the Soviet Union's proposal, Britain only responded by sending small troops to attack and harass the European continent.
1In June, 942, the Soviet Union, the United States and the Soviet Union issued a joint communique, which reached full understanding and understanding on opening up the second front in Europe, but Britain had reservations about the obligations in the memorandum.
1In July, 942, the Anglo-American London Conference decided 1942 to land in North Africa in the autumn, and postponed the opening of the second battlefield in Europe to the first half of 1943. However, at this time, the situation in the Soviet-German battlefield was very serious, and the Germans had advanced to Stalingrad. The Soviet Union strongly urged Britain and the United States to launch landing operations in Europe in order to contain the Germans and reduce the pressure on the Soviet Union. Britain had to send an emergency assault force consisting of 60 18 people to land in Dieppe, and the result was disastrous, with 58 10 casualties, with the casualty rate as high as 96.5%.
1943 65438+ 10, the Anglo-American Casablanca meeting passed the decision to land in Sicily in the first half of the year. Delayed landing on the European continent until August 1943. At this meeting, Britain took advantage of Dieppe's failure and insisted on delaying landing on the European continent, on the grounds that it was necessary to handle the complexity and danger of large-scale amphibious landing carefully. In fact, Britain wants to take advantage of the struggle between the Soviet Union and Germany to reap profits, and it also wants to use the power of the United States to restore the traditional forces of the British Empire in North Africa and Southern Europe before the war. Of course, it was opposed by the United States. As a compromise, Britain agreed to set up the staff of the Anglo-American special plan to make the European landing plan. Captain general Morgan of the British army served as chief of staff. Immediately after Morgan took office, he established "Cosac", which is the English abbreviation of the Supreme Staff of the Allied European Expeditionary Force. Its main members are Brigadier General Ray Barker, deputy chief of staff of the US Army, representatives of the army, navy and air force, and all services and arms related to landing. mountbatten vice admiral, commander of the British Joint Operations Command, who is in charge of commanding the sneak attack and harassment on the European continent, is of course one of the members.
1943 In May, the Anglo-American Washington Conference decided that 1944 would land on the European continent in May and open up a second front. "Cossack" immediately began to make a landing plan, first determine the landing location. According to the experience and lessons of previous landing operations, the landing site should meet the following three conditions: first, the distance between two flights should be as short as possible within the radius of the fighter plane taking off from the British airport, and third, there should be a big port nearby. Then, on the coastline of 480km from Frisingen, the Netherlands to Cherbourg, France, according to this condition, three regions are more suitable: Constantine Peninsula, Calais and Normandy. Further comparison, the narrow terrain of Constantine Peninsula made it difficult to launch a large army, which was rejected for the first time. Calais and Normandy have their own advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of Calais is that it is only 33 kilometers away from Britain and close to Germany. The disadvantage is that the German army has the strongest defense here, the defenders are all elite troops, the fortifications are complete and solid, there is no big port nearby, and there is also a lack of inland communication lines, which is not conducive to further development after landing. Although Normandy is far away from Britain, it has the advantages of weak German defense and open terrain, and can launch 30 divisions at the same time, and it is only 80 kilometers away from Cherbourg, the largest port in northern France. After weighing several times, Cossack chose Normandy, and made a specific plan from June 26th, 1943, with "Overlord" as the battle plan code and "Neptune" as the relevant naval action code. Initially, it is planned to land with three divisions at three beaches with a width of 32 kilometers between Kalandan and Caen, namely Omaha, Kin and Beachhead, and to airborne two brigades at the same time. The second echelon consisting of eight divisions will occupy Cherbourg in two weeks. The biggest problem in the whole plan is the port problem, that is, how to solve the logistics supply problem of the troops before the occupation of Cherbourg. It was stormy in Normandy in May and June, and it seemed to be an insurmountable difficulty that logistics supply could not be guaranteed by landing on the beach. Helpless, Major General john hughes Harriet, the representative of the Cossack Navy, remembered mountbatten's joke at a meeting: Since there is no natural port, let's build an artificial port. Therefore, it is suggested to manufacture parts and assemble artificial ports to solve the problem. There was no other way, and his idea was approved. /kloc-in July of 0/5, Morgan submitted the outline of the "Overlord" plan to the British and American Joint Chiefs of Staff.
1943 In August, the Anglo-American Quebec Conference approved the "Overlord" plan.
1943165438+10, the American-British-Soviet Tehran meeting decided to launch Operation Overlord in May 1944.
1943 65438+In February, US Army General Eisenhower was appointed as the supreme commander of the European Allied Expeditionary Force and arrived in London on 1944 65438+ 10. Eisenhower saw Morgan's plan and thought that the frontal assault surface was too narrow and there was not enough assault force in the initial attack. He proposed an amendment to expand the frontal landing to 80 kilometers, increase the first echelon from 3 divisions to 5 divisions, increase the landing beaches from 3 to 5 (Utah and Sword beaches are added), and increase the airborne troops from 2 brigades to 3 divisions. This idea was supported by the commanders of the three armed forces of the Supreme Command.
1In February, 944, the British and American Joint Chiefs of Staff approved the outline of "Overlord" plan and the revised operational plan, but the demand for landing ships also increased. In order to ensure that there are enough landing ships, the British and American Joint Chiefs of Staff decided to postpone the landing date to the beginning of June and the scheduled landing in southern France to August.
As the landing date (code D-Day) was postponed to early June, the Allied High Command began to determine the specific date and time. This is a complicated coordination problem. Various services and arms put forward different requirements according to their own needs, and the army requires landing at high tide to reduce the time that troops are exposed to the beach. The navy requires landing at low tide in order to minimize the damage of obstacles to landing craft; The air force needs moonlight to facilitate airborne troops to identify ground targets. Finally, after careful consideration, it scientifically worked out a plan that conforms to all services and land between high tide and low tide. Because the tides of the five beaches are different, five different landing times (code H) are specified, and D day is arranged on the day of the full moon. The airborne time is 1 point in the morning, which meets the above conditions. In June 1944, there were only two consecutive landing days.
The purpose of the campaign is to cross the English Channel, seize a strategic landing point in northern France, and create conditions for opening up the second battlefield in Europe and finally defeating Germany. The campaign attempted to land in Normandy and seize the landing site. On the first day of landing 12, the landing site expanded to 100km wide and 100km deep. It is planned to parachute two American paratroopers on the right wing of the landing site, cut off the German reinforcements to Cherbourg, and seize the "Utah" beachhead position with the cooperation of the landing forces, and parachute/kloc-0 British paratroopers on the left wing to seize the Kang En Canal crossing point. Then the first batch of eight reinforced battalions landed on five beaches and established landing sites. After consolidating and expanding the landing site, the follow-up troops landed, the right wing first captured Cherbourg, and the left wing passed the Kangen River to St. Luo. In the second stage, the port city, Baye, Izni and Karantan were captured. In the third stage, we captured Brittany, advanced into the Seine, and went straight to Paris.
1944 65438+1October 2 1 day, Eisenhower (middle) held the first meeting of the Supreme Command of the Expeditionary Force in Norfolk Hotel, at which the plan for landing operations was clarified, making this meeting the most important military meeting of the Allied forces in World War II.
topographic survey
brief introduction
Normandy is north of the English Channel. The cliffs on the west coast are granite, shale in the east and a long beach in the middle. The fields in western Normandy are very small, and every small piece is covered with high hedges, which is a local characteristic. The Seine meanders into the sea.
region
Normandy is located in the hilly area of southern Switzerland;
Macau township is regarded as a typical agricultural rich area in central Normandy.
Lu Meuss;
Lieuvin
Cotantan peninsula;
Raag
Pay the fee;
Besin;
Pay Duch;
Norman Wicksen;
Pay debray;
river
The rivers in Normandy are:
Seine;
Orr river;
Weir, R.
Owen;
Risle
Rabac River;
Tuco, R.
The Nong River in ancient Ethiopia is traditionally the dividing line between Normandy and Brittany.
The Normandy Bridge at the mouth of the Seine River is regarded as a great achievement of modern engineering technology. brief introduction
Joint preparation
Since the German invasion of the Soviet Union (Barbarossa War) in 194 1, the Red Army of the Soviet Union has been fighting the Germans alone on the vast European continent. Stalin asked Churchill to open a second front in Europe and carry out a strategic attack on Nazi Germany, but at that time, the United States had not yet entered the war, and Britain was simply unable to organize such a large-scale strategic landing operation. For the Soviet Union's proposal, Britain only responded by sending a small group of troops to attack and harass the European continent (Battle of Dieppe).
1943 In May, the Anglo-American Washington Conference decided that 1944 would land on the European continent in May and open up a second front. The allies immediately began to make landing plans. First, they determined the landing site. According to the experience and lessons of previous landing operations, the landing site should meet the following three conditions: first, it should be within the radius of fighters taking off from British airports; Second, the flight distance should be as short as possible; Third, there should be a big port nearby. So on the coastline of 480 kilometers from Frisingen, the Netherlands to Cherbourg, France, according to this condition, there are three regions that are more suitable: Constantine Peninsula, Calais and Normandy. Further comparison, the narrow terrain of Constantine Peninsula made it difficult to launch a large army, which was rejected for the first time. Calais and Normandy have their own advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of Calais is that it is only 33 kilometers away from Britain and close to Germany. The disadvantage is that the German army has the strongest defense here, the defenders are all elite troops, the fortifications are complete and solid, there is no big port nearby, and there is also a lack of inland communication lines, which is not conducive to further development after landing. Although Normandy is far away from Britain, it has the advantages of weak German defense and open terrain, and can launch 30 divisions at the same time, and it is only 80 kilometers away from Cherbourg, the largest port in northern France. After weighing several times, the Allies chose Normandy, and made specific plans from June 26th, 1943, with Wang Ba as the battle plan code and Neptune as the relevant naval action code.
In order to carry out this large-scale campaign, the allies assembled as many as 2.88 million troops. The Army has 36 divisions, including 23 infantry divisions, 0 armored divisions 10 and 3 airborne divisions, with about 1.53 million people. The navy has put about 5,300 warships into battle, including 13 battleships, 47 cruisers and 134 destroyers, about 1200 landing ships and more than 5,000 transport ships. Air Force combat aircraft 13700, including 5800 bombers, 4900 fighters and 3000 transport gliders. To this end, the allied air strikes changed from bombing the industrial zone in Germany to bombing the traffic lines in Germany (according to German records, the progress of building the Atlantic fortress was slowed down again and again because of the allied bombing of Germany, and even some workers who built the Atlantic fortress were forced to build railways). On the eve of D-Day, these bombers bombed the defense facilities on the beach again, but due to the error of the pathfinder, these bombings did not play any role. 1943 In August, the Anglo-American Quebec Conference approved the "Overlord" plan. 1943165438+10, the American-British-Soviet Tehran meeting decided to launch Operation Overlord in May 1944.
1943 65438+In February, US Army General Eisenhower was appointed as the supreme commander of the European Allied Expeditionary Force and arrived in London on 1944 65438+ 10. Eisenhower saw Morgan's plan and thought that the frontal assault surface was too narrow and there was not enough assault force in the initial attack. He proposed an amendment to expand the frontal landing to 80 kilometers, increase the first echelon from 3 divisions to 5 divisions, increase the landing beaches from 3 to 5 (Utah and Sword beaches are added), and increase the airborne troops from 2 brigades to 3 divisions. This idea was supported by the commanders of the three armed forces of the Supreme Command.
1In February, 944, the British and American Joint Chiefs of Staff approved the outline of "Overlord" plan and the revised operational plan, but the demand for landing ships also increased. In order to ensure that there are enough landing ships, the British and American Joint Chiefs of Staff decided to postpone the landing date to the beginning of June and the scheduled landing in southern France to August.
As the landing date (code D-Day) was postponed to early June, the Allied High Command began to determine the specific date and time. This is a complicated coordination problem. Various services and arms put forward different requirements according to their own needs, and the army requires landing at high tide to reduce the time that troops are exposed to the beach. The navy requires landing at low tide in order to minimize the damage of obstacles to landing craft; The air force needs moonlight to facilitate airborne troops to identify ground targets. Finally, after careful consideration, it scientifically worked out a plan that conforms to all services and land between high tide and low tide. Because the tides of the five beaches are different, five different landing times (code H) are specified, and D day is arranged on the day of the full moon. The airborne time is 1 point in the morning, which meets the above conditions. In June 1944, there were only two consecutive landing days.
The purpose of the campaign is to cross the English Channel, seize a strategic landing point in northern France, and create conditions for opening up the second battlefield in Europe and finally defeating Germany. The campaign attempted to land in Normandy and seize the landing site. On the first day of landing 12, the landing site expanded to 100 km wide and 100 km deep. It is planned to parachute two American paratroopers on the right wing of the landing site, cut off the German reinforcements to Cherbourg, and seize the "Utah" beachhead position with the cooperation of the landing forces, and parachute/kloc-0 British paratroopers on the left wing to seize the Kang En Canal crossing point. Then the first batch of eight reinforced battalions landed on five beaches and established landing sites. After consolidating and expanding the landing site, the follow-up troops landed, the right wing first captured Cherbourg, and the left wing passed the Kangen River to St. Luo. In the second stage, the port city, Baye, Izni and Karantan were captured. In the third stage, we captured Brittany, advanced into the Seine, and went straight to Paris.
cheat
Strategic deception made the German high command misjudge, which not only ensured the suddenness of the landing operation, but also ensured the smooth progress of the campaign, which had a great influence on the whole campaign. Through the effective feint of the navy and air force, the Allies successfully used double agents, electronic jamming and in Britain.
A fleet of fighters and bombers prepared by the US military for the Normandy landing.
Camouflaged troops and ships assembled in the southeast, General Patton's pre-war speech in Britain and a series of measures, together with strict confidentiality measures, made the German high command misjudge the landing place and time of the allied forces for a long time, thinking that the allied forces would land in Calais beach in the northeast of Normandy. Even after the allied forces landed in Normandy, they still thought it was a feint of a diversion, resulting in most German troops and weapons on the western front being wasted in Calais and Normandy. At the same time, James, who looks like Montgomery, was found impersonating Montgomery in North Africa, which made Rommel mistakenly think that Montgomery had been to North Africa.
Practice and preparation
Realistic pre-war training, because the landing operation is an extremely complex combat style, the Allied forces conducted repeated simulation drills on the organization and actions of participating troops before landing, so as to enable the troops to master relevant combat skills as soon as possible and improve their combat effectiveness. After the war, combatants spoke highly of the pre-war training and training bases.
Allied attack plan
The purpose of the campaign is to cross the English Channel, seize a strategic landing point in northern France, and create conditions for opening up the second battlefield in Europe and finally defeating Germany. The campaign attempted to land in Normandy and seize the landing site. On the first day of landing 12, the landing site expanded to 100 km wide and 100 km deep. The plan is to first parachute two American paratroopers on the right wing of the landing site, cut off the German reinforcements to Cherbourg, and cooperate with the landing forces to seize Utah beach; 1 British paratroopers parachuted into the left wing and seized the crossing point of the Kang En Canal. Then, the first batch of eight reinforcement battalions landed at five beaches, including Baojian Beach and Utah Beach, and established landing points. After consolidating and expanding the landing site, the follow-up troops landed, the right wing captured Cherbourg first, and the left wing developed to the Kangen River to St. Luo to cover the attack of the right-wing troops; In the second stage, the port city, Baye, Izni and Karantan were captured. In the third stage, we captured Brittany, advanced into the Seine-Marne province, and took Paris directly.
British war zone (second legion)
The 6th Airborne Division airdropped to the left of the landing area, seized the nearby bridge, and prevented the German armored forces from going to the coast for support.
The 3rd Infantry Division and 27th Armored Brigade attacked Jiantan.
The 8th Armored Brigade of 50th Infantry Division landed on Golden Beach.
Canada's 3rd Infantry Division and 2nd Armored Brigade landed on Juneau Beach.
American Military Theater (First Corps)
1 The Infantry Division and the 29th Infantry Division landed at Omaha Beach.
Rangers are responsible for attacking Cape Oak.
The 4th Infantry Division and the 90th Infantry Division landed on Utah Beach.
10 1 The airborne division parachuted behind Utah Beach to support the landing troops, and together with the 82nd Airborne Division, stopped German reinforcements.
The 82nd Airborne Division was responsible for attacking the small town of Saint-Mer Agris.
Naval participation
The navy is divided into two special mixed fleets:
1. The western fleet is mainly composed of American warships, ***3 battleships, 10 cruisers, 30 destroyers, 280 other warships and 1700 landing ships. The commander is American Major General Kirk, assembled in Belfast, and the air cover is provided by the 9 th Air Force of the US Tactical Air Force. It has three formations: U formation is responsible for transporting the 4th Infantry Division of the US Army to Utah Beach, O formation is responsible for transporting the US Army 1 Infantry Division to Omaha Beach, and B formation is responsible for transporting the 29th Infantry Division of the US Army to Omaha Beach.
2. The Eastern Fleet is mainly composed of British warships, **3 battleships, 13 cruisers, 30 destroyers, 302 other warships and 2,426 landing ships. It was assembled in Greenock under the command of British Major General Vian, with air cover provided by the 2nd Air Force of British Tactical Air Force. It has four formations: G formation is responsible for transporting the 50th British Infantry Division to Jin Tan, J formation is responsible for transporting the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division to Juno Beach, S formation is responsible for transporting the 3rd British Infantry Division to Baojian Beach, L formation is responsible for transporting the 2nd echelon and the 7th British Armored Division to Jin Tan.
The navy also consists of seven battleships, two shallow-water gunboats, 24 cruisers and 74 destroyers, which provide naval gun fire support for five beaches.
Health beach
Sword Beach is adjacent to Ouistreham, the mouth of Orn River. It is the easternmost of the five beaches in Operation Overlord, and Caen, the shipping center in northern France, is located 9 miles south of the beach. After rushing to the beach, the British landing from the east of Baojian Beach quickly defeated the fire of the German light infantry and joined the paratroopers who parachuted inland in the afternoon. However, the British troops landing from the west of Baojian Beach were stubbornly resisted by the German tanks of 2 1 division, and could not join forces with the Canadian troops landing from Juneau Beach. The two sides fought fiercely until dusk, and the allies successfully repelled the German armored forces. Of the 29,000 British soldiers who landed that day, only 630 were killed or injured.
Juno beach
Juneau Beach Landing Area, centered on Coursewulles on the seashore, extends to both sides and is about 6 miles wide. German light infantry are deployed in the village behind the beach dunes. This terrain advantage is a great threat to the allies who have to attack through sand dunes. The landing operation was extremely tragic from the beginning, and one third of the allied landing craft was destroyed by German mines and obstacles. Although attack force easily crossed the beach, it was ruthlessly hit by German fire in front of the sand dunes, making the casualty rate of the first wave of attacking troops as high as 50%. Near noon, Canadian troops occupied coastal towns, pushed inland, and joined forces with British troops from Golden Beach. There were * * * 2 1.400 officers and men who participated in the Juneau landing war, and the number of casualties was 1.200.
gold beach
Golden Beach is the center of the whole landing operation, and the landing time is one hour later than Utah and Omaha Beach. Due to the high tide and poor sea conditions, the allies could not completely remove mines and obstacles in the sea area, which also made the British army who wanted to grab the beach quickly into a hard battle. The Germans deployed heavy defenses in the coastal towns of La Riviere and Almer, and set up four heavy guns1.55mm inland 500 meters away from the coast, aiming directly at the coast. Under the heavy artillery bombardment of HMS Ajax, the British army finally destroyed these four heavy artillery guns and suppressed the German defensive firepower. As night fell, 25,000 allied troops landed successfully, forcing the defending Nazi troops to retreat six miles inland. There were only 400 British casualties.
omaha beach
Omaha beach was the most intense beach in the Normandy landing campaign. Allied forces suffered huge losses in Omaha beach, only 2,500 people were killed, so they were also called "bloody Omaha". The classic war scene at the beginning of the movie Saving Private Ryan is taken from Omaha Beach.
Omaha beach is 6.4 kilometers long, and the coastal cliffs are more than 30 meters high. The terrain is easy to defend but difficult to attack. The landing operations here are undertaken by the ninth army of the United States. Because of the wrong information, the Allies thought that the German defenders here had only one regiment, most of which were reserves, and there were no armored vehicles, so their combat effectiveness was very poor. In fact, Rommel transferred all the elite German 352nd Infantry Division to Normandy in March, and a main regiment of the 352nd Division was stationed in Omaha Beach. Unfortunately, it was not until after the landing troops set out that the allied intelligence agencies discovered the whereabouts of the 352nd Division.
On the day of landing, the weather was extremely bad. Before landing, the allied forces lost the 10 landing craft and more than 300 officers and men due to the excessive wind and waves. Most of the officers and men on the landing craft are seasick and cold, and they are basically exhausted before they reach the battle site. After the landing operation began, it was also very difficult. Of the 32 amphibious tanks prepared in the west section of the beach, 27 sank just after entering the sea because of excessive wind and waves, and two of the five surviving tanks were quickly destroyed by German artillery fire. Due to the tidal influence and disorder, many American soldiers who landed could not tell the direction and assembly point, and a large number of soldiers crowded on the beach waiting for the attack of German artillery. For two hours, not a single American soldier rushed to the western beach, only occupying a 9-meter-wide area of the eastern beach. The landing operation was almost a complete failure.
However, the US Navy brought a turning point to Omaha Beach. Because there was no contact with the beach landing troops for a long time, the naval commander realized that the situation on Omaha beach might be extremely severe, so the destroyer 17 ignored the danger of being struck by lightning, stranded and overturned by 155mm coastal guns, and pushed to a place only 730 meters away from the beach to provide fire support for the landing American troops at close range. At this time, the American death squads also climbed Cape Hawke and found that the so-called 155mm coastal gun was actually disguised as a telephone pole. The navy, which had no worries, wantonly bombed the German strongholds, and the American army, which had been stuck on the beach before, also began to charge under the leadership of the first division of the elite troops. The second echelon of the landing troops landed early at noon. Under the guidance of the air force, the battleships and cruisers of the US Navy also began to shoot at the other side, and the German defense line basically collapsed.
When it was dark, the American army officially landed successfully, and the Fifth Army landed and opened a command post. Major General Roger sent a telegram to Bradley immediately after landing: "Thank God for creating the US Navy."
utah beach
Utah Beach, located on the west side of Carentan Bay, is a beach about 3 miles wide and covered with low sand dunes. Although the actual landing site of the allied forces was one mile east than scheduled, fortunately, there were not many Germans deployed at the landing site. Within three hours after the attack, the allies crossed the beach and took control of the coastal roads; Before noon that day, the landing troops joined the airborne troops who parachuted behind enemy lines five hours ago; By midnight that day, the Allies not only successfully achieved the intended operational goal of landing, but also advanced 4 miles inland. Of all the landing operations, Utah beach landing was the battle with the least casualties, with only 197 casualties among 23,000 officers and men.
June 5-6-US Army's 83rd Airborne Division (Detroit Operation), 10 1 Airborne Division (Chicago Operation) and British Army's 6th Airborne Division (Tonga Operation) airborne.
Landing on the beach from June 6 to D (Operation Overlord or Operation Grand Monarch)
June 25-29-Operation Epsom attacked the west of Caen and was repulsed by the Germans.
July 7-Occupy Caen
Rommel was seriously injured when the Royal Canadian Air Force Spitfire fighter strafed his car.
Operation Goodwood begins.
August 3 -9, the "general action" to trap German armored forces began.
August 16-The "Dragon Cavalry" operation of the United States and France landing on the French Riviera begins.
On August 25th, the Allies occupied Paris.